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AP Lit > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why does Mitosis happen?

A

Growth, repair, asexual reproduction. Cells become too big and the volume too where the cells need to divide

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2
Q

How many times can a cell divide?

A

Till its no longer able to divide, which results to a programmed cell death called apoptosis

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3
Q

How many stages are there of Mitosis?

A

2; Interphase and Mitotic Phase

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4
Q

Interphase

A

growth and replication of DNA; G1, S, G2

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5
Q

Mitotic Phase

A

division of cell into 2 daughter cells: mitosis

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6
Q

How many phases does interphase have?

A

3

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7
Q

G1

A

small cell is trying to obtain nutrients and growing at the same time

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8
Q

S; synthesis

A

cell is still growing and duplicating its DNA

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9
Q

G2

A

cells keeps growing and doing whatever cell job it has

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10
Q

S phase

A

Where DNA is copied and created, created in 2 sets of chromosomes where they are connected together in the middle by a centromere

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11
Q

what is a single copy of chromosome is called?

A

chromatid

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12
Q

How many stages are in the Mitotic Phase?

A

4, PMAT and cytokinesis

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13
Q

What happens in the Prophase phase?

A

Chromatids will condense, The nuclear enveloped will dissolve, centrioles will appear and migrate to the opposite sides, spindle fibers will the form

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14
Q

What happens in the Metaphase phase?

A

Chromosomes will line up on the metaphase plate, centromeres are attached to the spindle fibers

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15
Q

what happens in the anaphase phase?

A

Spindle fibers will contract, then the centromeres will divide, sister chromatids are pulled away from each other towards the pole

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16
Q

what happens in the telophase phase?

A

Chromosomes will now have reached the poles and new nuclear membranes will form around 2 new nuclei

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17
Q

What happens in the cytokinesis phase?

A

The cytoplasm will distribute equally between the 2 new cells

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18
Q

what happens post mitosis?

A

the cells return to interphase and go through G1,S and G2. Chromosomes will not unpack back to chromatin

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19
Q

Meiosis

A

haploid (n). Split into two stages meiosis 1 and 11

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20
Q

Fertilization

A

The sperm and egg fuse together to form a zygote 2n=46 (n=23)

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21
Q

Interphase 1

A

similar to mitosis interphase, chromosomes replicate during S phase, two identical sister chromatids, centriole pairs also replicate

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22
Q

Meiosis 1

A

P1 M1 A1 T1

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23
Q

Meiosis 1: Prophase 1

A

Chromosomes will condense, synapsis occurs(where homologous chromosomes come together to form tetrad),

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24
Q

Crossing Over

A

segment of non site chromatids break and r attach to the other chromatid

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25
Q

Where does crossing over occur?

A

chiasmata

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26
Q

Metaphase 1

A

tetrads align, orientation if homologous pairs to pole is random

27
Q

Anaphase 1

A

homologous chromosomes separate and move towards the poles, sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres

28
Q

Telophase 1

A

Each pole now has haploid set of chromosomes, cytokinesis occurs and two haploid daughter are formed

29
Q

Meisosis II

A

No interphase ll, similar to mitosis

30
Q

Prophase II

A

Nucleus and nucleolus disappear, chromosomes condense, spindle forms

31
Q

Metaphase II

A

chromosome line up at the equator

32
Q

Anaphase II

A

sister chromatids separate

33
Q

Telophase II

A

nuclei and nucleoli reform, spindle fibers disappear, Cytokinesis occurs and four haploid daughters are produced

34
Q

Genome

A

the complete complement of an organism’s DNA

35
Q

heredity

A

the way of transferring genetic information to offspring

36
Q

homologues

A

are two pieces of DNA within a diploid that carry the same genes that are both from a parental source

37
Q

karyotype Down syndrome

A

trisomy 21

38
Q

A,T,C,G

A

A=30.3 T=30.3 G=19.5 C=19.9

39
Q

Chargaff’s rule

A

A=T. G=C

40
Q

Nucleotides are made up of

A

Phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base

41
Q

Direction of DNA

A

5’ to 3’ 3’ to 5’

42
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine and Thymine

43
Q

Purines

A

Guanine and Adenine

44
Q

Guanine and Cytosine are stronger because?

A

They have three hydrogen bonds

45
Q

Transcription

A

the flow of information from DNA to RNA

46
Q

Translation

A

the flow of information from RNA to protein

47
Q

Stop codons are

A

UGA, UAA, UAG

48
Q

Start Condon

A

AUG

49
Q

Transcription proceeds through

A

Initiation, Elongation and termination

50
Q

initiation

A

RNA polymerase identifies where tow begin transcription

51
Q

elongation

A

RNA nucleotides are added to the 3’ end of the new RNA

52
Q

Termination

A

RNA polymerase stops transcription when it encounters terminators in the DNA sequence

53
Q

Messenger RNA

A

carries the information from DNA that encode proteins

54
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

is a structural component of the ribosome

55
Q

Transfer RNA

A

carries amino acids to the ribosome for translation

56
Q

Core polymerase

A

capable of RNA elongation but not initiation

57
Q

Holoenzyme

A

composed of the core enzyme and the sigma factor which is needed for transcription initiation

58
Q

APE site

A

where ribosomes has multiple tRNA binding sites

59
Q

A site

A

binds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid

60
Q

P site

A

binds the tRNA attached to the growing peptide chain

61
Q

E-site

A

the tRNA that carried the last amino acid

62
Q

Enzyme in DNA replication

A

-Helicase unwinds parental double helix
-Binding proteins stabilize separate strands
-Primase adds short primer to template strand
-DNA polymerase binds nucleotides to form new strands
-Ligase joins Okazaki fragments and sealed other nicks in sugar phosphate backbone

63
Q

Activities at the Replication Fork

A

1.Helicase binds to origin and separates strands
2.Binding proteins keep strands apart
3.Primase makes a short stretch of RNA on the DNA template
4.DNA polymerase adds DNA nucleotides to the RNA primer
5.DNA polymerase proofreading activity checks and replaces incorrect
6.Continuous strand synthesis continues in a 5’ to 3’’ direction
7.Discontinuous synthesis produces Okazaki fragments on the 5’ to 3’ template
8.Enzymes remove RNA primers. Ligase seals sugar-phosphate backbone

AP Lit (10 decks)

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