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Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of people have shoulder pain?

A

70%

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2
Q

Who has more shoulder issues?

A

Males and Females
Males are from traumatic collisions
Females are more from laxity and less muscular strength

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3
Q

Shoulder girdle is made up of what?

A

Clavicle and Scapula

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4
Q

What is the clavicle?

A

The collar bone
Only bony attachment from upper appendicular skeleton to the axial skeleton
S shaped bone: Allows room for 1st rib and several arteries and veins
Several muscles attach

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5
Q

What is the scapula?

A

Site of the “true” shoulder joint
In the back but all joint movement in the front
Lots of muscle attachments
Attachment to rear thorax
Bone embedded in muscles

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6
Q

Where does the clavicle attach to?

A

Upper sternum to form the sternoclavicular joint at medial
Attaches to scapula at lateral to form the acromioclavicular (AC) joint

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7
Q

How common are clavicle fractures?

A

5% in adults
15% in children
Most common age 10-19
3 to 6 weeks for children to heal
6-12 weeks for adults to heal

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8
Q

What are the landmarks of the scapula?

A

Acromion process
Glenoid fossa
Spine
Supraspinous fossa
Infraspinous fossa
Subscapular fossa

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9
Q

The sternoclavicular joint is made up of what?

A

Clavicle and scapula

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10
Q

What are the movements of the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Anterior/posterior rotation (Mediolateral axis)
Elevation/depression & Upward/downward rotation (Anteroposterior axis)
Protraction/retraction (Superoinferior axis)

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11
Q

The acromioclavicular joint is made up of what?

A

Acromion process and clavicle

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12
Q

What is the acronmioclavicular joint movement and for?

A

Gliding movement
Allows for more ROM for shoulder abduction

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13
Q

What is the coracoclavicular joint made of?

A

Coracoid process and clavicle

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14
Q

What is the coracoclavicular joint movement and for?

A

Little to no movement
Allows for more stability

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15
Q

What is the scapulothoracic?

A

Is a articulation but not a true joint
Scapula lays on thoracic cavity but connected by muscles and ligaments

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16
Q

What movements does the scapulothoracic do?

A

Elevation/depression (mediolateral axis)
Protraction/retraction (superoinferior axis)
Medial/lateral rotation (Anteroposterior axis)

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17
Q

What is the true shoulder joint?

A

Glenohumeral joint

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18
Q

What is the glenohumeral joint?

A

Most mobile and least stable of the body
50% of all dislocations occur at shoulder w/ anterior dislocation being most common
After first dislocation, over 90% chance of another

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19
Q

What is the glenohumeral joint made of?

A

Scapula (Glenoid fossa)
Humerus
Like a golf ball on a tee

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20
Q

How is the glenohumeral joint held together?

A

Ligaments and tendons (and a labrum for more surface area)

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21
Q

What is a subluxation of the long head of the biceps tendon?

A

Long head of the biceps attach at the labrum of the shoulder
Injury: Weak scapularis and/or non-activation of rotator cuff

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22
Q

What is the humerus for the glenohumeral joint?

A

Long bone in the proximal arm

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23
Q

What are the landmarks of the humerus?

A

Head: Attachment of the glenohumeral joint
Anatomical neck: Attachment site for joint capsule
Surgical Neck: Site commonly susceptible to fractures
Tubercle and grooves: Locations for muscle attachments and nerves/blood vessels

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24
Q

Glenohumeral joint movements are?

A

All 4 planes: Sagittal, Frontal, Transverse, and Oblique
Ball and socket joint
True shoulder joint

