exam 3

Question 1

Psycho-education Groups/Growth Groups

Answer 1

School, rehabilitation, and substance abuse specialists can be called on to lead these types of groups.
* Offered in schools and other settings
* group leaders provides info about:
* careers,
* sex,
* parenting skills,
* job possibilities,
* colleges,etc.
* Focus on preventing problems in the future via encouraging developmental growth
* aids the decision-making process, teaching valuable life skills, and providing useful information.
* Psychoeducational groups are well-suited for many structured interpretations that facilitate self-awareness and values clarification. **
* ** helps with Social issues such as helping to **prevent oppression of marginalized individuals **within a group, and the larger community.

Question 2

Task Groups

Answer 2

The exact same skills that make you well prepared to lead therapeutic groups also equip you with * **the ability to lead any group **more effectively.
Examples: A meeting, town hall discussion, teach in a classroom, consulting or coaching capacity.

Question 3

Group Basics (concept)

Answer 3

• Most often, the clientele have few manifestations of psychopathology; they simply wis**h to work on personal concerns in daily living. **
• Also designed to be rather brief treatments, often** focuses on resolving specific problems within a time-limited format.
  ** Group counseling is **the modality most similar in its goals to those of **individual counseling. **
  The techniques and strategies are all designed to help resolve interpersonal conflict, promote greater self-awareness and insight, and help individual members work to eliminate their self-defeating behaviors.
  Group counseling is usually focused in the present rather than on the past.
  It is relatively short term, spanning a period of weeks or months, and stresses relationship support factors for resolving stated conflicts.

Question 4

Therapy Groups

Answer 4

• Usually long term in duration.
  * Supportive themes
• Identify of behaviors, challenges, struggles
  * Goal is to minimize symptoms
  * Understand past actions

Question 5

Self-Help Groups

Answer 5

often** do not have a professionally trained leader.**
**use a more experienced member **who has hopefully resolved the issues with which others are struggling.

Question 6

purposeSelf-Help Groups

Answer 6

**The purpose of self-help groups is to provide emotional and social support, to develop new ideas about coping with a common issue, and to provide constructive direction for members. **
The membership of self-help groups is open and fluctuates from meeting to meeting.

Question 7

examples of Self-Help Groups

Answer 7

• Alcoholics Anonymous, an eating disorders group
• Heart-Smart group for individuals with cardiac problems
• a group for people diagnosed with HIV
• and many others on almost any conceivable topic or issue.

Question 8

Support Groups

Answer 8

Support groups are closely related to** self-help groups;** the terms are sometimes **used interchangeably. **
Support groups are **often developed and sponsored by professional organizations or professional individuals, and they rely on the resources of the sponsoring organization or individual to a greater extent **than self-help groups.

Question 9

Support Groupsex

Answer 9

• breast cancer survivors
• Parents Anonymous, Parents of Children with Attention Deficit Disorders
• spouse loss/grief groups.

Question 10

Being A Group Leader

Answer 10

• **difficult to learn to be a group leader without logging considerable experience as a member. **
• it is somewhat hypocritical to expect clients to take risks and share personal concerns when the counselor has been unwilling to do so and is one reason that many training programs provide structured experiences for students to experience the power of groups firsthand, and to learn appropriate group behavior
• The group leader must understand dynamics and assumptions as they are applied to group behavior. *
• Each client comes to the group with different expectations, interests, and goals.
  The most basic assumption about groups, therefore, is that there are often discrepancies among the participants’ hopes and expectations and even between those of the leaders and the members.
  Coalitions are formed on the basis of these common interests and backgrounds and often on the basis of perceived similarities in attitudes, abilities, or attractiveness. **
  The leader may be viewed as the “outsider,**” as a function of his or her expert role, or possibly as the only “insider,” because the counselor alone really knows what is going on during the beginning sessions

Question 11

Advantages of Using Groups

Answer 11

• Cost-Effectiveness
• Spectator Effects
• Stimulation Value
• Opportunity for Feedback
• Support
• Structured Practice

Question 12

Stages of A Group

Answer 12

• Forming Stage
• Just thinking about the group before it begins
• Expectations of group and leader
• Screening process

Question 13

Group Therapy: Initial Stage

Answer 13

• Introductions
• Purpose of group
• Ground rules established
• Trust is explored
• lasts One-three sessions

