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A &P 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three layers of the heart what are they made of

A

Epicardium- visceral layer of the pericardium (outer)

Myocardium- thicker layer, cardiac muscle tissue

Endocardium- lining of the heart- inner – made up of endothelial cells (simple squamous epithelial cells)

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2
Q

what are the 4 chambers of the heart and what do they do with blood

A

2 atria- receive blood from the body

2 ventricles- pumps blood out of the heart

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3
Q

—– are blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart

A

veins

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4
Q

—– are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

A

arteries

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5
Q

What are the 3 veins that the right atrium receives blood from

A

Superior vena cava- blood from upper body

Inferior Vena Cava- blood from lower body

Coronary Sinus – drains blood from the myocardium

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6
Q

The Left Atrium (LA) receives blood from

A

pulmonary veins. - blood from lungs

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7
Q

The Right Ventricle (RV) pumps blood into the

A

pulmonary arteries -> lungs

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8
Q

The Left Ventricle (LV) pumps blood into the

A

aorta-> all body tissues (except lungs)

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9
Q

Name the pathway and its pump- blood vessels that carry blood to and from all body tissues and back to the heart (longest circuit)

A

Systemic circuit- left ventricle is pump

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9
Q

Name the pathway and its pump- blood vessels toward the lungs and returns blood to the heart

A

Pulmonary circuit and the right ventricle is the pump

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10
Q

Name the pathway and its pump- blood vessels that carry blood to and from the myocardium (shortest pump)

A

Coronary circuit and the left ventricle is the pump

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11
Q

what is the longest circuit

A

systemic circuit

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12
Q

what is the shortest pathway

A

coronary circuit

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13
Q

Allow for one-way flow of blood through the heart (prevent backflow)

A

heart valves

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14
Q

heart valves open and close due to

A

pressure differences

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15
Q

what are the 4 heart valves and where are they located

A

2 Atrioventricular valves (AV valves)- Between the atria and ventricles

2 semilunar valves (SL valves)- Between the ventricles and the arteries carrying blood out of the heart

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16
Q

what are the 2 AV valves and their location

A

Tricuspid valve – between RA and RV

Bicuspid valve (or mitral valve)- Between LA and LV

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17
Q

what are the 2 SL valves and their location

A

Aortic SL valve – between LV and Aorta

Pulmonary SL valve- Between RV and pulmonary artery

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18
Q

heard when both AV valves close

A

1st heart sound

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19
Q

heard when both SL valves close

A

2nd heart sound

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20
Q

—-are not heard when heart valves open

A

heart sounds

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21
Q

—-cause valves to open and close

A

pressure differences

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22
Q

when atrial pressure is higher than ventricular pressure is

A

lower due to venous return the AV valves open

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23
Q

when ventricular pressure is higher (ventricles contract) than atrial pressure is

A

lower- the AV valves close and it is the 1st heart sound

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24
Q

what is the function of the papillary muscle and chordae tendineae

A

holds the AV valves in their closed position

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25
Q

when ventricular pressure is high (when ventricles are contracting) the pressure in aorta or pulmonary arteries is low

A

both SL valves open (no sound)

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26
Q

When pressure (high) in aorta or pulmonary arteries > ventricular pressure (low)

A

both SL valves close= 2nd heart sound

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27
Q

when both ventricles are relaxed the pressure

A

drops

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28
Q

blood flows —- into the 2 atria

A

continuously due to no valves

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29
Q

Cardiac muscle cells / fibers are

A

Striated

Involuntary – cannot consciously control

Branched

Interconnected by intercalated discs

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30
Q

intercalated disc contains 2 kinds of cell junctions:

A

Desmosomes- anchoring junction

Gap junctions- communicating junctions

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31
Q

the heart acts as a function

A

syncytium (coordinated unit)

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32
Q

Can shorten

Have a stable membrane potential

Do not self-depolarize- cannot start action potentials

A

contractile fibers (99% of all cardiac muscle tissue)

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33
Q

Cannot shorten

Have an unstable membrane potential

Self-depolarizes- can start own action potentials

A

Autorhythmic fibers (1% of all cardiac muscle tissue)

