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Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

control system which uses chemical messengers called hormones

A

endocrine system

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2
Q
  • Consists of widely scattered endocrine glands
  • Regulates important processes in the body
A

endocrine system

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3
Q

major processes regulated by endocrine system

A
  • Reproduction
  • Growth and development
  • Mobilization of body defenses
  • Maintenance of electrolytes and water balance
  • Cellular metabolism and energy balance
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4
Q
  • ________- leptin

o Regulates food intake

o Suppresses appetite

A

Adipose tissue

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5
Q
  • _______- gastrin, secretin

o Stimulates movements and secretions of digestive system

A

Digestive system

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6
Q
  • ______- erythropoietin

o Stimulates red blood cell production

A

kidneys

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7
Q
  • _________– ANP

o Decreases sodium reabsorption by kidneys and lowers BP and BV

A

Heart

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8
Q

____-vitamin D

A

skin, liver, kidney

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9
Q
  • ________- hCG, estrogen, progesterone, prostaglandins

o hCG- hormone of pregnancy

o Prostaglandins- labor contraction

A

placenta

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10
Q

carried by blood, act on distant target cells

A
  1. Circulating hormones (long distance hormones) -
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11
Q
  • are ductless
  • secrete into interstitial fluid
A

endocrine glands

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12
Q

do not circulate in blood

A
  1. Local Horemons
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13
Q

target neighboring cells
- prostaglandins
- interleukin-2

A

paracrines

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14
Q

target the same cells that made the hormones
- interleukin- 2

A

autocrines

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15
Q

chemical classes of hormones

A
  1. Lipid soluble
  2. Water soluble
  3. Eicosanoids
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16
Q

steroids and thyroid hormone

A

Lipid-soluble

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17
Q

amines (modified single amino acid) , peptides (short chains of amino acids), and proteins (large molecules made of amino acids)

A

water-soluble

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18
Q

(usually local hormones) - made from arachidonic acid (fatty acid) , released from cell membranes

a. Ex. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes (local inflammation)

A

Eicosanoids

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19
Q

Ovaries (estrogen)

Testes (testosterone)

Adrenal cortex

A

steroids

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20
Q

insulin and growth hormone

A

proteins

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21
Q

use Direct Gene Activation- can diffuse across cell membranes

A
  • Lipid- soluble hormones
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22
Q

use Second Messenger Activation- can not cross cell membranes

A
  • Water-soluble hormone
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23
Q

Direct Gene Activation by Lipid-Soluble hormones:

A
  1. Hormone diffuses through plasma membrane
  2. Binds to receptor inside the target cell
  3. Transcription of a specific gene
  4. New protein is made by cell (translation)
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24
Q

Second Messenger Activation by Water-Soluble hormones:

A
  1. Hormone (1st messenger) binds to receptor on target cell surface
  2. This causes a 2nd messenger to be made inside the cell

a. Example: cyclic AMP

  1. 2nd messenger activates protein kinase
  2. Protein kinase activates a protein
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25
Q

responds to an imbalance in the body fluid

o Ex. Parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)

o Hypothalamus secretes ADH

A
  • Humoral stimulus-
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26
Q

responds to the nervous system

o Ex. CNS stimulates Epinephrine and norepinephrine

A
  • Neural stimulus-
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27
Q

responds to a hormone from another endocrine gland

o Ex. Pituitary gland makes TSH -targets thyroid gland

o Pituitary gland makes ACTH – targets adrenal gland

A
  • Hormonal stimulus (most common) -
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28
Q

makes water-soluble hormones

A

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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29
Q

bundle of axons in the central nervous system

A

tract

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30
Q

o The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract is the neural connection between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

A
  • Neurohypophysis- posterior pituitary and infundibulum
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31
Q

o The hypophyseal portal vein is the vascular connection between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

A
  • Adenohypophysis- anterior pituitary
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32
Q

The hypothalamus makes 2 hormones that are sent by the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract to the posterior pituitary:

A

ADH and Oxytocin

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33
Q

o Effect: Increases facultative water reabsorption, kidenys produce small volume of concentrated urine.