Question 14

Group Therapy: Transition Stage

Answer 14

• long silences
• demands for leader structure
• expressions of discomfort or anxiety
• someone acting out as a distraction
• prolonged conflict, or even attacks on the leader

Question 15

Grpup Therapy: Working Stage

Answer 15

• When there is good movement from one member to another with almost everyone participating
• When there is less reliance on the leader(s) to direct and structure things
• When individuals are accomplishing their stated goals
• When cohesion, intimacy, and trust are operating at consistently high levels
• When game playing, conflicts, and acting-out behaviors are labeled, confronted, and worked through successfully
• When self-disclosure, constructive risk taking, and sharing are high
• When it appears as if people are making consistent progress in their sensitivity and responsiveness to one another

Question 16

Closing Stage

Answer 16

• group members assess what they have learned
  discuss plans for change
• explore their feelings about the experience
  members attempt to resolve unfinished issues within the group
• evaluate the performance of the group
• say good-bye and deal with ending issues
• Chaos will ensue if these behaviors are not redirected. Good leaders know how to redirect the focus in such a way that things remain on task—yet without humiliating the person(s) who need feedback.

Question 17

How To Know If A Group Is Functioning

Answer 17

expected and consistent rules and respect for each other worldviews. previous action of followup and follow through, resource shared,

if not choas ensued bc behaviors are not redirected and good leader can know how to focus in such a way that that things remain on task w/o humilitaing the person (s) who need feedback

Question 18

Group Therapy: Intervention Cues

Answer 18

• Counselor relies heavily on “gut wisdom” but also knows that, when a client becomes self-deprecating or self-deceptive or drifts from reality.
• Group situations contain a virtual overload of stimuli to attend to. The most difficult task is to describe not just how and when to intervene but with whom.
• A leader’s behavior can be at best distracting or at worst destructive if ill timed or inappropriately directed.

Question 19

Other Issues to Attend To

Answer 19

• Abusive behavior/dialogue
• Rambling & digressions
• Withdrawal and passivity
• Lethargy and Boredom
• Sensitivity to language used “I” word

Question 20

Leadership Skills

Answer 20

• Supporting
• Facilitating
• Initiating
• Setting goals
• Giving feedback
• Linking
• Blocking
  “linking” refers to connecting ideas or experiences shared by group members to highlight common themes, while “blocking” involves preventing or redirecting disruptive behaviors or conversations that may hinder the therapeutic process.

Question 21

1970’s Contributions

Answer 21

Homeostasis and dysfunctional family

Concepts like **homeostasis **emerged— the idea that families experience strong pressures to maintain their typical pattern of functioning, no matter how dysfunctional they are.

Another key term was the identified patient, a client like the girl with the eating disorder who took on the role of expressing psychological symptoms that actually reflected distress of the entire family.

Indeed, the very** term dysfunctional family **was developed by this new school of family system thinkers; the term has become such a part of our everyday language that we forget that it didn’t exist until the latter years of the 20th century.

Question 22

Individual Verses Family Counseling (Nichols & Schwartz)

Answer 22

Nichols & Schwartz:
Family practitioners view problems as located not within the individual but within the** larger context of interactions between people. **
**Clinicians must generally be more active, directive, and controlling **than they would be in individual sessions.
Rarely can the counselor afford the luxury of operating from one theoretical approach. **Family practitioners tend to be very pragmatic and flexible. **
Focus is directed toward organizational structures and natural developmental processes that are part of all family systems. **This includes attention to family rules, norms, and coalitions. **

A model of circular, rather than linear, causality is favored. This means that when determining the causes of events or behaviors, it is important to look at the bigger picture of how each person’s actions become causes and effects of everyone else’s behavior.
Developmental models are employed that describe the family life cycle, includeing predictable and natural transitions, crises, and conflicts.
Rather than a single notion of “family” structure, counselors recognize that multiple versions are common, depending on the dominant culture.

Question 23

Family Counseling Training

Answer 23

family counseling involves additional training and **specialization, **especially considering that there is a different orientation to look far beyond the symptoms of the identified client who was referred for treatment and explore issues within a larger context that takes into consideration relational patterns.

in order to attain a degree of competence in this type of work you must have specialized training in family systems dynamics, family theories, family interventions, couples counseling, sex counseling, and professional/ethical issues unique to this practice.

family counseling has all the challenges of individual and group counseling—plus the added burden of dealing with the fact that everyone is related to one another;
each case, comes with a history of interactions you have not been privy to.

consider that one or more family members are often working actively to sabotage any of your therapeutic efforts. It is for this reason you need a solid grounding in family theory, research, and practice.