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34
Q

cannot start action potentials (A.P.) because they have a stable membrane potential

A

contractile fibers

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35
Q

can initiate A.P because of their unstable membrane potential

A

Autorhythmic fibers

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36
Q

Made of autorhythmic fibers

That initiates and transmits electrical impulses (A.Ps) through the heart

That results in rhythmic contractions

A

The Cardiac Conduction System

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37
Q

order of cardiac conduction system

A
  1. sinoatrial node (the pacemaker of the heart)
  2. atrioventricular node
  3. atrioventricular ventricle (the only electrical connection between atrium and ventricles )
  4. left and right bundle branches
  5. purkinje fibers (release AP)
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38
Q

the normal rhythm of heartbeat set by the SA node

A

sinus rhythm

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39
Q

start and conduct the A.Ps through the heart

A

autorhymic fibers

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40
Q

respond to the A.Ps of the autorhythmic fibers

A

contractile fibers

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41
Q

will then reach threshold and generate A.Ps

A

contractile fibers

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42
Q

phases of sinus rhythm and they ions they move

A

Depolarization- due to sodium ions (na+) entering the cell

Plateau- calcium (Ca2)ions enter the cell

Repolarization- Action potential ends due to K+ ions leaving the cell

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43
Q

A recording of the flow of electrical impulses (A.P.s) produced by the heart

A

electrocardiogram

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44
Q

three waves of EKG in one heart beat

A

P wave- atrial depolarization

QRS complex- ventricular depolarization

T wave- ventricle repolarization

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45
Q

time span between beginning of P wave and beginning of the QRS complex

A

P-Q interval

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46
Q

time span between the beginning of the QRS and the end of the T wave

A

Q-T

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47
Q

time span between the end of the QRS and the beginning of the T wave

Steady ventricular depolarization

A

S-T

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48
Q

all events associated with one heartbeat

A

cardiac cycle

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49
Q

systole is

A

contraction

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50
Q

diastole is

A

relaxation

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51
Q

depolarization causes

A

systole

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52
Q

repolarization causes

A

diastole

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53
Q

length of the cardiac cycle

A

.8 secons

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54
Q

length= .1 sec
atria= systole
ventricles= diastole

A

atrial systole

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55
Q

length= .3 sec
atria= diastole
ventricles= systole

A

ventricular systole

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56
Q

length= .4 sec
atria= diastole
ventricles= systole

A

relaxation period

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57
Q

Both atria contract shortly after P wave

AV valves remain open

SL valves remain closed

Ventricles fill with blood

A

atrial systole

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58
Q

Both ventricles contract shortly after QRS

AV valves close (1st heart sound)

Isovolumetric contraction period occurs in beginning- constant volume of blood in ventricles - all 4 chambers close

SL valves open

Blood pumped out of ventricles and into aorta and pulmonary arteries

A

ventricular systole

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59
Q

Ventricles relax shortly after T wave

SL vales close (2nd heart sound)

Isovolumetric relaxation period occurs in beginning

AV valves open in middle of period

Blood fills ventricles

A

relaxation period

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60
Q

constant volume of blood in ventricles; all 4 valves closed

A

isovolumetric

61
Q

(brief period at beginning of Ventricular Systole) ventricles contract while valves closed

A

isovolumetric contraction

62
Q

(brief period at beginning of Relaxation Period) – ventricles relax while valves closed

A

isovolumetric relaxation

63
Q

amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle per minute

A

cardiac output

64
Q

how is cardiac output measured

A

CO = HR (heart rate) x SV (stroke volume)

65
Q

decreases HR to resting conditions

Decreases HR= decrease cardiac output

A

parasympathetic divison

66
Q

increases HR and stimulates adrenal medulla to release epinephrine & norepinephrine

