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A &P 2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is distribution of blood?

A

transports O2- nutrients, CO2, wastes

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2
Q

Blood regulation

A

maintain body temperature (temp of blood is 100.4), blood volume (blood volume= aver. 5 liters), Blood pH (7.35-7.45) (main blood buffer that regulates the pH= carbmicacid-bicarbmate buffer)

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3
Q

Regulation

A

against blood loss (platelets, clotting proteins), against infection (WBC, antibodies, complement proteins)

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4
Q

temp of blood

A

100.4 degrees F

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5
Q

blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

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6
Q

blood volume

A

average of 5 liters

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7
Q

what are the components of blood?

A

55% Plasma- Fluid Component

Less than 1% Buffy Coat- contains WBC and Platelets

45% is RBCs-> Hematocrit= percentage of whole blood made of RBC

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8
Q

formed elements of the blood

A

RBCs (erythrocytes)- 45%

WBCs(leukocytes)- Buffy coat

Platelets (thrombocytes) - Buffy Coat

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9
Q

what makes nearly all the plasma proteins except hormones and antibodies

A

liver

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10
Q

what is the most abundant plasma protein

A

albumin

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11
Q

what is hemopoiesis

A

blood cell formation (in red bone marrow)

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12
Q

what hormone stimulates RBC production (erythropoiesis)

A

stimulated by erythropoietin-hormone- made by the kidneys

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13
Q

what hormone stimulates Platelet production (thrombopoiesis)

A

stimulated by thrombopoietin- hormone – made by the liver

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14
Q

what hormone stimulates WBC production (leukopoiesis)

A

stimulated by interleukins, colony-stimulating factors

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15
Q

what is the Reticulocyte count

A

(percentage of red blood cells that are reticulocytes): 1-2% - measure the rate of erythropoiesis

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16
Q

what is the structure of hemoglobin

A

4 heme- oxygen binding portion (with iron in each heme)
Globin= protein portion
2 alpha chains
2 beta chains

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17
Q

how many hemoglobin are in the RBC

A

250 million hemoglobin in each RBC

X 4 O2 per hemoglobin= 1 billion oxygens carried by each red blood cell

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18
Q

Life cycle of RBC

A

Red bone marrow forms reticulocytes

1-2 days= mature RBC- circulates 100-120 days

Spleen is the graveyard for dead and damaged old RBCs

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19
Q

What does the liver do with bilirubin

A

Liver removes bilirubin (yellow) by dumping it into the digestive system in the form of bile

When the liver does not dispose of bilirubin it can cause jaundice

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20
Q

how is iron stored in the body

A

Iron is stored as ferritin

Iron is transported by attaching to a protein called transferrin

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21
Q

RBC size, volumes, and lifespan

A

4-6 million RBCs per microliter of whole blood

Biconcave shape, 7.5-8 micrometer in diameter
1-2 days for full maturity- 100-120 days circulating

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22
Q

what are eyrthrocytes and their function

A

RBCs are incomplete cells lacking nucleus and organelles -transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

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23
Q

what are leukocytes and what is their function

A

WBC are in the buffy coat and provide immunity- 5,000-10,000 WBCs per microliter of blood

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24
Q

Characteristics of WBCs

A

Emigration-can leave capillary (microscopic blood vessels)

Chemotaxis- attracted to specific chemicals

Most engulf by phagocytosis- engulf and destroy pathogens

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25
Q

What are the different white blood cells and how many of each

A

Never let monkey eat bananas
- Neutrophils 60-70%
- Lymphocytes 20-25%
- Monocytes 3-8 %
- Eosinophils 2-4 %
- Basophils 0.5-1%

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26
Q

Granulocytes

A

WBCs having visible Cytoplasmic granules (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)

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27
Q

Agranulocytes

A

WBCs lacking visible granules (monocytes, Lymphocytes)

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28
Q

what are platelets and their function

A

Cell fragments- used for prevention of blood loss

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29
Q

Hemostasis

A

sequence of events that stop bleeding

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30
Q

hemostasis sequence

A

Vascular spasm- blood vessels constrict

Platelet plug formation-positive feedback mechanism

Coagulation- blood clot forms

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31
Q

what are clotting factors

A

11 clotting proteins, calcium, and tissue factor

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32
Q

name he pathway:
-all that is needed is in the blood (does not need tissue factor)
-Makes prothrombinase
-More steps (chemical reactions)= slower
- needs Ca+2