Question 24

Universal Features of Family Counseling

Answer 24

Most family counselors rely on the same set of skills, such as
* “joining the family” or building rapport,
* assessing power hierarchies within the family system
* restructuring coalitions among family members
* reframing problems to make them more solvable
* and engaging all members in resolving their difficulties.
* All family counselors think in terms of social systems. Rather than viewing problems in terms of simple cause–effect relationships—that Mother causes Child to act out—they are seen in terms of circular causality
Chain reactions influence each family member, who in turn influences everyone else

Family counselors, by and large, are more flexible, more active, and more structuring than practitioners of other treatment modalities.

Question 25

Structural Family Therapy (Salavdor Minuchin)

Answer 25

A dysfunctional family supports the sysetmatic behavior
Purpose of Counselor: disrupt family dysfunctional patterns

Question 26

Power In Relationships

Answer 26

Minuchin introduced the notion of boundaries to describe how the various coalitions in family relationships tend to intersect.
Sometimes, for example, the boundaries between parents and children are clearly defined and at other times an alignment may develop between mother and son, with a disengaged boundary between them and the father

Power within the family must also be carefully understood and balanced.** Each family has a regimented hierarchy, within which each person has a specified amount of control and responsibility. **
Counseling often takes the form of reestablishing a single hierarchical organization in which the boundaries are more clearly delineated so that the parents are in charge and the children have less power.
Family counselors tend to see psychological symptoms like depression, anxiety, and eating disorders in terms of the roles they play within a family’s power dynamics.
Balance of power between spouses can be viewed as a metaphor for other communications in the marriage.

Question 27

Avoidance In Family Therapy

Answer 27

**A child will often develop problems as a way to protect the parents from having to face their own difficulties. **
As a counselor, you will often see families who present a “problem” child and view themselves as concerned parents who have no problems of their own.
Counselors in a variety of settings observe this phenomenon, and it accounts for why even school counselors are now attempting more and more family counseling interventions

Question 28

family therapy:Symptoms As Solutions (Haley’s Contributions)

Answer 28

Family systems analysis provides a larger context within which to view the problems of the identified client.
Rather than approaching treatment with the usual intention of promoting individual insight and then helping the client to make specific changes, the family counselor often looks at the behavior of the disruptive family member as helpful or constructive in some regard.

The disruptive behavior continues because it is unconsciously supported and maintained by others within the family system.

Question 29

Triangulation

Answer 29

Is an example of a family triad

Question 30

The Genogram aka “Family Tree”

Answer 30

The genogram is another useful tool for gathering information about family relationships and structures.
It consists of a comprehensive map of all the members of a family over several generations, including their coalitions, conflicts, and connections.
It thus provides a blueprint for the counselor in understanding the cross-generational themes that repeat themselves over time, as well as the current interpersonal conflicts that are evident in the structural map

Question 31

Strategic Family Therapy

Answer 31

Wanted to look at long term treatments
And a short goal to want to achieve and strive this for this goal
Goal change to change a more family structural system

It thus provides a blueprint for the counselor in understanding the cross-generational themes that repeat themselves over time, as well as the current interpersonal conflicts that are evident in the structural map

Question 32

Reframing

Answer 32

The counselor’s initial task, therefore, is to define or reframe the present problem to the client or clients in such a way that it may be resolved.
There isn’t much that can be done to help a client who is complaining about another person’s behavior, unless, of course, the other person will come in for counseling and willingly change what the accuser dislikes.

Question 33

family therapy: Being Direct

Answer 33

family counselors, by the very nature of their work, are more active, structuring, and directive than they would ever consider being when working with individual clients.
Put all members of a family together in a room—particularly those who so are conflicted they had to ask for help—and the situation often turns chaotic.
Unless the counselor is prepared to jump in and take the initiative, the family counseling session could make matters considerably worse.

Question 34

family Directive Skills

Answer 34

Redefining the problem in a less threatening form and describing it in a way that allows resolution
Motivating and preparing the client to follow (or not follow) the directive
Presenting the directive clearly, simply, and realistically, ensuring that all participants understand what they are to do or not do.