o Stimulus: humoral stimulus (dehydration) osmolarity goes up

A

ADH

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34
Q

o Effect: Stimulates labor contractions, milk is released from mammary glands

A

oxytocin

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35
Q

Then these 2 hormones are secreted into the blood from the posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin and ADH

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36
Q

The hypothalamus makes hormones that are transported by the hypophyseal portal veins to the anterior pituitary:

A
  • releasing hormones (RH)
  • inhibiting hormones (IH)
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37
Q

o Effect: hormonally stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete a specific hormone

A

releasing hormone (RH)

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38
Q

o Effect: hormonally inhibits the anterior pituitary from secreting a specific hormone

A

inhibiting hormone (IH)

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39
Q

Water-soluble hormones are secreted from the anterior pituitary in response to ____or ____secreted from the hypothalamus:

A

RH and IH

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40
Q

effect:
stimulates growth, development of body cells

A

Growth Hormone (GH)

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41
Q

effect:
stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete the thyroid hormone

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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42
Q

stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete many steroids

A

ACTH

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43
Q

stimulates production of gametes (egg, sperm)

A

FSH- targets ovaries, testis

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44
Q

stimulates production of sex hormones

A

LH- targets ovaries, testis

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45
Q

stimulates mammary glands to produce and store breastmilk

A

prolactin

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46
Q

a. Largest major endocrine gland

b. Stores 2-3 months of thyroglobulin- storage form of thyroid hormone

c. TH is the body’s main metabolic hormone

A

thyroid gland

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47
Q

The thyroid gland consists of 2 different kins of hormone-secreting cells:

A
  • Follicular cells-make, store, and secrete TH (lipid-soluble hormone)

o Stimulus: hormonal stimulus by TSH

  • Parafollicular cells- make calcitonin (water soluble)
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48
Q

Thyroid hormone is a mixture of T3 and T4:

A
  • T3 (triiodothyronine) has 3 iodines attached to cross-linked tyrosine
  • T4 (thyroxine) has 4 iodines attached to cross-linked tyrosines
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49
Q

· Increase basal metabolic rate (BMR)- rate of energy use during rest

· Maintains BP

· Regulates normal growth and development

A

effects of TH (t3 and t4)

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50
Q

· Secreted by parafollicular cells of the thyroid glands

o Effect: lowers blood Ca+2

o Stimulus: humoral stimulus (too much calcium in blood)

  • not called thyroid hormone even though secreted by the thyroid gland
A

Calcitonin is a water-soluble hormone

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51
Q
  • secretes water-soluble parathyroid hormone (PTH)

o Effect: raises blood calcium

o Stimulus: Humoral stimulus (too little calcium in blood) (low blood calcium)

A

parathyroid gland

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52
Q

respond to stressors- Ex: being sick (physical stress) (emotional stress)

A

adrenal glands

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53
Q
  • secretes steroids- helps with long term stressors

o Stimulus: hormonal stimulus by ACTH(AC=adrenal cortex)

A

Adrenal cortext

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54
Q

secretes water-soluble hormones- helps with short term stressors

o Stimulus: Neural stimulus by sympathetic

A

Adrenal medulla

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55
Q

secretes mineralocorticoids (regulate mineral and water balance), mainly Aldosterone (most abundant).

§ Effects: increase in sodium reabsorption, increase blood volume increase blood pressure

A
  • Zona glomerulosa
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56
Q

secrets glucocorticoids (regulates energy balance), mainly cortisol.

§ Effects: Regulates blood glucose (sugar), high levels suppress immune system

A
  • Zona fasciculata
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57
Q

secretes gonadocorticoids (affect gonads (ovaries, testes), mainly weak androgens.

