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Applied Anatomy > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones in the foot

A

28

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2
Q

What are the 3 sections of bones in the foot?

A

Rear Foot: 2 tarsal bones- the talus and calcaneus
Mid Foot: 5 tarsal bones- navicular, 3 cuneiform bones, and the cuboid
Forefoot: 21 bones- 5 metatarsals, 5 proximal phalanges, 4 middle phalanges, 5 distal phalanges, and 2 sesamoid bones

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3
Q

What happens at the medial malleolus? (Tibia)

A

Attachment site for plantar flexors

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4
Q

Tibial Platform is what?

A

Articulates with the talus to form medial portion of the talocrural joint (Ankle)
Primary weight bearing surface for lower leg

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5
Q

What is the Fibular Notch of the tibia?

A

Where the fibula fits into the tibia

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6
Q

What is the Fibula?

A

Long bone that is on the lateral side of lower leg
Only bears about 10% of weight
Primary function is attachment sites for ligaments and muscles
Commonly broken with lateral ankle sprains
Most fibula breaks are a result of an ankle injury

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7
Q

What is the lateral malleolus? (Fibula)

A

Where a scooter hits ankle
Attachment for many ligaments and tendons
Most common ankle injury is anterior talofibular ligament (front)

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8
Q

What is the Malleolar fossa? (Fibula)

A

Ligament attachment site
Posterior talofibular ligament (back)

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9
Q

What is the talus?

A

Most superior bone of the foot and ankle
No muscle or tendon attachments
Acts similar to a ball bearing
Is part of the foot and ankle
3rd piece of the talocrural joint (Ankle)
Attaches with calcaneus to form subtalar joint

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10
Q

What bones is the Talocrural Joint made of?

A

Tibia: 2nd largest bone, actual weight bearing bone of the lower leg
Fibula: Smaller of the 2 lower leg bones, serves more for muscle attachment
Talus: In between from the ankle and foot, allows for foot movement independent of the ankle

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11
Q

What are the movements of the talocrural joint?

A

Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion

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12
Q

What is the calcaneus?

A

The heel
Bony prominence towards the back/bottom of foot
Attachment site for achillies tendon
Largest tarsal bone and supports most of the body weight
Articulates with talus to form subtalar joint

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13
Q

What are some calcaneus issues?

A

Bone spurs: Reaction to stress and inflammation from plantar fasciitis
Body responds by building extra bone (Sending osteoblast to site)
Treatment to ease pain but surgery to remove spurs

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14
Q

What are the subtalar joint movements?

A

Inversion: Internal rotation of the foot
Eversion: External rotation of the foot

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15
Q

What are tarsal bones?

A

Navicular, cuneiform (3), and cuboid
Allow for just enough movement to dissipate forces (plane joints)
Good with absorbing force
Changes shape of arch in reaction to force

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16
Q

What are toes?

A

5 metatarsals and 14 phalanges
Long bones
Have sesamoid bones
Big toe is main push off point

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17
Q

What is the talonavicular joint?

A

Talus and navicular articulate this joint
acts as ball and socket joint and on medial portion of foot
allows pivot

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18
Q

Calcaneocuboid Joint

A

Calcaneus and cuboid articulate this joint
similar to talonavicular but more stable
a lot of motion on inside of foot but not lateral

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19
Q

The arch of the foot is what?

A

Longitudinal arch is supported by plantar fascia
Strong band of connective tissue running along bottom of foot
Helps maintain shape of foot
When in motion, acts like a rubber band
Stretches when kinetic and boosts with propulsion (Windlass effect)

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20
Q

Pes Planus is what? (Arch Conditions)

A

Flat foot
Higher risk of developing arch pain
Can develop later in life (fallen arch)

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21
Q

Pes Cavus is what? (Arch Conditions)

A

High arch
Higher risk of ankle sprains

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22
Q

What is plantar fasciitis? (Arch Conditions)

A

Inflammation of plantar fascia
Caused by shoes, foot structure, overuse

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23
Q

What are the motions of joints in ankle and foot?

A

Dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion
Inversion
Eversion

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24
Q

What muscles dorsiflex in the talocrural joint?

A

Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Peroneus tertius
Tibialis Anterior

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25
Q

What muscles plantarflex in the talocrural joint?

A

Flexor digitorum longus
Felxor hallucis longus
Gastrocnemius
Peroneus brevis
Peroneus longus
Plantaris
Soleus
Tibialis Posterior

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26
Q

What muscles cause the subtalar joint to do eversion (abduction)?

A

Extensor digitorum longus
Peroneus brevis
Peroneus longus
Peroneus tertius

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27
Q

What muscles cause the subtalar joint to do inversion (adduction)?

A

Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Tibialis anterior
Tibialis posterior

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28
Q

Why do females have more knee injuries than males?

