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AP Lit > EXAM #3 > Flashcards

EXAM #3 Flashcards

1
Q

Stewardship

A

shared responsibility for the sustainable care of our planet.

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2
Q

Sustainable development:

A

Brundtland report that economic development that meets the need of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

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3
Q

In order to achieve sustainable development you need 3 factors

A

Environmentally sound decisions, Economically viable decisions and Socially equitable decisions

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4
Q

Ecology

A

The branch of biology that studies interrelationship between organisms and their environment –> a basic tool of environmental science

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5
Q

Ecosystem

A

A natural system consisting of community of organisms and its physical environments

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6
Q

Negative feedback system

A

a change in some conditions trigger a response that counter (reverses) the change condition

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7
Q

Positive Feedback system

A

a change in some condition triggers a response that intensifies the changing condition –> leads to greater change from the original condition

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8
Q

The factors in an experiment are

A

Variable, experimental group, control group, theory

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9
Q

variable

A

factors that influences a process

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10
Q

experimental group

A

alter the chosen variable in known way during experimenting

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11
Q

Control group

A

the variable is not altered during the experiment for this group

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12
Q

theory

A

explains scientific laws, is an integrated explanation of numerous hypothesis, each of which is supported by a large body of observations conclusions and evaluated by peer review process

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13
Q

what are the 5 stages of environmental problems

A

Scientific assessment, Risk analysis, public education and involvement, political action, and long term evaluation

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14
Q

scientific assessment

A

addressing any environment problems (gathering info, defying the problem, data is collected, experiments are performed)

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15
Q

Risk Analysis

A

using the results and analyzing the potential effects of doing nothing or of intervening

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16
Q

public education and involvement

A

public participation is needed and essential part of addressing the problems in the environment. People are willing to work together to solve a problem if they have the opportunity to participate from the start

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17
Q

political action

A

affected parties select and implement a course of action –> ideally science will help but politics does not usually help in this process

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18
Q

Long term evolution

A

The results of any action taken should be closely monitored

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19
Q

Biotic

A

living environment and includes all organisms

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20
Q

Abiotic

A

nonliving/physical and includes living space, temperature, sunlight, soil, wind and precipitation

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21
Q

species

A

a group of similar organisms whose members freely interbreed with one another in the wild to produce fertile offspring

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22
Q

population

A

a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area at the same time

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23
Q

Community

A

a natural association that consists of all the populations of different species that live and interact within an area at the same time

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24
Q

biosphere

A

the parts of Earth’s atmosphere ocean, land surface, and soil that contain all living organisms

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25
Q

atmosphere

A

gaseous envelope surrounding Earth

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26
Q

Hydrosphere

A

earths supply of water- liquid and frozen, fresh and salty, ground water and surface water

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27
Q

lithosphere

A

the soil and rock of earths crust

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28
Q

energy

A

capacity or ability to do work

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29
Q

thermal energy is heat

A

that flows from an object with a higher temperature (heat source) to an object with a lower temperature (heat sink)

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30
Q

mechanical energy

A

is energy involved in the movement of matter

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31
Q

solar energy

A

the energy from the sun and includes ultraviolet radiation, visible light and infrared radiation

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32
Q

thermodynamics

A

the study of energy and its transformation

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33
Q

closed system

A

is self contained and it does not exchange energy and its surrounding

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34
Q

open system

A

exchange energy with its surroundings

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35
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy can not be created or destroyed, although it can change from form to another

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36
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

when energy is converted from one form to another, some of it is degraded into heat, a less usable form that disperses into the environment

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37
Q

organisms are divided into three categories

A

producers, consumers and decomposers

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38
Q

producers

A

(autotrophs) create organic molecules from simple inorganic substances such as CO2 and water usually use sunlight as energy

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39
Q

consumers

A

use bodies of other organism as their source of food energy (heterotrophs)

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40
Q

decomposers

A

are heterotrophs that break down organic material and use the decomposition products to supply energy

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41
Q

trophic level

A

an organisms position in a food chain, which is determined by its feeding relationships

42
Q

a food web

A

a representation of the interlocking food chains that connect all organism in an ecosystem

43
Q

Ecological pyramids

A

graphically represents the relative energy values of each trophic level. There are three main types of pyramids number, biomass, and energy

44
Q

pyramids of numbers

A

shows the number of organisms at each trophic level in a given ecosystem, with greater numbers illustrated by a larger area for that section of the pyramid

45
Q

pyramid of biomass

A

illustrates the total biomass at each successive level in an ecosystem

46
Q

Pyramid of energy

A

illustrates the energy content, often expressed as kilocalories per square meter per year

47
Q

Fields within ecology

A

ethology- study of animal behavior
population ecology- study of populations
community ecology- study of communities
ecosystem ecology-study of ecosystems

48
Q

clumped dispersal

A

probably means organisms is social in some way

49
Q

uniform dispersal

A

probably means organism is territorial

50
Q

random dispersal

A

probably means organism is not social or territorial

51
Q

Important characteristics of ecology population

A

Population size: how many individuals
Population density: how “packed in” indiv. are
Population dispersal: how indiv. are spread out