§ Effects: stimulates onset of puberty

A

Zona reticularis

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58
Q

adrenal medulla secretes was and what are the effects

A
  • Epinephrine

o Effects: blood glucose increase, heart rate increases, airways dilate

  • Norepinephrine

o Effects: vasoconstriction, raises blood pressure

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59
Q

(exocrine and endocrine gland):

o 99% of cells are acinar cells- produce digestive enzymes (exocrine)

o 1% of cells make water-soluble hormones that regulate blood glucose (endocrine):
- Alpha Cella
-Beta Cells

A

pancreas

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60
Q

make glucagon

· Effects: raises blood glucose

A

Alpha cells (a)

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61
Q

make insulin
- effects: lowers blood glucose

A

beta cells (b)

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62
Q

secrete estrogen and progesterone (steroids)

A

ovaries

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63
Q

secrete testosterone (steroid)

A

testes

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64
Q

secretes water-soluble melatonin

o Effect: causes sleepiness, regulates sleep cycle

A

pineal gland

65
Q

secretes water-soluble thymic hormones

o Effects: stimulates normal development of t-cells

66
Q

Hyper- or Hyposecretion of hormones cause imbalances

A
  • Hypersecretion- over secretion
  • Hyposecretion- under secretion
67
Q

ADH- lifelong or temporary- produces too much urine and isn’t able to retain water properly​

68
Q

growth hormone- life long- short stature ​

A

pituitary dwarfism

69
Q

growth hormone- abnormal growth in children stature, muscles, and organs- life long​

70
Q

growth hormone- person’s bones enlarge in hands, feet, and face

A

acromegaly

71
Q

thyroid hormone (affects a particular location)- insufficient iodine intake, lump in front of neck below Adams apple- ​

A

Endemic Goiter

72
Q

thyroid hormone- autoimmune disorder- heart complications, weak bones, muscle breakdown, fever confusion, fluid in lungs, ​

A

graves disease

73
Q

insulin- blood glucose level high, develop at any age but typically childhood​

A

type I Diabetes mellitus

74
Q

resistant to insulin- chronic condition- increased thirst, high blood glucose, fatigue

A

Type II diabetes

75
Q

adrenal cortex (corticoids)- weight gain, too much cortisol in body​

A

Cushing’s syndrome

76
Q

damage to the adrenal cortex (corticoids) - fatigue, patches of dark skin, nausea ​

A

Addison’s disease

77
Q

Production of gametes (egg, sperm)​

Secretion of sex hormones​

Production of offspring​

Nurturing of offspring (females produce milk)​

A

function of the reproductive system

78
Q

testes and ovaries (primary sex organs) – produce gametes and sex hormones​

79
Q

ducts, glands, supporting structures​

A

accessory reproductive organs

80
Q

male reproductive system consists of
Male gonads____
Accessory reproductive organs ______

A

testes
ducts – transport, storage, maturation of sperm​

	glands – secrete seminal fluid​
    supporting structures- penis, scrotum
81
Q

3 kinds of cells are present in the Testes​

A
  1. Seminiferous tubules are made of:​a) spermatogenic cells- produce sperm ​b) Sertoli cells- nourish sperm cells​
  2. Leydig cells- produce testosterone​
82
Q

Glands secrete seminal fluid into ducts during ejaculation:​

A

Seminal vesicles​

Prostate gland​

Bulbourethral glands

83
Q

Process of sperm production​

Takes place in seminiferous tubules of testes

A

Spermatogenesis

84
Q

having 2 sets of chromosomes ​

A

diploid (2n)

85
Q

having 1 set of chromosomes​

A

haploid (n)

86
Q

Body cells are _______- in humans the diploid number is ___chromosomes/ ___pairs​

A

diploid (2n), 46, 23

87
Q

Gametes are____- in humans, _____ chromsomes​

A

haploid (n), 23

88
Q

cell division that produces haploid gametes​

 primary spermatocyte(2n)-> spermatids(n)​
89
Q

spermatids(n)-> sperm(n)​

​

A

spermiogenesis

90
Q

spermatogenesis takes place in _____

91
Q

diploid or haploid:
Spermatogenesis- stem cell ​

Primary spermatocyte ​

92
Q

diploid or haploid:
Secondary spermatocyte​

Spermatids​

Sperm ​

93
Q

stimulates the anterior pituitary- makes water soluble hormones –

94
Q

Seroli cell makes ABP​

95
Q

leydig cells make testosterone​

96
Q

Growth of repro organs​

Male secondary sex characteristics​

Stimulates spermatogenesis​

Growth spurt ​

Sex drive

A

effects of testosterone

97
Q

female reproductive system

A
  1. Female gonads – ovaries produce eggs and sex hormones​
  2. Accessory repro organs:​

