Exam 1 Flashcards
What is distribution of blood?
transports O2- nutrients, CO2, wastes
Blood regulation
maintain body temperature (temp of blood is 100.4), blood volume (blood volume= aver. 5 liters), Blood pH (7.35-7.45) (main blood buffer that regulates the pH= carbmicacid-bicarbmate buffer)
Regulation
against blood loss (platelets, clotting proteins), against infection (WBC, antibodies, complement proteins)
temp of blood
100.4 degrees F
blood pH
7.35-7.45
blood volume
average of 5 liters
what are the components of blood?
55% Plasma- Fluid Component
Less than 1% Buffy Coat- contains WBC and Platelets
45% is RBCs-> Hematocrit= percentage of whole blood made of RBC
formed elements of the blood
RBCs (erythrocytes)- 45%
WBCs(leukocytes)- Buffy coat
Platelets (thrombocytes) - Buffy Coat
what makes nearly all the plasma proteins except hormones and antibodies
liver
what is the most abundant plasma protein
albumin
what is hemopoiesis
blood cell formation (in red bone marrow)
what hormone stimulates RBC production (erythropoiesis)
stimulated by erythropoietin-hormone- made by the kidneys
what hormone stimulates Platelet production (thrombopoiesis)
stimulated by thrombopoietin- hormone – made by the liver
what hormone stimulates WBC production (leukopoiesis)
stimulated by interleukins, colony-stimulating factors
what is the Reticulocyte count
(percentage of red blood cells that are reticulocytes): 1-2% - measure the rate of erythropoiesis
what is the structure of hemoglobin
4 heme- oxygen binding portion (with iron in each heme)
Globin= protein portion
2 alpha chains
2 beta chains
how many hemoglobin are in the RBC
250 million hemoglobin in each RBC
X 4 O2 per hemoglobin= 1 billion oxygens carried by each red blood cell
Life cycle of RBC
Red bone marrow forms reticulocytes
1-2 days= mature RBC- circulates 100-120 days
Spleen is the graveyard for dead and damaged old RBCs
What does the liver do with bilirubin
Liver removes bilirubin (yellow) by dumping it into the digestive system in the form of bile
When the liver does not dispose of bilirubin it can cause jaundice
how is iron stored in the body
Iron is stored as ferritin
Iron is transported by attaching to a protein called transferrin
RBC size, volumes, and lifespan
4-6 million RBCs per microliter of whole blood
Biconcave shape, 7.5-8 micrometer in diameter
1-2 days for full maturity- 100-120 days circulating
what are eyrthrocytes and their function
RBCs are incomplete cells lacking nucleus and organelles -transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
what are leukocytes and what is their function
WBC are in the buffy coat and provide immunity- 5,000-10,000 WBCs per microliter of blood
Characteristics of WBCs
Emigration-can leave capillary (microscopic blood vessels)
Chemotaxis- attracted to specific chemicals
Most engulf by phagocytosis- engulf and destroy pathogens
What are the different white blood cells and how many of each
Never let monkey eat bananas
- Neutrophils 60-70%
- Lymphocytes 20-25%
- Monocytes 3-8 %
- Eosinophils 2-4 %
- Basophils 0.5-1%
Granulocytes
WBCs having visible Cytoplasmic granules (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)
Agranulocytes
WBCs lacking visible granules (monocytes, Lymphocytes)
what are platelets and their function
Cell fragments- used for prevention of blood loss
Hemostasis
sequence of events that stop bleeding
hemostasis sequence
Vascular spasm- blood vessels constrict
Platelet plug formation-positive feedback mechanism
Coagulation- blood clot forms
what are clotting factors
11 clotting proteins, calcium, and tissue factor
name he pathway:
-all that is needed is in the blood (does not need tissue factor)
-Makes prothrombinase
-More steps (chemical reactions)= slower
- needs Ca+2
Intrinsic pathway
Name the pathway
- Needs substance that is outside of the blood= tissue factor- made by damaged tissue that is located outside of blood
- Makes prothrombinase
- Has fewer steps= faster
- Needs CA+2
Extrinsic Pathway
what helps dissolve blood clot when healing is done
Plasminogen - TPA converts it to plasmin
what are the 2 steps of the common pathway and what does it require
calcium
1. Prothrombin (inactive clotting protein) —(Prothrombinase)—> Thrombin (active)
- Fibrinogen (soluble) —(thrombin)—> Fibrin (insoluble) = fibrin mesh (traps RBC+ WBC+ platelets= harden and forms the blood clot)
blood clot forms in the blood vessel wall
thrombus
blood clot breaks off and circulates with the blood
embolus
blood clot blocks blood flow through a blood vessel
embolism
what are blood groups due to
antigens on the RBC surface
what are two blood groups that cause transfusion reactions
ABO blood group
Rh blood group
what substances prevent blood clotting
anticoagulants
glycoprotein that elicits an immune response
Antigen
self-antigen located on RBC surface
agglutinogen
protein that binds to an antigen
antibody
antibody in plasma that reacts with an agglutinogen- react with agglutinogen
agglutinin
clumping of blood cells due to antigen-antibody reaction
agglutination
what is the universal blood reciver
AB
what is the universal blood donor
O
what occurs when donor’s RBCs are attacked by recipients’ antibodies
a transfusion reaction (agglutination)
