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Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones in the foot

A

28

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2
Q

What are the 3 sections of bones in the foot?

A

Rear Foot: 2 tarsal bones- the talus and calcaneus
Mid Foot: 5 tarsal bones- navicular, 3 cuneiform bones, and the cuboid
Forefoot: 21 bones- 5 metatarsals, 5 proximal phalanges, 4 middle phalanges, 5 distal phalanges, and 2 sesamoid bones

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3
Q

What happens at the medial malleolus? (Tibia)

A

Attachment site for plantar flexors

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4
Q

Tibial Platform is what?

A

Articulates with the talus to form medial portion of the talocrural joint (Ankle)
Primary weight bearing surface for lower leg

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5
Q

What is the Fibular Notch of the tibia?

A

Where the fibula fits into the tibia

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6
Q

What is the Fibula?

A

Long bone that is on the lateral side of lower leg
Only bears about 10% of weight
Primary function is attachment sites for ligaments and muscles
Commonly broken with lateral ankle sprains
Most fibula breaks are a result of an ankle injury

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7
Q

What is the lateral malleolus? (Fibula)

A

Where a scooter hits ankle
Attachment for many ligaments and tendons
Most common ankle injury is anterior talofibular ligament (front)

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8
Q

What is the Malleolar fossa? (Fibula)

A

Ligament attachment site
Posterior talofibular ligament (back)

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9
Q

What is the talus?

A

Most superior bone of the foot and ankle
No muscle or tendon attachments
Acts similar to a ball bearing
Is part of the foot and ankle
3rd piece of the talocrural joint (Ankle)
Attaches with calcaneus to form subtalar joint

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10
Q

What bones is the Talocrural Joint made of?

A

Tibia: 2nd largest bone, actual weight bearing bone of the lower leg
Fibula: Smaller of the 2 lower leg bones, serves more for muscle attachment
Talus: In between from the ankle and foot, allows for foot movement independent of the ankle

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11
Q

What are the movements of the talocrural joint?

A

Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion

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12
Q

What is the calcaneus?

A

The heel
Bony prominence towards the back/bottom of foot
Attachment site for achillies tendon
Largest tarsal bone and supports most of the body weight
Articulates with talus to form subtalar joint

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13
Q

What are some calcaneus issues?

A

Bone spurs: Reaction to stress and inflammation from plantar fasciitis
Body responds by building extra bone (Sending osteoblast to site)
Treatment to ease pain but surgery to remove spurs

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14
Q

What are the subtalar joint movements?

A

Inversion: Internal rotation of the foot
Eversion: External rotation of the foot

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15
Q

What are tarsal bones?

A

Navicular, cuneiform (3), and cuboid
Allow for just enough movement to dissipate forces (plane joints)
Good with absorbing force
Changes shape of arch in reaction to force

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16
Q

What are toes?

A

5 metatarsals and 14 phalanges
Long bones
Have sesamoid bones
Big toe is main push off point

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17
Q

What is the talonavicular joint?

A

Talus and navicular articulate this joint
acts as ball and socket joint and on medial portion of foot
allows pivot

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18
Q

Calcaneocuboid Joint

A

Calcaneus and cuboid articulate this joint
similar to talonavicular but more stable
a lot of motion on inside of foot but not lateral

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19
Q

The arch of the foot is what?

A

Longitudinal arch is supported by plantar fascia
Strong band of connective tissue running along bottom of foot
Helps maintain shape of foot
When in motion, acts like a rubber band
Stretches when kinetic and boosts with propulsion (Windlass effect)

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20
Q

Pes Planus is what? (Arch Conditions)

A

Flat foot
Higher risk of developing arch pain
Can develop later in life (fallen arch)

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21
Q

Pes Cavus is what? (Arch Conditions)

A

High arch
Higher risk of ankle sprains

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22
Q

What is plantar fasciitis? (Arch Conditions)

A

Inflammation of plantar fascia
Caused by shoes, foot structure, overuse

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23
Q

What are the motions of joints in ankle and foot?

A

Dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion
Inversion
Eversion

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24
Q

What muscles dorsiflex in the talocrural joint?