Question 35

Forcing The Spontaneous

Answer 35

A paradoxical directive of this type allows the counselor to be successful, and the client perceives himself or herself as making progress.
The client who complies with the suggestion is exhibiting control, and the client who doesn’t abide by the** directive to fail** is then cured of the problem.
This type of directive is safe for both the counselor and the client because it provides ample opportunity for positive outcome.

Question 36

Backing Down Directive

Answer 36

Suggesting to those without power that the** only way they will get any control is to back down.** By deliberately taking a “weak position” and “giving in,” they finally break the vicious, repetitive cycle.

Question 37

Slowing Down Directive

Answer 37

**Whenever anyone tries too hard to do something, the task becomes more difficult. **The directive to slow down is often most effective during initial interviews, when clients are apprehensive about being asked to do something they won’t be able to do.

If the presenting problem is resolved too quickly, before the clients have had the opportunity to make new adjustments or discover other ways of relating to one another, it is possible that the family structure will break down.

Question 38

Couples Counseling

Answer 38

The majority of couples come in for counseling when the relationship is on the edge of falling apart, when there is a yearning for regaining the intimacy experienced in the early phase of the relationship, but also because of the fear that the partnership has become unsalvageable.

Despite their best attempts to save the relationship by themselves, it remains filled with fighting, emotional distance, unsatisfying sex, constant tension, and personal anguish.

If there are children involved, the desperation of the couples can be even more intense, as the prospect of separating and its impact on their children looms increasingly as inevitable.

A couples counselor helps partners strengthen the bond between them, enhance the quality of intimacy in their relationship, and regain confidence that the partnership can last.

Question 39

Counselor’s Role In Couples Counseling

Answer 39

It is not your job to help the couple stay together; rather, 1.your role is to help each partner take responsibility for his or her role in the relationship’s difficulties,
2.develop skills in communicating his or her emotional needs with honesty and directness
3. learn to fight fairly
4. allow each person to become emotionally open and vulnerable with his or her partner—perhaps the essential requirement for intimacy.

Question 40

Religious perspective on couples

Answer 40

Religious perspective: Couples who were married in a religious ceremony have made a covenant with the God they worship.
Some theorists who believe that all marriages can succeed (assuming there is no domestic violence)—if both partners do the work necessary to repair the relationship.

Question 41

Dealing With Anger

Answer 41

the traditional approach, still held by many counselors, is that** anger is inevitably destructive to a relationship, **and while angry fights will always occur from time to time, the counselor’s role is to help couples find alternate ways of resolving differences.

Numerous interventions have been developed to reduce the criticism, name-calling, and various other hu rtful behaviors couples routinely practice.
These include rules for fair fighting and lessons in reporting anger as an alternative to expressing it.

Question 42

(Gottman) On Anger

Answer 42

Anger itself was not a predictor of divorce; in fact, couples who expressed anger showed increases in marital satisfaction over time.

If anger was not necessarily a bad thing for relationships, there were four kinds of negative interactions that were found to be destructive:
1.criticism,
2.stonewalling (when one partner turns away from the other or leaves the room in the middle of a disagreement),
3. **defensiveness
4. , and contempt. **It was the last two, in particular, that most powerfully predicted an unhappy marriage.

While negative emotions were a normal part of marriage, relationships succeeded when the number of positive emotions expressed in interactions was higher than the number of negative ones. Simply put, anger is fine so long as people are nice to each other more often than they are angry.

Successful couples were good at making up after fights. They had developed means to repair any damage that had been inflicted.

Question 43

Behavioral Couple Therapy (known as BCT)

Answer 43

Behavioral Couple Therapy (known as BCT)
Teaching couples communcation skills, including the ability to discuss “hot-button” issues in a healthy, productive manner. Indeed, if you utilize This intervention, you would teach couples how to paraphrase, reflect, clarify, and empathize—and most important, listen without interruption or giving advice.

Another strategy used by behavioral couples counselors is to give couples homework assignments designed to increase the number of positive behaviors exchanged.

Question 44

Strategic Couple Therapy

Answer 44

If you are a **strategic or systems-oriented counselor **in general, your main intervention might be providing feedback and insights as to how each partner helps maintain the problematic behavior;
however, you might also use more dramatic, hands-on strategies, directing the partners to change specific behaviors.