Increase HR= increase CO

A

sympathetic divison

67
Q

amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle per heartbeat

A

stroke volume

68
Q

factors affecting SV

A

preload, contractility, and afterload

69
Q

The degree of stretch of heart wall

A

preload- Increase preload= increase SV= increase CO

70
Q

increase in contractile force independent on stretch/ preload

A

contractility- Increase contractility= increase SV= increase CO

71
Q

back pressure exerted on the SL valves due to arteriole pressure

A

afterload- Increase in afterload= decrease SV= decrease CO

Can lead to hypertension

72
Q

the cardiovascular centers located in the

A

medulla oblongata

73
Q

there are about —- miles of blood vessels in the body

A

60000

74
Q

blood vessels are made of

A

living cells

75
Q

3 kind of blood vessels

A

Arteries- blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Veins- blood vessels that return blood to the heart

Capillaries- exchange vessels

76
Q

walls of arteries and veins have 3 layers

A

tunica interna-
tunica media
tunica externa

77
Q

innermost layer of blood vessel wall

Endothelial cells (simple squamous epithelial)

A

tunica interna

78
Q

middle layer of blood vessel wall

Smooth muscle tissue

Causes vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

tunica media

79
Q

outermost layer of blood vessel wall

Mainly collagen fibers

A

tunica externa

80
Q

capillaries walls have 1 layer

A

tunica interna

81
Q

thin capillary walls allow for

A

rapid exchanges

82
Q

high pressure system, thickest layer is tunica media, all layers have more elastic fibers

A

the arterial system

83
Q

(largest diameter)- conducting arteries

Examples: aorta, pulmonary arteries

A

elastic arteries

84
Q

distributing arteries

Examples: radial artery, brachial artery

A

muscular arteries

85
Q

(smallest diameter)- resistance vessels (affect BP)

A

arterioles

86
Q

The tunica media allows muscular arteries and arterioles to

A

constrict and dilate

87
Q

—-therefore can regulate blood flow into arterioles in specific organs

A

muscular arteries

88
Q

—therefore can regulate blood flow into capillaries

A

arterioles

89
Q

characteristics of capillaries

A

5-0 micrometers in diameter

Tunica interna only- thin walls

Tight junctions join cells together

Clefts- gaps between neighboring cells

90
Q

continuous capillaries-

A

least permeable- most common- muscle tissue ad skin

91
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A

has pores, very permeable- small intestine, filtration membrane of kidneys

92
Q

sinusoids

A

large pores and clefts, extremely permeable- red bone marrow, spleen, liver

93
Q

Movement of substances between plasma and interstitial fluid

A

capillary exchange

94
Q

capillary exchange is aided by

A

diffusion, transcytosis, and bulk flow

95
Q

passive process that moves particles from high to low concentrations

A

diffusion

96
Q

using vesicles to shuttle substances across the cell

A

transcytosis

97
Q

solutes and particles in a fluid move together due to pressure differences across the capillary wall

A

bulk flow

98
Q

bulk flow outside of plasma and into interstitial fluid (positive NFP numbers cause)

A

filtration

99
Q

bulk flow of interstitial fluid into the plasma (negative NFP numbers cause)

A

reabsorption

100
Q

determine the direction of bulk flow

A

pressure differences

101
Q

force exerted by a fluid against a wall

Acting at the capillary

A

hydrostatic pressure

102
Q

force opposing hydrostatic pressure due to nondiffusing molecules

Nondiffusing molecules- proteins

acting at capillary

A

osmotic pressure

103
Q

total pressure that promotes filtration

A

Net filtration pressure (NFP)

104
Q

filtration occurs at the

A

beginning of capillary with NFP at +10 mm Hg

105
Q

reabsorption occurs at the

A

end of capillary with NFP of - 9 mm Hg

106
Q

Low pressure system

Has thinner walls and wider lumens than arteries (tunica externa is thickest layer)

Blood reservoirs of the vascular system

A

venous system

107
Q

venous system consists of

A

Venules (smallest diameter)

Veins (large diameter) =Superior and inferior vena cava
- Valves present in veins to prevent backflow

Venous sinuses- specialized, broad veins supported by surrounding tissue; only has the tunica interna

Ex. Coronary sinus and dural sinus

108
Q

branches of blood vessels providing alternate routes for blood to reach a particular region

A

anastomoses

109
Q

—- drop along the vascular system

A

blood pressures

110
Q

highest pressure (120-> 35 mm Hg)