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25
The glenohumeral joint can abduct and adduct on what planes?
Frontal Plane: Anteroposterior axis Transverse plane: superoinferior axis Oblique plane
26
On the mediolateral axis, the glenohumeral joint can do what movements?
Flexion Extension Hyperextension
27
Internal and external rotation and scaption can be done on what planes?
Transverse Sagittal
28
What are the rotator cuff muscles?
Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis
29
What is the main action of the supraspinatus muscle pertaining to the rotator cuff?
Stability and about the first 10% of abduction
30
What is the main action of the infraspinatus pertaining to the rotator cuff?
External rotation
31
What is the main action of the teres minor pertaining to the rotator cuff?
External rotation
32
What is the main action of the subscapularis pertaining to the rotator cuff?
Internal rotation
33
Sternoclavicular protraction (abduction) muscles are?
Pectoralis minor Serratus anterior Subclavius
34
Sternoclavicular retraction (adduction) muscles are?
Levator scapulae (weak) Rhomboid major and minor Trapezius (middle and inferior fibers)
35
Sternoclavicular elevation muscles are?
Levator scapulae Rhomboid major and minor Trapezius (Superior and middle fibers)
36
Sternoclavicular depression muscles are?
Pectoralis minor Serratus anterior (weak) Subclavius Trapezius (inferior fibers)
37
Sternoclavicular upward rotation muscles are?
Serratus anterior Trapezius (all fibers)
38
Sternoclavicular downward rotation muscles are?
Levator scapulae (weak) Pectoralis minor Rhomboid major and minor
39
Glenohumeral flexion muscles are?
Coracobrachialis Deltoid (anterior) Pectoralis major (clavicular head)
40
Glenohumeral extension (hyperextension) muscles are?
Deltoid (posterior) Infraspinatus Latissimus dorsi Pectoralis major (sternal head, from flexion) SUbscapularis Teres major Teres minor
41
Glenohumeral abduction muscles are?
Deltoid (all fibers) Pectoralis major (Clavicular head) Supraspinatus
42
Glenohumeral adduction muscles are?
Coracobrachialis Latissimus dorsi Pectoralis major (sternal head) Subscapularis Teres major
43
Glenohumeral external rotation muscles are?
Deltoid (posterior) Infraspinatus Teres minor
44
Glenohumeral internal rotation muscles are?
Deltoid (anterior) Latissimus dorsi Pectoralis major (both heads) Subscapularis Teres major
45
Glenohumeral horizontal abduction muscles are?
Deltoid (middle and posterior) Infraspinatus Latissimus dorsi Pectoralis major (clavicular head) Teres minor
46
Glenohumeral horizontal adduction muscles are?
Coracobrachialis Deltoid (anterior) Pectoralis major (both heads)
47
Glenohumeral diagonal abduction muscles are?
Deltoid (posterior) Infraspinatus Teres minor
48
Glenohumeral diagonal adduction muscles are?
Coracobrachialis Deltoid (anterior) Pectoralis major (both heads)
49
Elbow contact injuries are what percentage common?
67
50
When is a Tommy John Surgery needed?
Loosing of ligament Partial tear Bone breaks and ligament goes Full rupture
51
Who has more elbow issues?
Males
52
What is tennis elbow?
Affects men and women equally Known as lateral epicondylitis Caused by repetitive motion to forearm muscles which attach to lateral elbow From repetitive backhand swinging Gets better on own with rest and ice
53
What are the bones of the humeroulnar joint?
Humerus Radius Ulna
54
What is the humerus of the humeroulnar joint?
Largest bone in upper arm Features and interest: Medial and lateral epicondyle Radial fossa Trochlea Capitulum Olecranon fossa Coronoid fossa
55
What is the radius of the humeroulnar joint?
Lateral side of forearm Head glides with capitulum of humerus
56
What is the ulna of the humeroulnar joint?
Medial side of forearm Coronoid process Olecranon process Trochlear notch Radial notch
57
The annular ligament is a common what in children with low muscle mass?
Dislocation
58
What are the elbow complex ligaments and tendons?
Articular capsule Radial collateral ligament Annular ligament Biceps brachii tendons Triceps brachii tendon
59
What is a Bursa sac?
Cushion like a pillow Olecranon Bursitis: Swelling, redness, and pain at tip of elbow
60
What is the funny bone?
Ulnar nerve runs down the medial portion of the humerus and runs along the outside of the ulna Most exposed nerve of the elbow joint Hitting "funny bone" is squashing ulnar nerve against the medial condyle of the humerus
61
What is the humeroulnar joint?