A

Females have slightly wider hips
The increased Q angle, pressure on the outside of the knee puts extra tension on the MCL, medial meniscus, and ACL that does not exist in men to such a degree

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29
Q

What makes up the knee complex?

A

Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula

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30
Q

What is the femur?

A

Longest bone in the human body
Important portions for the knee (distal end of femur): Medial Condyle, Lateral condyle, and trochlear groove

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31
Q

What is the medial and lateral condyle? (knee)

A

Major site of ligament and tendon attachment

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32
Q

What is the trochlear groove? (knee)

A

Space for patella to move when legs bend

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33
Q

What is the difference between a condyle and an epicondyle?

A

Condyle: Forms the true joint
Epicondyle: Above and attachment

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34
Q

What is the patella?

A

Largest sesamoid bone in body
Acts as a helper for the quadriceps by improving mechanical efficiency
Base (top) is where quads tendon attaches to the quads
Apex (bottom) is where patellar tendon attaches to the tibial tuberosity
Misalignment can cause knee pain (Repetitive knee flexion and extension)

35
Q

What is the tibia for the knee complex?

A

Lateral and medial condyles
Intercondylar eminence
Tibial tuberosity
Articular facet

36
Q

What is the fibula for the knee complex?

A

Apex: Attachment site for very important muscle
Articular Facet

37
Q

What holds the knee all together?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL): Prevents going forward
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL): Prevents going backwards
Medial collateral ligament (MCL): Prevents going side to side
Lateral collateral ligament (LCL): Prevents going side to side
Medial meniscus
Lateral meniscus

38
Q

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is what?

A

Prevents the knee from anteriorly displacing
Attaches at the anterior, medial tibia and medial surface of the lateral condyle of femur
Back to front with a slight twist

39
Q

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is what?

A

Prevents the knee from posteriorly displacing
Attaches at the posterior, lateral tibia and lateral surface of the medial condyle of femur
Front to back

40
Q

ACL Tears

A

Sprains and tears are the most common reason for an athlete ending their career early
Usually non contact
Occurs when landing from a jump or cutting on a surface
Slight knee bend with slight twist

41
Q

Medial collateral ligament (MCL) is what?

A

Medial epicondyle of distal femur to medial surface of proximal tibia
Injuries here more common than LCL and usually in conjunction with ACL tears

42
Q

Lateral collateral ligament (LCL) is what?

A

Lateral epicondyle of distal femur to fibular head
Highest injury rate is in tennis and gymnastics

43
Q

The meniscus is what?

A

Only found in the knee joint
Provides additional support to knee (structure)
Provides almost like a suction for joint surfaces (Like a mason jar lid)
Does not supply a lot of cushion but increases the surface area of the joint surface to make it more stable

44
Q

Tibiofemoral joint (true knee joint) is what?

A

Modified hinge joint: Femur, tibia, and patella
Flexion and extension

45
Q

Patellofemoral joint is what of the knee complex?

A

Classified as a sliding joint
Susceptible to dislocation when knee is approaching full extension

46
Q

Proximal tibiofemoral joint is what of the knee complex?

A

Articulation of the tibia and fibula at the proximal end
No motion here
Considered part of the knee complex because of its location
Where LCL connects

47
Q

Motions of the knee complex are?

A

Classified as a modified hinge joint
Main motions are flexion and extension
Does allow for little internal and external rotation and can only happen when knee is flexed
When knee joint is completely extended, knee joint is locked
Popliteus only job is to unlock the knee

48
Q

Postural Syncope is what?

A

Standing for extended period of time causing the blood to pool in the leg veins
Decreases the blood pressure and hence, the blood flow to the brain

49
Q

What is Q angle?

A

From the anterior iliac crest to the mid patella to the acetabulum
Normal is 10 degrees

50
Q

What is a Q angle below 10 degrees?

A

Genu Varus (Bow legged)
Common injuries: Arthritis,
pigeon toes, meniscus tears

51
Q

What is a Q angle above 10 degrees?

A

Genu Valgus (Knock kneed)
Common injuries: Knee pain, meniscus tears, patellar dislocation, cartilage damage

52
Q

Knee complex Flexion muscles are?

A

Biceps femoris
Gastrocnemius
Gracilis
Popliteus
Sartorius
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus

53
Q

Knee complex Extension muscles are?

A

Rectus femoris
Vastus intermedius
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis

54
Q

How common are hip issues?

A

Common among all ages and sexes
Among adults who have participated in sports, about 35% will develop some hip issue
340,000 hip fractures yearly with 90% being over 65

55
Q

What is a stress hip fracture?

A

Least severe-overuse injury, difficult to diagnose
Feels more like a sprain or strain
Will heal on its own with rest if properly diagnosed
Dance, cheer, and gymnastics (Rotational sports)

56
Q

Intertrochanteric hip Fracture is what?