Question 45

Empathy Based Models: Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy (IBCT)

Answer 45

counselors help their clients create a stronger relationship by accepting the personality traits each partner wants to change in the other as just “differences,” rather than as problems.
Treatment is devoted to helping each partner gain a greater empathy for the other’s vulnerable feelings, leading to an increased sense of appreciation for the partner’s all-too-human struggle and increased acceptance.

Question 46

Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy (EFT) (Johnson)

Answer 46

integrates attachment theory, systems theory, and person-centered empathy to help couples express their deepest fears about becoming close to each other

Emotionally focused counselors identify the ways in which couples create negative cycles of interaction and reframe hostile behaviors as a partner’s protest that the relationship isn’t closer.

Question 47

Imago Relationship Therapy (IRT) (Hendrix’s Contribution)

Answer 47

builds on psychoanalytic concepts to explain how we choose mates who resemble our parents—with the unconscious hope that our partner will heal our childhood wounds.

Relationship difficulties are caused, in part, by our disappointment in discovering that our partners cannot make up for old, family-of-origin wounds.

Question 48

Basics as a Counselor for Couple Counseling

Answer 48

• Establish clear goals and focus..
• Maintain balance.
• Do not allow verbal abuse in a session.
• Assess for domestic violence.
• Stay calm regardless of the intensity of the couple’s arguing or covert tension.

Assessment of couples should be multidimensional regardless of theoretical orientation
Be assertive when appropriate. Couples counselors are not passive listeners
Examine your own values regarding relationships, your relationship behaviors, and your parents’ relationship to ensure that you see your clients objectively

Question 49

Ethical Concerns

Answer 49

Is it ethical to be deceitful and manipulative (using paradoxical techniques, for example) if it is for the client’s own good?
If your primary function is to treat family problems, what about the individual goals of each member, which may conflict with those of the others?

Because family conflicts frequently involve value issues related to fidelity, sexuality, promiscuity, divorce, child rearing, and life priorities, how can you possibly keep your own values in check regarding how you believe people should behave?
Because family counselors are often highly directive and dramatic in their interventions geared toward breaking up dysfunctional patterns, aren’t there greater risks for doing harm?

Question 50

Career Counseling History

Answer 50

Historically, career development has been the principal domain of counselors.

It is through the process and techniques of vocational guidance that the counseling profession was first introduced and implemented in numerous settings.

In recent years, there has been a gradual shift in emphasis from vocational issues to more personal and emotional concerns

Career decisions are also looked at in a much broader developmental, relational context with a more culturally responsive focus

Question 51

Career Counseling IS Counseling

Answer 51

In spite of the changes taking place in the field, there is still a myth among many counselors that “real” counseling is personal/emotional and that vocational/ career counseling is somehow a second-class cousin that requires fewer skills and is more “routine.”
This attitude is not only false but dangerous.

Question 52

Vocational Chaos

Answer 52

Individuals who experience vocational chaos (such as unemployment, underemployment, and job dissatisfaction) report** high stress, relationship difficulties, and low self-esteem.**
Feelings of uncertainty, anxiety, and fear often associated with these changes.

Question 53

Everyone Works

Answer 53

Some receive financial remuneration for their efforts, they **sell their time and talent. **
Others work for **internal rewards **or receive other forms of compensation by way of a **cooperative division of labor. **
Even the children are working:
* mastering new skills
* taking in new knowledge
* children work in places called play-grounds, but we are not for a moment deceived that these little people are not laboring away at their age-related developmental tasks.
* They are working their bodies, testing their minds, and learning about cooperation, competition, and million other things they will later find useful after they “grow up” and work in a “real” job.

Question 54

Benefits of Vocation

Answer 54

Vocation is very much tied into their sense of identity, self-image, and self-worth. **
Jobs are a measure of status,**
a major object of devotion of one’s time and energy. **
They are a testing ground for skills and information that have been accumulated over a lifetime. **
They are the source of many friendships.

Question 55

Work Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction

Answer 55

People who are satisfied in their work are those who are often most content with their lives
.Dissatisfaction:
Lonely, depressed, anxious, problem-ridden
people—those who seek a counselor’s help—are often those who are not content with their life’s work.
significant part of a counselor’s work.:
* Career frustration
* job stress
* and discontent with one’s decisions and current vocational development are major preoccupations for many people

Question 56

Counselor Objectives For:
developmental problems, situational problems, chronic problems

Answer 56

**Developmental problems **(eg. career immaturity) are resolved via:
1. exploring the client’s interests
2. career alternatives
3. applying decision-making strategies.