A

Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Peroneus tertius
Tibialis Anterior

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25
What muscles plantarflex in the talocrural joint?
Flexor digitorum longus Felxor hallucis longus Gastrocnemius Peroneus brevis Peroneus longus Plantaris Soleus Tibialis Posterior
26
What muscles cause the subtalar joint to do eversion (abduction)?
Extensor digitorum longus Peroneus brevis Peroneus longus Peroneus tertius
27
What muscles cause the subtalar joint to do inversion (adduction)?
Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Tibialis anterior Tibialis posterior
28
Why do females have more knee injuries than males?
Females have slightly wider hips The increased Q angle, pressure on the outside of the knee puts extra tension on the MCL, medial meniscus, and ACL that does not exist in men to such a degree
29
What makes up the knee complex?
Femur Patella Tibia Fibula
30
What is the femur?
Longest bone in the human body Important portions for the knee (distal end of femur): Medial Condyle, Lateral condyle, and trochlear groove
31
What is the medial and lateral condyle? (knee)
Major site of ligament and tendon attachment
32
What is the trochlear groove? (knee)
Space for patella to move when legs bend
33
What is the difference between a condyle and an epicondyle?
Condyle: Forms the true joint Epicondyle: Above and attachment
34
What is the patella?
Largest sesamoid bone in body Acts as a helper for the quadriceps by improving mechanical efficiency Base (top) is where quads tendon attaches to the quads Apex (bottom) is where patellar tendon attaches to the tibial tuberosity Misalignment can cause knee pain (Repetitive knee flexion and extension)
35
What is the tibia for the knee complex?
Lateral and medial condyles Intercondylar eminence Tibial tuberosity Articular facet
36
What is the fibula for the knee complex?
Apex: Attachment site for very important muscle Articular Facet
37
What holds the knee all together?
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL): Prevents going forward Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL): Prevents going backwards Medial collateral ligament (MCL): Prevents going side to side Lateral collateral ligament (LCL): Prevents going side to side Medial meniscus Lateral meniscus
38
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is what?
Prevents the knee from anteriorly displacing Attaches at the anterior, medial tibia and medial surface of the lateral condyle of femur Back to front with a slight twist
39
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is what?
Prevents the knee from posteriorly displacing Attaches at the posterior, lateral tibia and lateral surface of the medial condyle of femur Front to back
40
ACL Tears
Sprains and tears are the most common reason for an athlete ending their career early Usually non contact Occurs when landing from a jump or cutting on a surface Slight knee bend with slight twist
41
Medial collateral ligament (MCL) is what?
Medial epicondyle of distal femur to medial surface of proximal tibia Injuries here more common than LCL and usually in conjunction with ACL tears
42
Lateral collateral ligament (LCL) is what?
Lateral epicondyle of distal femur to fibular head Highest injury rate is in tennis and gymnastics
43
The meniscus is what?
Only found in the knee joint Provides additional support to knee (structure) Provides almost like a suction for joint surfaces (Like a mason jar lid) Does not supply a lot of cushion but increases the surface area of the joint surface to make it more stable
44
Tibiofemoral joint (true knee joint) is what?
Modified hinge joint: Femur, tibia, and patella Flexion and extension
45
Patellofemoral joint is what of the knee complex?
Classified as a sliding joint Susceptible to dislocation when knee is approaching full extension
46
Proximal tibiofemoral joint is what of the knee complex?
Articulation of the tibia and fibula at the proximal end No motion here Considered part of the knee complex because of its location Where LCL connects
47
Motions of the knee complex are?
Classified as a modified hinge joint Main motions are flexion and extension Does allow for little internal and external rotation and can only happen when knee is flexed When knee joint is completely extended, knee joint is locked Popliteus only job is to unlock the knee
48
Postural Syncope is what?
Standing for extended period of time causing the blood to pool in the leg veins Decreases the blood pressure and hence, the blood flow to the brain
49
What is Q angle?
From the anterior iliac crest to the mid patella to the acetabulum Normal is 10 degrees
50
What is a Q angle below 10 degrees?
Genu Varus (Bow legged) Common injuries: Arthritis, pigeon toes, meniscus tears
51
What is a Q angle above 10 degrees?
Genu Valgus (Knock kneed) Common injuries: Knee pain, meniscus tears, patellar dislocation, cartilage damage
52
Knee complex Flexion muscles are?
Biceps femoris Gastrocnemius Gracilis Popliteus Sartorius Semimembranosus Semitendinosus
53
Knee complex Extension muscles are?
Rectus femoris Vastus intermedius Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis
54
How common are hip issues?
Common among all ages and sexes Among adults who have participated in sports, about 35% will develop some hip issue 340,000 hip fractures yearly with 90% being over 65