A

Intrinsic pathway

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33
Q

Name the pathway
- Needs substance that is outside of the blood= tissue factor- made by damaged tissue that is located outside of blood
- Makes prothrombinase
- Has fewer steps= faster
- Needs CA+2

A

Extrinsic Pathway

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34
Q

what helps dissolve blood clot when healing is done

A

Plasminogen - TPA converts it to plasmin

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34
Q

what are the 2 steps of the common pathway and what does it require

A

calcium
1. Prothrombin (inactive clotting protein) —(Prothrombinase)—> Thrombin (active)

  1. Fibrinogen (soluble) —(thrombin)—> Fibrin (insoluble) = fibrin mesh (traps RBC+ WBC+ platelets= harden and forms the blood clot)
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35
Q

blood clot forms in the blood vessel wall

A

thrombus

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36
Q

blood clot breaks off and circulates with the blood

A

embolus

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37
Q

blood clot blocks blood flow through a blood vessel

A

embolism

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38
Q

what are blood groups due to

A

antigens on the RBC surface

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39
Q

what are two blood groups that cause transfusion reactions

A

ABO blood group

Rh blood group

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40
Q

what substances prevent blood clotting

A

anticoagulants

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41
Q

glycoprotein that elicits an immune response

A

Antigen

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42
Q

self-antigen located on RBC surface

A

agglutinogen

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43
Q

protein that binds to an antigen

A

antibody

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44
Q

antibody in plasma that reacts with an agglutinogen- react with agglutinogen

A

agglutinin

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45
Q

clumping of blood cells due to antigen-antibody reaction

A

agglutination

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46
Q

what is the universal blood reciver

A

AB

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47
Q

what is the universal blood donor

A

O

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48
Q

what occurs when donor’s RBCs are attacked by recipients’ antibodies

A

a transfusion reaction (agglutination)

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49
Q

what are the 4 blood types

A

A, B, AB, O

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50
Q

2 types of Rh

A

Rh+
Rh-
People normally do not have antibodies in plasma against the Rh antigens

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51
Q

donor RBCs mixed with recipient’s serum to determine compatibility

A

cross matching

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52
Q

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

A

Mom is Rh- and baby is Rh+ can lead to baby defects and blood diseases

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53
Q

functions of the lymphatic system

A

Drains excess interstitial fluid- fluid in our tissues (fluid retrieval)

Transports dietary lipids (fluid retrieval)

Carried out immune responses- immunity

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54
Q

what does the lymphatic system consist of

A

Lymph- fluid that flows through the lymphatic system

Lymphatic vessels- tubes that carry lymph- responsible for fluid retrieval

Lymphatic tissues and organs

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55
Q

what does lymph consist of

A

Interstitial fluid leaked out of capillaries

Fats absorbed from digestive system

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56
Q

what is the direction of lymph flow

A
  1. Lymphatic capillaries (or lacteals- in small intestine- where fats are absorbed) - Lymph enters here first (smallest size)
  2. Lymphatic collecting vessels
  3. Lymphatic trunks
  4. Ducts: (largest size lymphatic vessel)
    - Right lymphatic duct
    - Thoracic duct
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57
Q

drains fluid from the right side of the head, R- neck, R arm, and right part of the chest

A

Right lymphatic duct

58
Q

drains left side of the body- head, neck, arm, leg, chest, digestive system and everything below the diaphragm- R leg

A

Thoracic duct

59
Q

what are the pumps of the Lymphatic system

A

Muscular pump-skeletal muscles contract

Respiratory pump-breathing muscles contract

60
Q

Cells present in lymphatic tissue

A

Lymphocytes- B cells and T cells (immune cells)

Macrophages - (monocytes transform into macrophages) best phagocytes (immune cells)

Dendritic cells- phagocytes (immunity cells)

Reticular cells- makes reticular connective tissue

61
Q

what is MALT

A

mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

62
Q

where is MALT located

A

Peyer’s patches- SI
Tonsils: in the pharynx
-1 pharyngeal (androids)
-2 palatine-
-2 Lingual-

Appendix- in large intestine

Respiratory Tract

Urinary Tract

Reproductive Tract

63
Q

what are where lymphocytes ( are apart of the adaptive immune system- B+T cells) become immunocompetent (able to recognize a specific foreign antigen)

A

Primary lymphatic organs

64
Q

where B cells get trained (now immunocompetent)

A

Red Bone marrow

65
Q

where T cells get trained

A

Thymus

66
Q

Most lymphatic tissues and organs are made of what connective tissue

A

Reticular

67
Q

thymus is made of what tissue

A

epithelial

68
Q

secretes hormones needed for development of functional immunocompetent T cells.