what are the 4 blood types
A, B, AB, O
2 types of Rh
Rh+
Rh-
People normally do not have antibodies in plasma against the Rh antigens
donor RBCs mixed with recipient’s serum to determine compatibility
cross matching
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Mom is Rh- and baby is Rh+ can lead to baby defects and blood diseases
functions of the lymphatic system
Drains excess interstitial fluid- fluid in our tissues (fluid retrieval)
Transports dietary lipids (fluid retrieval)
Carried out immune responses- immunity
what does the lymphatic system consist of
Lymph- fluid that flows through the lymphatic system
Lymphatic vessels- tubes that carry lymph- responsible for fluid retrieval
Lymphatic tissues and organs
what does lymph consist of
Interstitial fluid leaked out of capillaries
Fats absorbed from digestive system
what is the direction of lymph flow
- Lymphatic capillaries (or lacteals- in small intestine- where fats are absorbed) - Lymph enters here first (smallest size)
- Lymphatic collecting vessels
- Lymphatic trunks
- Ducts: (largest size lymphatic vessel)
- Right lymphatic duct
- Thoracic duct
drains fluid from the right side of the head, R- neck, R arm, and right part of the chest
Right lymphatic duct
drains left side of the body- head, neck, arm, leg, chest, digestive system and everything below the diaphragm- R leg
Thoracic duct
what are the pumps of the Lymphatic system
Muscular pump-skeletal muscles contract
Respiratory pump-breathing muscles contract
Cells present in lymphatic tissue
Lymphocytes- B cells and T cells (immune cells)
Macrophages - (monocytes transform into macrophages) best phagocytes (immune cells)
Dendritic cells- phagocytes (immunity cells)
Reticular cells- makes reticular connective tissue
what is MALT
mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
where is MALT located
Peyer’s patches- SI
Tonsils: in the pharynx
-1 pharyngeal (androids)
-2 palatine-
-2 Lingual-
Appendix- in large intestine
Respiratory Tract
Urinary Tract
Reproductive Tract
what are where lymphocytes ( are apart of the adaptive immune system- B+T cells) become immunocompetent (able to recognize a specific foreign antigen)
Primary lymphatic organs
where B cells get trained (now immunocompetent)
Red Bone marrow
where T cells get trained
Thymus
Most lymphatic tissues and organs are made of what connective tissue
Reticular
thymus is made of what tissue
epithelial
secretes hormones needed for development of functional immunocompetent T cells.
thymus
what is and is not present in thymus
Macrophages dendrite cells are present in thymus
B cells and reticular cells are not present in thymus
what are where immune responses occur
Secondary lymphatic organs= Spleen and lymph nodes
The most abundant lymphatic organs
The most likely places for immune responses to occur
lymph nodes
function of lymph nodes
A) filter lymph
B) house cells involved in immunity
what is the largest lymphatic organ
spleen
6 functions of the spleen in lymphatic system
Filters blood
Housed cells involved in immunity
Graveyard for RBCs
Stores iron- as ferritin
Stores platelets
In fetus, site of RBC production
is a functional system involved in body defense against viruses, bacteria, pathogens, abnormal body cells, foreign cells and toxins.
immune system
resistance to disease
immunity
any disease-causing micro-organism
pathogens
Nonspecific defenses- innate- born with it
Physical Barriers- first line of defense
Internal defenses- second line of defense
Specific defenses (adaptive immune system) B+T cells work in adaptive immune system
B + T cells are specific and target only one specific antigen
Different specific antigens for different B + T cells
Provides long term protection
third line of defense
Humoral Immunity + Cell-mediated immunity
Does not distinguish among pathogens
Provides immediate protection against a variety of pathogens or foreign substances
the innate immune system
Skin- dead, keratinized cells
Mucosa membranes
Secretions-
-Sweat –pH 4-6
-Mucus- provides a barrier
-Stomach acid
-Digestive enzymes
-Tears, saliva,
Physical Barriers- first line of defense
Uses Phagocytes, Non- Phagocytes, and Anti- Microbial proteins
internal defenses- second line of defense
what are neutrophils, monocytes, Macrophages, and eosinophils
phagocytes
what is the best phagocyte
macrophages
Eosinophils- targets parasites-> secretes digestive enzymes
Natural killer cells- nonspecific (untrained) lymphocytes
Target virus infected body cells or cancer cells
Secretes perforins -> causes lysis
non-phagocytes
Complement proteins
Liver makes about 20 different complement proteins
Causes lysis of pathogens
interferons- made by WBCs, macrophages, infected body cells
anti-microbial proteins
Symptoms: redness, heat, swelling, pain
Basophils or Mast cells - secrete histamines
Histamines cause blood vessels to dilate and become leaky
inflammatory response
Causes- WBC, Macrophages- secrete pyrogens
Pyrogens causes hypothalamus to raise the body temperature
Fever- locks out iron
fever
target particular foreign antigens
specific
not limited to cite of infection
systemic
able to recognize a particular foreign antigen
immunocompetent
provide long term protection
memory