52
Q

population growth

A

how quickly is the population growing (two kinds)

53
Q

Exponential growth

A

Occurs when there is no competition for resources (invasive species) (curves graph goes up)

54
Q

Logistic growth

A

occurs when a population reaches a size that is too big for habitat to handle (carrying capacity) (graph curves in then out) (dotted line at top of graph)

55
Q

Density Independence (chance)

A

affect all pop. in similar ways, regardless of the pop. size
-unusual weather
-natural disasters
-certain human activities-such as damming rivers and clear cutting forests

56
Q

Density dependent

A

A limiting factor that depends on pop. size
-competition
-predation (predator-prey relationship)
-parasitism
-disease

57
Q

predator-prey relationship

A

prey adapt to predation –> predators adapting to get prey better –> further adaptation to predation –> repeat

58
Q

Symbiosis

A

Presence of one species in an environment can impact the survival of another species (3 major types: parasitism, mutualism, commensalism)

59
Q

Parasitism

A

One organisms is harmed by the presence of another. Parasites are classified by where they are found ectoparasites: outside, endoparasites: inside

60
Q

Mutualism

A

When two organisms impact each other positively. Coevolution: evolution of one species impacted by another (ex. pollinators and flowers)

61
Q

Commensalism

A

One species is impacted positively while another organism with no impact on the other organism

62
Q

A correlation between structure and function

A

-Obtaining Nutrients
-Oxygen consumption
-Fight infection
-Excrete waste
-Reproduce
-Sense/respond

63
Q

Anatomy vs Physiology

A

Study of form of organism’s structure vs. study of function of organism’s structure

64
Q

Cellular Level

A

Muscle cell

65
Q

Tissue Level

A

muscle tissue

66
Q

Organ level

A

heart

67
Q

Organ system level

A

Circulatory system

68
Q

Organism level

A

Many organ systems functioning together

69
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Covers body surface and lines internal organs/cavities

70
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Senses and transmits information received from external and internal stimuli (brain, spinal cord, nerves in body)

71
Q

connective tissues

A

sparse population of cells scattered throughout a fibrous matrix they secrete (supports/binds tissues, 6 types)

72
Q

Organ

A

they are higher level structure that consists of various tissues to perform a function (multiple tissues)

73
Q

muscle tissue

A

long muscle fiber cells and contractile proteins (3 types, most abundant tissue in most animals)

74
Q

Organ System

A

2 or more organs coordinating to accomplish a specific biological goal/function (circulatory, integumentary, urinary, digestive, and muscular system)

75
Q

Homeostasis

A

Regulation of constant conditions within an animals internal environment
Can relate to:
pH, temperature, salinity
-Internal environment can fluctuate slightly
-Require to be maintained for metabolic processes

76
Q

Analogy

A

The immune system works like a prison security system when a prisoner tries to escape from their cell

77
Q

Pathogen

A

something that is trying to enter the body and cause an illness through the cells (are like prisoners)

78
Q

Macrophages

A

are meant to locate foreign bodies and “eat them”. They are like the guards

79
Q

Inflammatory Response

A

it is the immune system that functions to react to pathogens. (guard beak out and try to catch prisoners)

80
Q

1st line of defense

A

Skin, mucus, lysozymes

81
Q

Skin

A

a waterproof barrier meant to keep pathogens from entering the body.

82
Q

Mucous

A

the mucous in the nose serves as a trap for particles that enter through the nose. The nose hairs trap them in a thick layer of mucous

83
Q

Lysozymes

A

can be in the form of tears and saliva. when pathogens enter the mouth, saliva washes the pathogens off the teeth. Tears are able to wash away pathogens.

84
Q

Histamine Response

A

when blood flow (blood pressure) is increases and phagocytes are attracted.

85
Q

Humoral Response

A

response in the immune system denotes immunologic responses that are mediated by antibodies

86
Q

Cell- Mediated Response

A

the cell mediated response in the immune system is when killer T-cells attack any cell that contains a pathogen.

87
Q

Helper T and B cells

A

the helper T-cells activate both B-cells and killer T-cells

88
Q

Memory B cells

A

function is to remember any previous infection so that when the infection comes back the immune system is able to stop it easier

89
Q

Killer T cells

A

function to attack and destroy the infected cells

90
Q

Evolution

A

change in gene frequency in a population over time

91
Q

Natural Selection

A

Organisms that are best adapted to an environment survive and reproduce more than others. Natural Selection is the Survival of the Fittest

92
Q

4 steps of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

A
  1. Overproduction
    2.Variation
    3.Competition
  2. Selection
93
Q

James Hutton

A

1795 Theory of Geological change

94
Q

Charles Lyell

A

Book: Principle of Geography
Geographical features can be built up or torn down

95
Q

Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution

A

Inheritance of Acquired traits

96
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

Population growth= insufficient living space and food runs out

97
Q

Natural Selection

A

differences among individuals of a species

98
Q

Artificial Selection

A

Nature provide the variation among different organisms, and humans select those variations they find useful

99
Q

Descent with Modification

A

Each living organism has descended, with changes from other species over time

100
Q

Common Descent

A

were derived from common ancestors

AP Lit (10 decks)

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