Exam #1

Question 1

Sociology

Answer 1

study of human society and social behavior, from mass culture to small groups and interactions

Question 2

Microsociology

Answer 2

examines small group interactions to see how they impact larger institutions in society

Question 3

Macrosociology

Answer 3

examines large-scale social structures to determine how they impact groups and individuals

Question 4

Thomas Theorum

Answer 4

what people believe to be true is true in it’s consequences (a child acting scared because they think there is a monster in the dark)

Question 5

Sociological Imagination
Who?

Answer 5

Mills
studying the world by connecting individuals to larger social, cultural, political, and economic forces

Question 6

Troubles

Answer 6

occur within an individual and the range of his immediate relation with others

unemployment

Question 7

Issues

Answer 7

matters that transcend the environment of the individual

a city with high unemployment

Question 8

Heterogeneity

Answer 8

the variety of differences within a social group

Question 9

The invisible hand
who?

Answer 9

Adam Smith
idea that any individual who intends only his gain is led by an invisible hand to promote the public interest

Question 10

What is the Tragedy of the Commons?

Answer 10

short-term self-interest leads to tragedy for all

Question 11

The Nested Model from bottom up

Answer 11

self, interaction, roles, group, social inequality, social institutions, culture, society

Question 12

Agency

Answer 12

our individual choices

Question 13

Social Structure

Answer 13

politics, economy, religion, education, law, family, medicine, science, sports, etc

Question 14

Culture

Answer 14

the meanings, values, morals, language, and the norms of a groups of people

Question 15

Social Facts
Mills

Answer 15

Mills
products of human interaction with persuasive or coercive power that exists eternally

Question 16

Structural functionalism
who?

Answer 16

a sociological theory that views society as a complex system where parts work together to maintain stability. How does this thing hold together?
Emile Durkheim

Question 17

Conflict theory
who?

Answer 17

who benefits?
Every society has some type of inequality which drives conflict
Karl Marx

Question 18

Symbolic Interaction
who?

Answer 18

How is this thing created?
People act on the basis of meanings and come from people interactions with others and themselves
Charles Cooley

Question 19

Mind
Who?

Answer 19

ability to interact with ourselves using symbolic language
George Herbert Mead

Question 20

Social facts
Durkheim

Answer 20

Durkheim
cultural norms, values, and social structures that influence individuals

Question 21

What are the 4 social forces (facts) ?
Who?

Answer 21

Durkheim

Social solidarity: social connections are necessary for a functioning society and a fulfilling life

Mechanical Solidarity: people held together by similarities and likeness

Collective Conscience: refers to the common beliefs and sentiments of the entire society

Organic Solidarity: people held together by differences and interdependence on one another

Question 22

Bourgeoisie definition

Answer 22

those who have control over the forces of production

Question 23

Proletariat definition

Answer 23

those who do not have access to the forces of production, force to sell labor to make ends meet

Question 24

Definition of the Situation

Answer 24

reaffirms + meaning = action based on meaning

Question 25

Mead's three stages of social self

Answer 25

1. Preparatory stage (imitation) 2. Play stage (acting out roles during play time 3. Game stage (taking on social roles)

Question 26

What are the 8 research methods?

Answer 26

1. Research cycle 2. Variable 3. Induction and deduction 4. Samples and populations 5. Four major methods and qualitative + quantitative data 6. Causality v. correlation 7. Research ethics - The Belmont Report 8. Milgram

Question 27

7 Steps of the Research cycle

Answer 27

1. Identity problem / ask a question 2. Conduct a literature review 3. Form a hypothesis, definitions to variables 4. Choose a research design or method 5. Collect data 6. Analyze data 7. Disseminate findings

Question 28

Dependent Variable

Answer 28

influenced by change, by the independent variable

Question 29

Independent Variable

Answer 29

consistent, influences the dependent variable

Question 30

Hypothesis

Answer 30

a statement involving the relationship between two or more variables

Question 31

Inductive

Answer 31

specific observations to a general conclusion

Question 32

Deductive

Answer 32

a general principle applied to reach a specific observation

Question 33

Random is defined as

Answer 33

eliminating every possibility of bias other than chance

Question 34

What are the four major methods? Are they qualitative or quantitative

Answer 34

1. Surveys (qn) 2. Interviews (ql) 3. Participation observation (ql) 4. Experiments (both)

Question 35

Open ended question

Answer 35

free response

Question 36

Close ended question

Answer 36

multiple choice

Question 37

Causality

Answer 37

helps to determine and distinguish between correlation, causation, and spurious causation

Question 38

Ways to test causality (3)

Answer 38

1. Association: must have predictable and consistent relationship 2. Time order: the independent variable must come before the dependent variable 3. Non-Spuriousness: the relation is real, meaning it is ONLY the independent variable causing the deponent variable

Question 39

Spuriousness

Answer 39

the relationship is not a real relationship ex: drownings and ice cream sales only connected due to summer

Question 40

Probability sampling

Answer 40

each person in population must have equal chance of being selected, no bias

Question 41

Principle of form-resistance correlations

Answer 41

if question wording/meaning is kept constant, differences over time, across educational levels and most other careful comparisons are not seriously affected by question wording

Question 42

The Shirer Thesis / Milgram Experiment

Answer 42

Germans have a basic character flaw making them susceptible to obey authority without question

Question 43

Negative reinforcement

Answer 43

getting punished for doing something wrong

Question 44

Positive reinforcement

Answer 44

getting rewarded for doing something right

Question 45

Essentialism

Answer 45

posits that social categories like race, gender, and sexuality have inherent, unchanging qualities that define individuals within those groups, often leading to stereotypes and prejudice

Question 46

Social constructionism

Answer 46

posits that knowledge and reality are not inherent but are actively constructed through social interactions and cultural contexts

Question 47

Horizontal Social Mobility

Answer 47

change in position or occupation within the same social class without a shift in overall social status or economic standing.

Question 48

Vertical Social Mobility

Answer 48

vertical mobility entails moving up or down the social hierarchy, resulting in a change in social status

Question 49

Structural Social Mobility

Answer 49

changes in an individual's or group's social status due to larger shifts in the economy or other macro-level structures, rather than personal efforts or achievements

Question 50

Durkheim Suicide Theory

Answer 50

the rate of suicide is increased when the social bonds between people in a society are either too strong or not strong enough Suicide is based on integration and regulation Integration: degree in which a person is part of society Regulation: degree of which a persons actions are controlled by society

Question 51

Durkheim Social Integration

Answer 51

Too low - egoistic - No place in society Too high - altruistic - dying to protect a loved one

Question 52

Durkheim Social regulation

Answer 52

Too low - Anomic - breakdown of social norms and values, leading to a sense of purposelessness and a lack of direction in individuals' lives Too high - fatalist - they cannot handle the rules and regulations