A

Occurs 3-4 inches from hip joint
Will require surgery
Usually doesn’t interrupt blood flow to joint
Fall sideways right onto it

57
Q

What is a femoral neck hip fracture?

A

Happens at the femoral neck about 1-2 inches from the joint
Can cause posterior capsule and disrupt blood flow to the head of femur causing a condition called Avascular necrosis
Can lead to long term damage to bone cells and cause arthritis
Most common hip fracture and most deadly

58
Q

Why do females have more hip fractures?

A

Menopause (40-60 years)
Bone health is regulated by sex hormones
Menopause drops estrogen levels causing increase risk for osteoporosis because of bone turnover and increased reabsorption
Decreased nerve conduction speed increases the risk for falls and fractures

59
Q

What is the pelvic girdle?

A

Serves as the connection between the lower extremities and axial skeleton
Pelvis acts as a stable base of support, wide for many muscle attachment
Hip allows for mobility of lower extremities

60
Q

What is the femur of the hip and pelvis?

A

Longest bone in the body
Head, neck, forvea capitis (hole in the head, for a ligament to attach)

61
Q

Sacral vertebrae is what of the hip and pelvis?

A

1-5, fuse and become one about age 25-30 to become the sacrum
Attaches the 2 pelvic bones in the posterior
Houses the base of the spinal cord
Superiorly attaches to lumbar vertebrae L-5

62
Q

What is a “human tail”?

A

Boneless midline protrusions
Consists of adipose, connective, muscle, blood vessels, and nerve tissues
Covered by skin with regular hair follicles and sweat glands but no bone, cartilage, or spinal cord elements

63
Q

What is the conus medullaris? (Base of the spinal cord)

A

Were the cauda equina begin (L1-L2)
Cauda equina is a collection of connective nerves
Causa equina is latin for “horse’s tail”

64
Q

Bones of the hip and pelvis are?

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

65
Q

What joints in the hip and pelvis?

A

Sacroiliac: Very little movement, can accept force
Pubic symphysis: Allows for some movement but not much, can dislocate, can accept force
Sacroiliac joint: flex and rotate

66
Q

What is the bony behind?

A

Ischial tuberosities

67
Q

What is a sacroiliac joint?

A

Flex and rotate
Synovial joint during childhood
With puberty and adulthood, becomes more of a fibrous and less mobile
In adulthood, can become completely fused
Articulation is from ilium and sacrum

68
Q

What is sacroiliac joint dysfunction?

A

Either too much mobility or not enough
Causes low back pain and/or pain radiating down the legs
Treated with rest, anti-inflammatories, and/or hip mobilization and/or adjustments

69
Q

The femoracetabular joint is what?

A

True hip joint
Acetabulum of pelvis and head of femur
Ball and socket joint
2nd most mobile joint in the body
Very sturdy
Acetabulum labrum, ligaments, and synovial capsule act as a finger trap toy when in motion

70
Q

What happens during a labral tear in the hip?

A

Similar to meniscus tears of the knee
Up to 70% of the population will have some sort of labral tear in their life whether in causes pain or not
They cannot heal on their own
PT can help with pain and symptoms
Surgery is the only way to get “full healing”

71
Q

What are the ligaments of the hip joint?

A

Acetabular labrum
Iliofemoral ligament
Pubofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament
Synovial joint capsule

72
Q

What is the false pelvis?

A

Lower abdomen
Intestines
Uterus and ovaries in females

73
Q

What is the true pelvis?

A

Rectum.
Urinary bladder
Reproductive organs

74
Q

How to tell the differences between male and female pelvis?

A

Angle
High and narrow
Wider

75
Q

What are the movements of the hip?

A

Flexion & Extension & Hyperextension: Bilateral Flexion, Bilateral hyperextension
Rotation: Internal and external rotation
Abduction & Adduction: Left and right
Circumduction

76
Q

Muscles of hip fexion?

A

Adductor brevis
Adductor longus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Iliopsoas
Pectineus
Rectus femoris
Sartorius
Tensor fascia latae

77
Q

Muscles for hip extension?

A

Adductor magnus
Bicep femoris
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus

78
Q

Muscles for hip abduction?

A

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Sartorius
Tensor fascia latae

79
Q

Muscles for hip adduction?

A

Adductor brevis
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus
Gluteus maximus
Gracilis
Pectineus

80
Q

Muscles for external rotation of the hip?

A

Adductor brevis
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus
Biceps femoris
Deep external rotators
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Iliopsoas
Pectineus
Sartorius

81
Q

Muscles for internal rotation of the hip?

A

Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Gracilis
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Tensor fascia latae

82
Q

What is the tensor fascia latae?

A

Assists in movement of the hip and knee

83
Q

What muscles are for external rotation of the knee?

A

Biceps femoris
Tensor fascia latae

84
Q

Muscles for internal rotation of the knee?

A

Gracilis
Popliteus
Sartorius
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus

Applied Anatomy (3 decks)

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