Ducts – Fallopian tubes, uterus (where egg implants and develops + responsible for labor contractions) , vagina​

Mammary glands

98
Q

visceral layer of the peritoneum ​

A

perimetrium

99
Q

smooth muscle tissue- contracts during labor (hormones: oxytocin and prostaglandins) ​

A

myometrium

100
Q

mucus membrane lining ​

a) stratum basalis- 

b) stratum functionalis
A

endometrium

101
Q

permanent layer of endometrium ​

A

stratum basalis

102
Q

(hormones: estrogen and progesterone) - layer of endometrium that can undergo changes during mestral cycle​

A

stratum functionalis

103
Q

Hormones dealing with milk: ​

A
  • prolactin- milk production ​
  • oxytocin- milk ejection/ release ​
104
Q

Process of egg formation​

Takes place in the ovaries​

Meiosis only​

105
Q

oogenesis- 2n or n :
Oogonium ​

Primary oocyte

106
Q

oogenesis- 2n or n:
Secondary oocyte ​

Polar body ​

Ovum/ egg ​

107
Q

Female Reproductive Cycle consists of 2 cycles occurring at the same time​

A

The Ovarian Cycle​

The Menstrual Cycle (or Uterine Cycle)​

108
Q

ovarian cycle

A

28 day cycle

109
Q

day 1-14
growth o the follicle which secretes hormones
estrogen secreted

A

follicular phase

110
Q

days 15-28
corpus luteum secretes hormones
estrogen and progesterone secreted

A

luteal phase

111
Q

ovulation takes place on day

112
Q

Hormonal regulation of ovarian cycle:
1.____ stimulates FSH and LH secretion​

113
Q

Hormonal regulation of ovarian cycle:
1) GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion​

2) During Follicular phase (day 1-14):​

 a) \_\_\_\_stimulates follicle growth​

 b) \_\_ stimulates follicle to secrete estrogens​

 c) \_\_\_\_ triggers ovulation​

3) During Luteal phase (day 15-28)​

 LH stimulates corpus luteum to secrete estrogen​

 & progesterone
A

a. FSH
b. LH
c. LH surge

114
Q

hormonal regulation of ovarian cycle
1) GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion​

2) During Follicular phase (day 1-14):​

 a) FSH stimulates follicle growth​

 b) LH stimulates follicle to secrete estrogens​

 c) LH surge triggers ovulation​

3) During Luteal phase (day 15-28)​

 \_\_\_ stimulates corpus luteum to secrete estrogen​

 & progesterone
115
Q

the uterine cycle- 28 day cycle
day 1-5-> stratum functionalis breaks down and is shed

A

menstrual phase- no estrogen or progesterone

116
Q

the uterine cycle- 28 day cycle
day 6-14
Stratum functionalis thickens and becomes vascularized ( rebuilt)

A

Proliferative phase- estrogen

117
Q

the uterine cycle- 28 day cycle
day 15-28
Stratum functionalis thickens further , uterine glands secrete glycogen

A

Secretory phase- estrogen and progesterone

118
Q

Effects of Estrogens (estradiol, estrone, estriol)​

A

Growth of repro organs​

Female secondary sex characteristics​

Growth spurt​

119
Q

Effect of progesterone​

A

Quiets the endometrium during pregnancy​

120
Q

Estrogens & progesterone work together to:​

A

Regulate the menstrual cycle​

Prepare endometrium for implantation by fertilized egg​

Prepare mammary glands for lactation​

Maintain pregnancy

121
Q

begins at puberty
produces many sperm continuously
Spermatogenesis->4 sperm (has no cytoplasm)​

A

spermatogenesis

122
Q
  • begins before birth, stops in Meiosis I, resumes in puberty
  • 1 oocyte ovulated per cycle​
  • Unequal division of cytoplasm:​
    Oogenesis-> 1 ovum (if fertilized) and up to 3 polar bodies
123
Q