Situational problems (eg. job stress) are worked on within the context of a supportive, problem-solving relationship to develop alternative responses.

Chronic problems (eg. psychological dysfunctions) are resolved in longer-term counseling to initiate more extensive personality changes.

Question 57

The World of Work:
The Occupational Information Network or ONet

Answer 57

online service developed for the U.S. Department of Labor; lists 977 job titles.

Occupations can be searched using six different descriptors
1. worker characteristics
2. worker requirements
3. experience requirements
4. occupation-specific information
5. workforce characteristics
6. occupational requirements

High-growth professions can be accessed separately, with a full array of data regarding growth projections. Every job in the database can be examined in great detail, helping the searcher eventually narrow down the choices to realistic possibilities.

Question 58

What To Teach The Client using decision making skills, employable skills, and life coaching expectations

Answer 58

Decision making skills: People must learn to make quality decisions about when and how they should initiate career changes.

Employable Skills: The goal of all career-counseling efforts ought to be to provide skills for making and implementing decisions throughout the lifetime.

Life-Coaching Expectations: The coach functions less like a therapist and much more like a personal trainer, consultant, and mentor. **Very specific goals are identified. Action plans are set in motion. Rather than waiting on the sidelines for the weekly report he coach follows up progress via the telephone, Internet, and personal visits**.

Question 59

Super’s Contribution to self concept of career choice

Answer 59

1.People differ in their abilities, interests, and personalities.
2.They are qualified, by virtue of these circumstances, for a number of occupations.
3.Each of these occupations requires a characteristic pattern of abilities, interests, and personality traits, with tolerances wide enough to allow both variety of occupations for each individual and variety of individuals in each occupation.

4.**Vocational preferences, competencies, situations, and self-concepts **change with time and experience, making choice and adjustment a continuous process.
5.This process may be summed up in a series of life stages, characterized as those of growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance, and decline.
6.The **nature of the career pattern **(the occupational level attained and the sequence, frequency, and duration of trial and stable jobs) is detected by the individual’s parental socioeconomic level, mental ability, and personality characteristics, as well as by the opportunities to which he or she is exposed.

Question 60

Super’s Stages of self concept to career choice

Answer 60

The pattern of development begins during adolescence with the exploratory stage, in which **a person uses fantasy, play, and role experimentation **to help clarify the emerging self-concept and moves tentatively onward in the early 20s to a first job.

The** establishment stage,** through experimenting and trying out various options, helps the person to discover an occupation well suited to satisfy personal needs.

The **self-concept **adjusts to fit the stabilized career choice. Stability may or may not last into the maintenance stage.

Question 61

Holland’s Contribution on personality types

Answer 61

Individuals can be categorized into six different personality types
1. realistic
2. investigative
3. artistic
4. social
5. enterprising
6. conventional-depending on interests, preferences, and skills.

Environment can also be classified into the same six types and tends to be dominated by compatible personalities.
People search for environments in which their personality type can be comfortably expressed; artistic people search for artistic environments, whereas social people look for social environments. The behavior of an individual is determined by the interaction between personality type and environmental characteristics.

Question 62

Holland’s Personality Types

Answer 62

Realistic. This person is logical, objective, and forthright. Preference is given to dimensions such as physical prowess, aggression, and domination.

Investigative. By relying on intelligence and cognitive skills, this personality type is a problem solver.

**Artistic. **This is a sensitive, impulsive, creative, emotional, independent, and nonconforming individual who values cultural activities and aesthetic qualities.
**
Social. This person is highly skilled at dealing with other people.

**Enterprising. **This person uses highly refined verbal skills for leadership and sales professions such as marketing, business, and politics.