55
What is a stress hip fracture?
Least severe-overuse injury, difficult to diagnose Feels more like a sprain or strain Will heal on its own with rest if properly diagnosed Dance, cheer, and gymnastics (Rotational sports)
56
Intertrochanteric hip Fracture is what?
Occurs 3-4 inches from hip joint Will require surgery Usually doesn't interrupt blood flow to joint Fall sideways right onto it
57
What is a femoral neck hip fracture?
Happens at the femoral neck about 1-2 inches from the joint Can cause posterior capsule and disrupt blood flow to the head of femur causing a condition called Avascular necrosis Can lead to long term damage to bone cells and cause arthritis Most common hip fracture and most deadly
58
Why do females have more hip fractures?
Menopause (40-60 years) Bone health is regulated by sex hormones Menopause drops estrogen levels causing increase risk for osteoporosis because of bone turnover and increased reabsorption Decreased nerve conduction speed increases the risk for falls and fractures
59
What is the pelvic girdle?
Serves as the connection between the lower extremities and axial skeleton Pelvis acts as a stable base of support, wide for many muscle attachment Hip allows for mobility of lower extremities
60
What is the femur of the hip and pelvis?
Longest bone in the body Head, neck, forvea capitis (hole in the head, for a ligament to attach)
61
Sacral vertebrae is what of the hip and pelvis?
1-5, fuse and become one about age 25-30 to become the sacrum Attaches the 2 pelvic bones in the posterior Houses the base of the spinal cord Superiorly attaches to lumbar vertebrae L-5
62
What is a "human tail"?
Boneless midline protrusions Consists of adipose, connective, muscle, blood vessels, and nerve tissues Covered by skin with regular hair follicles and sweat glands but no bone, cartilage, or spinal cord elements
63
What is the conus medullaris? (Base of the spinal cord)
Were the cauda equina begin (L1-L2) Cauda equina is a collection of connective nerves Causa equina is latin for "horse's tail"
64
Bones of the hip and pelvis are?
Ilium Ischium Pubis
65
What joints in the hip and pelvis?
Sacroiliac: Very little movement, can accept force Pubic symphysis: Allows for some movement but not much, can dislocate, can accept force Sacroiliac joint: flex and rotate
66
What is the bony behind?
Ischial tuberosities
67
What is a sacroiliac joint?
Flex and rotate Synovial joint during childhood With puberty and adulthood, becomes more of a fibrous and less mobile In adulthood, can become completely fused Articulation is from ilium and sacrum
68
What is sacroiliac joint dysfunction?
Either too much mobility or not enough Causes low back pain and/or pain radiating down the legs Treated with rest, anti-inflammatories, and/or hip mobilization and/or adjustments
69
The femoracetabular joint is what?
True hip joint Acetabulum of pelvis and head of femur Ball and socket joint 2nd most mobile joint in the body Very sturdy Acetabulum labrum, ligaments, and synovial capsule act as a finger trap toy when in motion
70
What happens during a labral tear in the hip?
Similar to meniscus tears of the knee Up to 70% of the population will have some sort of labral tear in their life whether in causes pain or not They cannot heal on their own PT can help with pain and symptoms Surgery is the only way to get "full healing"
71
What are the ligaments of the hip joint?
Acetabular labrum Iliofemoral ligament Pubofemoral ligament Ischiofemoral ligament Synovial joint capsule
72
What is the false pelvis?
Lower abdomen Intestines Uterus and ovaries in females
73
What is the true pelvis?
Rectum. Urinary bladder Reproductive organs
74
How to tell the differences between male and female pelvis?
Angle High and narrow Wider
75
What are the movements of the hip?
Flexion & Extension & Hyperextension: Bilateral Flexion, Bilateral hyperextension Rotation: Internal and external rotation Abduction & Adduction: Left and right Circumduction
76
Muscles of hip fexion?
Adductor brevis Adductor longus Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Iliopsoas Pectineus Rectus femoris Sartorius Tensor fascia latae
77
Muscles for hip extension?
Adductor magnus Bicep femoris Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius Semimembranosus Semitendinosus
78
Muscles for hip abduction?
Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Sartorius Tensor fascia latae
79
Muscles for hip adduction?
Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor magnus Gluteus maximus Gracilis Pectineus
80
Muscles for external rotation of the hip?
Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor magnus Biceps femoris Deep external rotators Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius Iliopsoas Pectineus Sartorius
81
Muscles for internal rotation of the hip?
Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Gracilis Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Tensor fascia latae
82
What is the tensor fascia latae?
Assists in movement of the hip and knee
83
What muscles are for external rotation of the knee?
Biceps femoris Tensor fascia latae
84
Muscles for internal rotation of the knee?
Gracilis Popliteus Sartorius Semimembranosus Semitendinosus

Applied Anatomy (4 decks)

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