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AP Lit > Exam #2 PSY > Flashcards

Exam #2 PSY Flashcards

1
Q

What is sensation?

A

The brain receives input from the sensory organs

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2
Q

What is perception?

A

The brain makes sense out of the input from sensory organs

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3
Q

What are the three steps basic to all sensory systems?

A

reception, transduction, and transmission

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4
Q

what is top down processing?

A

using models, ideas, and expectations to interpret sensory information

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5
Q

what us bottom up processing?

A

taking sensory information and then assembling and integrating it

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6
Q

What is an absolute threshold?

A

the minimum level of stimulus intensity needed to detect a stimulus half the time

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7
Q

What is priming?

A

an individual’s exposure to a certain stimulus influences their response to a subsequent prompt, without any awareness of the connection

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8
Q

What is sensory adaptation

A

to help detect novelty in our surroundings, our senses tune out a constant stimulus such as: a rock in your shoe

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9
Q

what determines brightness?

A

the perceived intensity or luminance of a visual stimulus

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10
Q

What determines color/hue?

A

the wavelength of light that reaches our eyes

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11
Q

what is the pupil?

A

the dark circular opening in the center of the eye

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12
Q

What are rods and cones? What is each responsible for? Which is more color sensitive?

A

Rods and cones are receptor cells, rods help us see the black and white actions in our peripheral view and in the dark. Cones help us see sharp colorful details in bright light. Cluster around the fovea. Cones are more sensitive

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13
Q

What is the opponent processing theory? Which cells are turned off by which cells?

A

refers to the neural process of perceiving white as the opposite of perceiving black

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14
Q

What is retinal disparity? What is it a cue for?

A

the two eyes have slightly different views. The more different the views are the closer the object must be. depth perception

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15
Q

What are monocular cues?

A

visual clues that allow a person to perceive depth using only one eye

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16
Q

what determines pitch

A

high frequency sound waves

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17
Q

What determines loudness?

A

higher amplitudes

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18
Q

What is on the basilar membrane?

A

the hair cells

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19
Q

What is place theory?

A

At high sound frequencies, signals are generated at different locations in the cochlea, depending on pitch. The brain reads pitch by reading the location where the signals are coming from

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20
Q

What do hair cells do?

A

They send signals through the auditory nerves to the temporal lobe of the brain

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21
Q

What is the definition of learning?

A

the process of acquiring new understanding

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22
Q

What is conditioning?

A

the process that teaches a person how to respond to a stimulus by associating a stimulus with a particular behavior

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23
Q

Generally, what are unconditioned responses?

A

a stimulus which triggers a response naturally without any conditioning

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24
Q

What is extinction?

A

Target behavior decreases when reinforcement stops

25
Q

What is discrimination?

A

the learned ability to only respond to a specific stimuli, preventing generalization

26
Q

What is generalization?

A

the tendency to have conditioned responses triggered by related stimuli

27
Q

What is reinforcement? What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?

A

feedback from the environment that makes a behavior more likely to be done again. Positive: the reward is adding something desirable
Negative: the reward is ending something unpleasant

28
Q

What is punishment? What is the difference between positive and negative punishment?

A

These consequences make the target behavior less likely to occur in the future. Positive: you add something unpleasant/aversive
Negative: You take away something pleasant/ desired

29
Q

What is associative learning?

A

the process by which living organisms learn to connect two or more things together, such as events, objects, or abstracts concepts

30
Q

What is observational learning?

A

watching what happens when other people do a behavior and learning from their experience

31
Q

What are mirror neurons?

A

when we watch others doing or feeling something, neurons fire in patterns that would fire if we were doing the action of having the feeling ourselves

32
Q

What is memory?

A

Learning that has persisted over time, information that has been stored over time, information that can be retrieved over ie

33
Q

What is storage?

A

the information is held in a way that allows it to later be retrieved

34
Q

What is retrieval?

A

reactivating and recalling the information, producing it in a for similar to what was encoded

35
Q

What is short term memory?

A

the ability to temporarily store information for a short period of time

36
Q

What is long-term memory?

A

the ability to store information for a long period of time

37
Q

What is automatic processing?

A

information that goes straight from sensory experience into long term memory

38
Q

What is explicit memory? What is another name for this?

A

facts and experiences that we can consciously know and recall, declarative memory

39
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

the ones we are not fully aware of and thus don’t “declare”/talk about

40
Q

What is echoic memory?

A

the brains ability to temporarily store and recall sounds that have been heard

41
Q

What is chunking?

A

technique to break down information into smaller, more manageable pieces

42
Q

What type of memory would be impaired with damage to the hippocampus?

A

episodic memory

43
Q

What are the two different types of amnesia?

A

anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia

44
Q

What is cognition?

A

refers to mental activities and processes associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating information

45
Q

What is a prototype?

A

a mental representation of an object or concept

46
Q

What is a category/concept?

A

similar characteristics

47
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

refers to our tendency to search for information which confirms our current theory, disregarding contradictory evidence

48
Q

What is fixation?

A

The tendency to get stuck in one way thinking; an inability to see a problem from a new perspective

49
Q

What is availability heuristic?

A

cognitive bias that leads people to make quick judgments based on info that’s most easily available to them

50
Q

What are phonemes?

A

are the smallest units of sound (vowels and consonants)

51
Q

What are morphemes?

A

are the units of meaning

52
Q

What is telegraphic speech?

A

a stage of language development where young children speak in short phrases. adding verbs and making sentences but missing words

53
Q

What are critical periods?

A

a specific time in development

54
Q

What is linguistic determinism?

A

the idea that our specific language determines how we think

55
Q

What is the difference between aptitude and achievement tests?

A

aptitude tests attempt to predict your ability to learn new skills and achievements tests measure what you already have learned

56
Q

What is framing?

A

is the focus, emphasis, or perspective that affects our judgements and decisions

57
Q

What is belief perseverance?

A

Clinging to ones’s belief in the face of contrary evidence

58
Q

what is sensory memory?

A

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information before it is processed into short term or long term memory

AP Lit (10 decks)

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