**Conventional. **This type of person prefers activities that are routine, structured, and practical.

Question 63

Roe’s Contribution

Answer 63

The family’s interaction:
1. emotional concentration on the child,
2. avoidance of the child, or
3. acceptance of the child.

vocational behavior can be coined as
* Loving
* neglecting
* Rejecting
* overprotective
* over demanding
* casual

Question 64

Mitchell & Krumboltz’s Contributions

Answer 64

• Career decisions should be based not only on present interests and abilities but** also on others that can be developed. **
• **Structured learning experiences can be customized for clients **so that they can expand the range of their choices and opportunities.
• Efforts should be undertaken to prepare people for a changing world in which new skills and abilities will need to be developed.
  ** Career counseling should be integrated into all counseling efforts **rather than just restricted to occupational choices.
• Cognitive restructuring methods should be employed to help people to think differently about their choices and situations.

Question 65

Gottfredson’s Contribution

Answer 65

Stage 1: Orientation to Size and Power (ages 3–5). In the first stage, children are learning through observation about play and adult occupational activities.
Stage 2: **Orientation to Sex Roles (ages 6–8) **n this stage, children begin the process of sex-role stereotyping and reject career options that appear incompatible with their own gender.
Stage 3: Orientation to Social Valuation (ages 9–13). As children’s cognitive processing becomes increasingly abstract, they are also becoming sensitive to issues of prestige and social class, and which occupations are associated with status among adults.
Stage 4: Orientation to the Internal, Unique Self (age 14 and older). At this stage, the decision-making process shifts from narrowing down choices to reflecting on which occupations match one’s emerging sense of identity, abilities, interests, and values.

Question 66

Client’s Tasks for Various Career paths(Campbell & Ungar)

Answer 66

• **Explore dominant story lines and preferred futures. **
• Develop flexible goals that reflect positive uncertainty.
• There is never one way to achieve a life goal, or, as narrative counselors would put it, write the next chapter in your own story
• Explore creative ways of integrating seemingly multiple and conflicting discourses.
• Develop a contingency plan of the alternative paths available for reaching their preferred futures. Knowing that clients will most likely need to take a variety.
  .

Question 67

Career Education

Answer 67

• Every learning experience has career implications.
• **Skill training **is necessary for entry into an occupation.
• Cognitive and experiential ways must be provided in order for students **to understand work-oriented values. **
• Opportunities must be provided for observing work environments.
• Individuals must have the opportunity to develop experiences and knowledge about the world of work.
• The** interrelationships among home, family, community, and societal value**s should be identified.

Question 68

Steps of the Workplace

Answer 68

Define the problem.
Finding and using information.
Creating alternatives.
Developing plans.
Implementing plans.
Know the trends
Know the changes in the workplace

Question 69

Counseling The Unemployed

Answer 69

Teach relaxation techniques to reduce the stress of being out of work or looking for jobs in a scarce market.
Explore with clients where their meaning and identity come from, helping them to differentiate the meaning that comes from career versus from family or other important life pursuits.

Attend to their marital/partnership and family relationships, which are frequently stressed during difficult economic periods. If families are unable to provide social support, facilitate their finding other sources of community and connection.
Help them develop effective coping strategies and monitor the potential for self-destructive coping (e.g., substance abuse).

Question 70

Counseling The Unemployed

Answer 70

Facilitate the expression of grief, as they come to terms with the reality of career loss.

Question 71

Vocational Considerations

Answer 71

• Development through the life stages can be guided partly by facilitating the** process of maturation of abilities and interests **and partly by aiding in reality testing and in the development of the self-concept.

The process of vocational development is essentially that of developing and implementing a self-concept; it is a compromise process in which the self-concept is a product of the interaction of inherited aptitudes, neural and endocrine makeup, opportunity to play various roles, and evaluation of the extent to which the results of role-playing meet with approval of superiors and peers.

• The process of compromise between individual and social factors, and between self-concept and reality, is one of role-playing, whether the role is played in fantasy, in the counseling interview, or in real-life activities such as school classes, clubs, part-time work, and entry jobs.
  * Work satisfaction and life satisfaction depend on the extent to which the individual finds adequate outlets for abilities, interests, personality traits, and values; they also depend on establishment in a work situation and a satisfying way of life.

Question 72

Counselor andTechnology

Answer 72

• Counselors need to have knowledge of the various computer-based guidance and information systems as well as the services available on the Internet.
  * Counselors need to know the standards by which such systems and services are evaluated (by organizations like the NCDA).
• Counselors must be able to ensure that computer-assisted guidance is conducted ethically.
• Counselors need to discern which clients are likely to profit from computer-assisted guidance.
• Counselors must be able to evaluate and select computer guidance systems that meet local needs (NCDA)