True elbow joint Humerus, radius, and ulna Hinge joint Can flex and extend Can be all 3 planes depending on arm location
62
Proximal Radioulnar joint is made up of what bones?
Radius and ulna
63
What is the proximal radioulnar joint?
Primarily responsible for supination/pronation Can happen in all 3 planes
64
Humeroulnar joint flexion muscles are?
Bicep brachii Brachialis Brachioradialis Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum superficialis Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor carpi radialis longus
65
Humeroulnar joint extension muscles are?
Triceps brachii Anconeus Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor digitorum Extensor digitiminimi
66
Proximal Radioulnar joint supination muscles are?
Biceps brachii Supinator Brachiorradialis (from a pronated position)
67
Proximal radioulnar joint pronation muscles are?
Pronator teres Pronator quadratus Brachioradialis (from a supinated position)
68
How common is a wrist sprain?
Most common soft tissue injury Can take 1 week up to several months to heal About 25% of all sports injuries are hand and wrist
69
Who has more wrist problems?
Men
70
What is carpel tunnel syndrome?
Irritated or swollen ligaments across the carpel tunnel Caused by repetitive movements putting pressure on the carpel tunnel Lots of wrist flexion From overuse Rest and brace Surgery if inflammation does not go away Half of pregnant women get it Transverse carpel ligament is the ligament responsible and operated on for carpel tunnel syndrome
71
What makes up the wrist and hand?
Distal radius Distal Ulna (kinda) 8 carpel bones 5 "hand bones" 14 finger and thumb bones
72
What is the distal radius for the wrist and hand?
Styloid process Lister's tubercle Ulnar notch
73
What is the distal ulnar for the wrist and hand?
Head Styloid Process
74
Why are most measurements done on the right side of the body?
Most people are right handed Consistency
75
Why is the scapholunate ligament most common ligament injury?
All weight is put onto it
76
What makes up the distal radial ulnar joint?
Ulnar Radius
77
What makes up the radial carpal joint
Radius Scaphoid Lunate
78
What makes up the thumb joint?
Trapezium First Metacarpal bone
79
What bone in the wrist (carpal bones) is the most fractured?
Scaphoid Links the two rows of carpel bones Prevents wrist from extending too far
80
What bone in the wrist (carpel bones) is the most dislocated?
Lunate Has the least amount of ligament and muscle attachments
81
What is De Quervain's Tenosynovitis?
Effects around 1% of individuals in the US Can be from acute or chronic overuse stress Direct impact to thumb/wrist Sports that require a tight grip on an object Individuals who lift young children (Mommy's thumb) Abductor pollicus longus and extensor pollicus brevis
82
What is the radiocarpal joint?
The wrist joint Radius, scaphoid, lunate, and kinda ulna and triquetrum Ulna and triquetrum (stability)
83
What is the distal radioulnar made of?
Radius and ulna Very little movement Mainly stability for wrist joint
84
Movements of the radiocarpal joint are?
Flexion and Extension (Sagittal plane & mediolateral axis) Radial deviation (abduction) (Frontal plane & anteroposterior axis) Ulnar deviation (adduction (Frontal plane & anteroposterior axis)
85
What is diabetic hand syndrome?
Diabetes can exacerbate or lead to higher risk of limited joint mobility: hands don't move properly Dupuytren's Disease: 3rd and 4th finger tendons thicken & genetic seizures Trigger Finger: 1st and middle finger & inflammation tendon sheath Carpel tunnel syndrome: inflammation
86
How do we assess function?
Kapandji Thumb opposition scale
87
What are the wrist and hand flexion muscles?
Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris Longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor pollicis longus
88
What are the wrist and hand extension muscles?
Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor digitorum Extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Abductor pollicis longus Extensor indicis Extensor digiti minimi
89
What are the wrist and hand radial deviation (abduction) muscles?
Flexor carpi radialis Flexor pollicis longus Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Abductor pollicis longus
90
What are the wrist and hand ulnar deviation (adduction) muscles?
Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi ulnaris
91

Applied Anatomy (4 decks)

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