– that which is conceived​

124
Q

fertilized egg (2n)

125
Q

from zygote to 8 weeks

126
Q

from 8 weeks to birth

127
Q

time from fertilization until birth (38 weeks) ​

128
Q

time from the first day of her last menstrual period until birth (40 weeks) ​

A

gestation period

129
Q

changes happening to the conceptions before birth ​

A

prenatal development

130
Q

1st trmester- 1st- 3rd month- 2nd tri- 4th to 6th month- 3rd tri- 7th- 9th ​

131
Q

Takes place on day 14 of cycle​

The secondary oocyte is ovulated​

Secondary oocyte is surrounded by zona pellucida and the corona radiata ( some follicle cells surround the zona pellucida)

132
Q

usually takes place in Fallopian tube​

A

fertilization

133
Q

Before fertilization: happens to sperm inside female repro tract​

____- sperm membrane worn down by secretions ​

_______- sperms acrosome releases digestive enzyme ​

A

Capacitation
Acrosomal reaction

134
Q

blocks to polyspermy
oogenesis is completed

A

after fertilization

135
Q

(day 4-5)– hollow ball of cells consists of:​

A

blastocyst

136
Q

develops into the embryo/ fetus ​

A

inner cell mass

137
Q

allows the embryo to implant into the uterine wall ​

Secretes hCG ​

A

trophoblast

138
Q

on what days
Implantation
trophoblast secretes hCG

A

day 6-7
day 8

139
Q

causes corpus luteum to continue secreting progesterone and estrogens (inhibits FSH & LH)​

140
Q

is the first sign of pregnancy

A

missed menstrual cycle

141
Q

Corpus Luteum breaks down​

  • progesterone & estrogens decrease​

Str. functionalis breaks down​

Menstruation occurs in day1-5 of next cycle​

A

no fertilization

142
Q

Embryo implants​

Trophoblast secretes hCG​

Corpus Luteum remains​

Progesterone secreted​

Estrogen secreted​

Str. functionalis continues to thicken​

Menstruation does not occur​

A

fertilization

143
Q

what trimester
Trophoblast/chorionic villi secretes hCG ​

Corpus luteum secretes estrogens & progesterone​

A

1st trimester

144
Q

what trimester:
Placenta secretes estrogens and progesterone​

A

2nd and 3rd

145
Q

Site of nutrient, oxygen, waste exchange between mother and fetus​

Secretes hormones (estrogen and progesterone) needed to sustain pregnancy​

146
Q

Becomes functional beginning in 3rd month of pregnancy​

Consists of: ​

  decidua basalis- from mathernal's tissue ​

 (trophoblasts)  chorionic villi- from fetal tissue​

Maternal & fetal blood do not mix​

147
Q

Primary germ layers in16 day old embryo:​

Inner cell mass develops into->​

A

Ectoderm- nervous system for embryo, epidermis​

Mesoderm- forms connective tissue, muscle tissue​

Endoderm- epithelieal linings of the digestive system and the respiratory system ​

148
Q

Embryonic membranes​

A

Amnion- form amniotic sac​

Yolk sac- form early blood cells ​

Allantois- forms base of umbilical cord ​

Chorion- fetal part of the placenta ​

149
Q

Fetal Development​:
1st trimester- 1st- 3rd month

A

all organs develop

150
Q

Fetal Development​:
2nd trimester- 4th - 6th month

A

organs finish development

151
Q

Fetal Development​
3rd trimester- 7th to 9th month

A

organs become functional

152
Q

triggers labor contractions​

153
Q

stimulate placenta to release prostaglandins

A

uterine contractions

154
Q

enhance contractions and oxytocin release​

A

prostaglandins

155
Q

oxytocin and prostaglandins are a part of a

A

positive feedback mechanism

156
Q

milk production by

157
Q

milk ejection by

158
Q

oxytocin and prolactin are a part of a

A

positive feedback mechanism

A &P 2 (4 decks)

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