A

thymus

69
Q

what is and is not present in thymus

A

Macrophages dendrite cells are present in thymus

B cells and reticular cells are not present in thymus

70
Q

what are where immune responses occur

A

Secondary lymphatic organs= Spleen and lymph nodes

71
Q

The most abundant lymphatic organs

The most likely places for immune responses to occur

A

lymph nodes

72
Q

function of lymph nodes

A

A) filter lymph

B) house cells involved in immunity

73
Q

what is the largest lymphatic organ

A

spleen

74
Q

6 functions of the spleen in lymphatic system

A

Filters blood

Housed cells involved in immunity

Graveyard for RBCs

Stores iron- as ferritin

Stores platelets

In fetus, site of RBC production

75
Q

is a functional system involved in body defense against viruses, bacteria, pathogens, abnormal body cells, foreign cells and toxins.

A

immune system

76
Q

resistance to disease

A

immunity

77
Q

any disease-causing micro-organism

A

pathogens

78
Q

Nonspecific defenses- innate- born with it

A

Physical Barriers- first line of defense

Internal defenses- second line of defense

79
Q

Specific defenses (adaptive immune system) B+T cells work in adaptive immune system

A

B + T cells are specific and target only one specific antigen

Different specific antigens for different B + T cells

Provides long term protection

80
Q

third line of defense

A

Humoral Immunity + Cell-mediated immunity

81
Q

Does not distinguish among pathogens

Provides immediate protection against a variety of pathogens or foreign substances

A

the innate immune system

82
Q

Skin- dead, keratinized cells

Mucosa membranes

Secretions-
-Sweat –pH 4-6
-Mucus- provides a barrier
-Stomach acid
-Digestive enzymes
-Tears, saliva,

A

Physical Barriers- first line of defense

83
Q

Uses Phagocytes, Non- Phagocytes, and Anti- Microbial proteins

A

internal defenses- second line of defense

84
Q

what are neutrophils, monocytes, Macrophages, and eosinophils

A

phagocytes

85
Q

what is the best phagocyte

A

macrophages

86
Q

Eosinophils- targets parasites-> secretes digestive enzymes

Natural killer cells- nonspecific (untrained) lymphocytes

Target virus infected body cells or cancer cells

Secretes perforins -> causes lysis

A

non-phagocytes

87
Q

Complement proteins

Liver makes about 20 different complement proteins

Causes lysis of pathogens

interferons- made by WBCs, macrophages, infected body cells

A

anti-microbial proteins

88
Q

Symptoms: redness, heat, swelling, pain

Basophils or Mast cells - secrete histamines

Histamines cause blood vessels to dilate and become leaky

A

inflammatory response

89
Q

Causes- WBC, Macrophages- secrete pyrogens

Pyrogens causes hypothalamus to raise the body temperature

Fever- locks out iron

A

fever

90
Q

target particular foreign antigens

A

specific

91
Q

not limited to cite of infection

A

systemic

92
Q

able to recognize a particular foreign antigen

A

immunocompetent

93
Q

provide long term protection

A

memory

94
Q

will not harm healthy body cells

A

self-tolerant

95
Q

all trained B and T cells have what that allow them to recognize one specific foreign antigen

A

foreign antigen

96
Q

what cells only have adhesion proteins

A

trained T cells

97
Q

cytotoxic T cells have what protein-(killer cells)

A

CD8

98
Q

Helper cells have what protein

A

CD4

99
Q

(anti-body mediated) B cells target bacteria, toxins, and viruses present in body fluids

Secrete antibodies

A

humoral immunity (body fluids)

100
Q

T cells target infected cells, cancer cells, and foreign tissue transplants

A

Cell-mediated immunity

101
Q

the immune response by B cells takes place in the lymph nodes, spleen, or MALT

A

Humoral immunity

102
Q

3 steps of humoral immunity

A
  1. Activation of B cells- antigen receptor binds to foreign antigen in body fluid
  2. Proliferation- the B cells divide rapidly
  3. Differentiation- most become effector plasma cells- make anti-bodies (few B cells become memory B cells- provides long term protection)
103
Q

what is the function of Plasma Cells

A

make antibodies

104
Q

what is the function of memory B cells

A

long-term protection

105
Q

occurs with first exposure to foreign antigen (slower)

A

Primary response

106
Q

occurs with 2nd exposure to same foreign antigen (faster and effective)