will not harm healthy body cells
self-tolerant
all trained B and T cells have what that allow them to recognize one specific foreign antigen
foreign antigen
what cells only have adhesion proteins
trained T cells
cytotoxic T cells have what protein-(killer cells)
CD8
Helper cells have what protein
CD4
(anti-body mediated) B cells target bacteria, toxins, and viruses present in body fluids
Secrete antibodies
humoral immunity (body fluids)
T cells target infected cells, cancer cells, and foreign tissue transplants
Cell-mediated immunity
the immune response by B cells takes place in the lymph nodes, spleen, or MALT
Humoral immunity
3 steps of humoral immunity
- Activation of B cells- antigen receptor binds to foreign antigen in body fluid
- Proliferation- the B cells divide rapidly
- Differentiation- most become effector plasma cells- make anti-bodies (few B cells become memory B cells- provides long term protection)
what is the function of Plasma Cells
make antibodies
what is the function of memory B cells
long-term protection
occurs with first exposure to foreign antigen (slower)
Primary response
occurs with 2nd exposure to same foreign antigen (faster and effective)
secondary response
structure of an antibody
C region determines the antibody class
V region binds the specific foreign antigen
How many antigens can one antibody bind? 2
what are immunoglobins
antibodies
what is the most abundant antibody class and can cross placenta
Ig G
what is the 2nd most abundant antibody class that is secreted from mucus membranes
IgA
pentamer (5 unit antibody) - largest antibody class
Agglutination
First antibodies made
IgM
antibody class that has antigen receptors of B cells
IgD
what antibody class causes basophils or mast cells to produce histamines- causes inflammatory response
IgE
What is PLAN
Precipitation- cross linking of antibodies and settles out of solution
Lysis- activates complement which starts lysis of Pathogen
Agglutination- clumping
Neutralization- Antibody surrounds antigen
antibodies not made by own body provide temporary immunity
Exp.
IgGs passed from mother to the fetus
Breast milk contains IgAs
Anti- snake venom antibodies
Anti-rabies antibodies
Passive humoral immunity
own B cells make antibodies; memory B cells provide long term immunity
Exp.
Vaccination
Infection
active humoral immunity
self-antigens that allow the immune system to recognize own body cells
MHC antigens
on the surface of all nucleated body cells- regular body cell
Class 1 MHC antigens
on surface of antigen- presenting cells – identify what kind of body cell
Macrophage, dendritic cells, activated B-cells
Class 2 MHC antigen
Macrophages, dendritic cells or activated B cells
Help activate T cells by presenting antigen fragments on cell surfaces
Antigen- presenting cells
what does it mean when an antigen shows up on aClass1 MHC
body cell is infected
What happens when cytotoxic T cells destroy infected cells
The Cytotoxic T cell’s antigen receptor binds to the specific foreign on the class I MHC of the infected cell.
The Cytotoxic T cell then undergoes:
Activation
Proliferation
Differentiation – most become effector cytotoxic T cells and will attack and destroy the infected body cells- few become memory cells (long-term protection)
punch holes in membrane of infected body cells- causes lysis
perforins
cause the infected cell to die
granzymes
what does it mean when a foreign antigen shows up on a Class 2 MHC
the APC has engulfed a
foreign antigen.
The Helper T cell (CD4) role is
to mobilize the immune system to mount an effective response.
The Helper T cell’s antigen receptor binds to the specific foreign antigen on the Class II MHC of the APC.
The Helper T cell then undergoes:
Activation
Proliferation
Differentiation- Most become- effector helper cells (secretes interleukin 2) + a few become- memory T cells
Helper T cells produce interleukin-2 to:
Activates more helper T cells- makes more interleukin-2
(cell – mediated adaptive immunity)
Activate cytotoxic T cells- destroy infected body cells
(cell-mediated adaptive immunity)
Activate B cells- makes antibodies
(humeral immunity) (adaptive)
Stimulate macrophages (phagocytosis) and NK cells (perforins cause lysis)
(innate immunity)
Without helper T cells HIV causes
AIDS
a decreased number of red blood cells or a lower-than-normal hemoglobin concentration
anemia
premature destruction of red blood cells
hemolytic anemia
excessive bleeding that leads to decrease in red blood cells
hemorrhagic anemia
bone marrow failure which leads to low production of RBC
aplastic anemia
when body does not have enough iron to make hemoglobin
iron-deficiency anemia
low vitamin B12 causes prevention from making RBC
pernicious anemia
inherited blood disorder that results in excessive destruction of RBC
thalassemia
An inherited blood disorder where red blood cells (RBCs) become sickle/crescent shaped
sickle-cell anemia
increase in RBCs which lead to thicker blood
polycythemia
type of cancer which affects the production and function of blood cells.
leukemia
viral infection spread through saliva
infectious mononucleosis
low blood platelet count
Thrombocytopenia
the liver is unable to perform normal metabolic functions
impaired liver function