A

arterial system

111
Q

(35-> 16 mm Hg)

A

capillaries

112
Q

lowest pressure (16 -> 0 mm Hg)

A

venous system

113
Q

venous return of blood is aided by

A

Muscular pump-

Respiratory pump

Valves

114
Q

amount of blood flowing through an organ in a given period of time (ml/min)

A

blood flow (F)

115
Q

hydrostatic pressure of the blood

A

blood pressure (P)

116
Q

opposition to blood flow

A

Resistance (R)

117
Q

equation of blood flow

A

F= change in pressure/ R
increase in pressure = increase in flow
decrease in pressure, decrease in flow
resistance increases= decrease in flow

118
Q

Constriction of the ventricles

A

increases blood pressure-> increases blood flow

119
Q

what increases and decreases resistance

A

Greater blood viscosity increase resistance - polycythemia

Greater total blood vessel length increases resistance- obesity

Vasoconstriction increases resistance

Vasodilation decreases resistance

120
Q

hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood- measures across the systemic circuit

A

blood pressure

121
Q

maximum pressure in artery when ventricles contract (120)

A

systolic pressure

122
Q

minimum pressure in artery during ventricular diastole (~80mm Hg)

A

diastolic pressure

123
Q

systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

A

pulse pressure

124
Q

average pressure in artery

A

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

125
Q

neutral regulation of blood pressure is

A

short term

126
Q

increase in BP:

A

Sympathetic increases HR and contractility

Sympathetic causes vasoconstriction

127
Q

Decrease BP:

A

Parasympathetic decreases HR

Sympathetic causes vasodilation

128
Q

Only the ——- of the Autonomic Nervous System can change the diameter of blood vessels Only the sympathetic division of the Autonomic Nervous System can change the diameter of blood vessels

A

sympathetic divison

129
Q

hormonal regulation of BP is

A

short term

130
Q

short-term regulation by:

A

Nervous system (parasympathetic and sympathetic)

hormones

131
Q

long-term regulation by:

A

kidneys adjusting blood volume

132
Q

normal BP is

A

about 120/80

133
Q

high blood pressure (>140/90)

A

hypertension

134
Q

low blood pressure (systolic pressure <100mm Hg)

A

hypotension

135
Q

due to sudden change in position

A

orthostatic hypertension

136
Q

long-term low blood pressure due to poor nutrition

A

chronic hypotension

137
Q

sudden low blood pressure caused by circulatory shock

A

acute hypotension

138
Q

condition when there is not enough blood in the blood vessels and blood cannot circulate normally

A

circulatory shock

139
Q

shock due to loss of a large amount of blood

A

hypovolemic shock

140
Q

shock due to extreme vasodilation- due to severe allergic reaction

A

vascular shock

141
Q

shock when heart cannot pump adequately to circulate blood

A

cardiogenic shock

142
Q

internal resistance of fluid to flow

A

blood viscosity

143
Q

pathway through the pulmonary

A

Oxygen rich= Capitals
Oxygen poor= lower case
ra-> rv-> pulmonary arteries-> luNGS-> PULMONARY VEINS-> LA->LV->AORTA-> BODY tissues-> vena cava-> ra

144
Q

pathway of systemic circuit

A

Oxygen rich= Capitals
Oxygen poor= lower case
la-> lv-> pulmonary arteries-> luNGS-> PULMONARY VEINS-> RA->RV->AORTA-> BODY tissues-> vena cava-> va

145
Q

pathway of the coronary circuit

A

Oxygen rich= Capitals
Oxygen poor= lower case
AORTA-> CORONARY ARTERIES->MYOCArdium-> coronary veins-> coronary sinus-> ra

146
Q

Angiotensin II- vasoconstriction

Epinephrine and norepinephrine- vasoconstriction- high HR

Antidiuretic hormone-vasoconstriction

A

hormones that raise BP

147
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)-vasodilation

A

hormone that lowers the BP

148
Q

renal regulation of BP is

A

long-term

149
Q

Kidneys increase and decrease BP by

A

increasing and decreasing blood volume

A &P 2 (3 decks)

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