A

secondary response

107
Q

structure of an antibody

A

C region determines the antibody class

V region binds the specific foreign antigen

How many antigens can one antibody bind? 2

108
Q

what are immunoglobins

A

antibodies

109
Q

what is the most abundant antibody class and can cross placenta

A

Ig G

110
Q

what is the 2nd most abundant antibody class that is secreted from mucus membranes

A

IgA

111
Q

pentamer (5 unit antibody) - largest antibody class

Agglutination

First antibodies made

A

IgM

112
Q

antibody class that has antigen receptors of B cells

A

IgD

113
Q

what antibody class causes basophils or mast cells to produce histamines- causes inflammatory response

A

IgE

114
Q

What is PLAN

A

Precipitation- cross linking of antibodies and settles out of solution

Lysis- activates complement which starts lysis of Pathogen

Agglutination- clumping

Neutralization- Antibody surrounds antigen

115
Q

antibodies not made by own body provide temporary immunity

Exp.

IgGs passed from mother to the fetus

Breast milk contains IgAs

Anti- snake venom antibodies

Anti-rabies antibodies

A

Passive humoral immunity

116
Q

own B cells make antibodies; memory B cells provide long term immunity

Exp.

Vaccination

Infection

A

active humoral immunity

117
Q

self-antigens that allow the immune system to recognize own body cells

A

MHC antigens

118
Q

on the surface of all nucleated body cells- regular body cell

A

Class 1 MHC antigens

119
Q

on surface of antigen- presenting cells – identify what kind of body cell

Macrophage, dendritic cells, activated B-cells

A

Class 2 MHC antigen

120
Q

Macrophages, dendritic cells or activated B cells

Help activate T cells by presenting antigen fragments on cell surfaces

A

Antigen- presenting cells

121
Q

what does it mean when an antigen shows up on aClass1 MHC

A

body cell is infected

122
Q

What happens when cytotoxic T cells destroy infected cells

A

The Cytotoxic T cell’s antigen receptor binds to the specific foreign on the class I MHC of the infected cell.

The Cytotoxic T cell then undergoes:

Activation

Proliferation

Differentiation – most become effector cytotoxic T cells and will attack and destroy the infected body cells- few become memory cells (long-term protection)

123
Q

punch holes in membrane of infected body cells- causes lysis

A

perforins

124
Q

cause the infected cell to die

A

granzymes

125
Q

what does it mean when a foreign antigen shows up on a Class 2 MHC

A

the APC has engulfed a
foreign antigen.

126
Q

The Helper T cell (CD4) role is

A

to mobilize the immune system to mount an effective response.

127
Q

The Helper T cell’s antigen receptor binds to the specific foreign antigen on the Class II MHC of the APC.

The Helper T cell then undergoes:

A

Activation

Proliferation

Differentiation- Most become- effector helper cells (secretes interleukin 2) + a few become- memory T cells

128
Q

Helper T cells produce interleukin-2 to:

A

Activates more helper T cells- makes more interleukin-2
(cell – mediated adaptive immunity)

Activate cytotoxic T cells- destroy infected body cells
(cell-mediated adaptive immunity)

Activate B cells- makes antibodies
(humeral immunity) (adaptive)

Stimulate macrophages (phagocytosis) and NK cells (perforins cause lysis)
(innate immunity)

129
Q

Without helper T cells HIV causes

A

AIDS

130
Q

a decreased number of red blood cells or a lower-than-normal hemoglobin concentration

A

anemia

131
Q

premature destruction of red blood cells

A

hemolytic anemia

131
Q

excessive bleeding that leads to decrease in red blood cells

A

hemorrhagic anemia

132
Q

bone marrow failure which leads to low production of RBC

A

aplastic anemia

133
Q

when body does not have enough iron to make hemoglobin

A

iron-deficiency anemia

134
Q

low vitamin B12 causes prevention from making RBC

A

pernicious anemia

135
Q

inherited blood disorder that results in excessive destruction of RBC

A

thalassemia

136
Q

An inherited blood disorder where red blood cells (RBCs) become sickle/crescent shaped

A

sickle-cell anemia

137
Q

increase in RBCs which lead to thicker blood

A

polycythemia

138
Q

type of cancer which affects the production and function of blood cells.

A

leukemia

139
Q

viral infection spread through saliva

A

infectious mononucleosis

139
Q

low blood platelet count

A

Thrombocytopenia

140
Q

the liver is unable to perform normal metabolic functions

A

impaired liver function

A &P 2 (4 decks)

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