Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Dr.B > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How do bacteria divide?

A

Binary fission
With no equal life and the reproduction is clonal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is formed to divide the cell into two cells?

A

Septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many chromosomes does eukaryotes usually have?

A

10-50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many chromosomes does humans have?

A

46 chromosomes in 23 nearly identical pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

Particular array of chromosomes in an individual organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Are humans diploid or haploid?

A

Diploid, because we have two complete sets of chromosomes
46 chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

One set of chromosomes
23 chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What’s a homologous pair?

A

Having a pair of each chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

WHAT ARE THE INTERPHASE FUNCTIONS?

A

NormalDoctorP
Normal functions
DNA replication
organelle duplication
Cell growth
Transcription
Obtain nutrients
Respiration
Prepare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the eukaryotic cell cycle?

A
  1. G1 phase
  2. S phase
    3.G2 phase
    4.M- mitosis
    5.C- Cytokensis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the parts of the interphase?

A

G1- cell growth
S-replication of dna
G2-centrioles replicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Three checkpoints of the cell cycle

A
  1. G1/S checkpoint- decides if the cell has everything needed to divide
    2.G2/M checkpoint- assesses success of dna replication
    3.late metaphase (spindle) checkpoint- ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the spindle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens during mitosis

A
  1. DNA condenses
  2. Paired centrosomes move to the opposite poles of the celll
  3. Spindle fibers connect to chromosomes
  4. Nuclear membrane breaks down and nucleus dissolves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 5 phases of Mitsosis

A

1.prophase
2.prometaphase
3.metaphase
4.anaphase
5.telophasee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What’s the role of p53 gene?

A

Key role in G1 checkpoint
Monitors integrity of DNA
Prevent the development of man mutated cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is cancer?

A

Unrestrained, uncontrolled growth of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What kinda of genes disturb the cell cycle when they are mutated?

A

1.Tumor- suppressor genes: uncontrolled division
2.Proto-oncogenes- genes that are known to cause cancer when mutated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a silent mutation

A

A base changes but the resulting amino acid is the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a duplication mutation?

A

DNA sections are repeated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is nonsense mutation?

A

A codon is changed to a STOP codon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is frameshift mutation?

A

A base is either added or removed which causes a shift in the reading frame

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is misssense mutation

A

Substitute one base for another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are telomeres

A

The cap at the end of each dna strand that protect our chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does telomeres work?

A

They get shorter each time a cell copies itself
They eventually get to short to function causing our cells to age and stop working

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the generalized equation for photosynthesis

A

6C02+12H2O+LIGHT=C6H12O6+6H2O+6O2

26
Q

What organisms carry out oxygenic photosynthesis

A

CYANOBACTERIA
SEVEN GROUPS OF ALGAE
ALL LAND PLANTS

27
Q

What are the stages of photosynthesis?

A

Light dependent reactions
1. Capture energy from the sun
2. Make atp and reduce NADP+ TO NADPH
3.synthesize organic molecules from CO2

28
Q

WHAT is the storm in chloroplast?

A

Semiliquid surround thylakoid mebranes

29
Q

How do cells build carbohydrates?

A

Energy
Reduction potential

30
Q

Electron transport

A
31
Q

What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle?

A
  1. Carbon fixation
    2.reduction
  2. Regeneration of RuBP
32
Q

What is the energy cycle?

A

Photosynthesis uses the products of respiration as starting substrates.
Respiration uses the products of photosynthesis as starting substrates.

33
Q

Compare C4 and CAM

A

Both uses C3 and C4 pathways
C4- two pathways occur in different cells
CAM- uses C4 pathway at night and C3 pathway during the day

34
Q

Absorption spectrum

A

The range and efficiency of photons a molecule is capable of absorbing

35
Q

When a photon strikes a molecule what’s happens to the energy

A

It’s reflected
Lost as heat
Or absorbed by the electrons of the molecule

36
Q

What type of pigments are used in green plants?

A

Chlorophylls
Carotenoids

37
Q

What are the two chlorophyll types

A

Chlorophyll a- the main pigment in plants and Cyanobacteria
Absorbs violet blue and red light

Chlorophyll b-absorbs wave lengths that chlorophyll a doesn’t
Absorbs blue and red yellow light

38
Q

What does photosystem II do?

A

Passes electrons to the plastocyanin
Proton pump embedded in the thylakoid membrane

39
Q

What does photosystem 1 do?

A

Accepts an electron from plastocyanin

40
Q

What does photosystem 1 do?

A

Accepts an electron from plastocyanin

41
Q

What does chemiosmosis do

A

Allows protons back into the stroma

42
Q

What is the output of the Calvin cycle

A

Uses to form sucrose
Used to make starch

43
Q

What are the two enzymatic activities of rubisco

A

Carboxylation
Photorespiration

44
Q

What are examples of c4 plants?

A

Corn, sugarcane, and a number of grasses

45
Q

What are examples of CAM plants?

A

Succulent(water storing plants)
Cacti, pineapples

46
Q

What are kinetochores for?

A

Allows he spindle fibers to connect

47
Q

What are the 4 major steps of prophase?

A

Nuclear envelope dissolves, spindles start to form, DNA condenses and centromeres move toward poles

48
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

The cell elongates

49
Q

When does crossing over begin

A

During the prophase 1 of meiosis 1

50
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Each arm of an x is a copy of the same parental chromosome

51
Q

When is x shaped chromosomes formed?

A

During prophase 1

52
Q

What is metastasis?

A

The spread of cancer cells away from the original tumor

53
Q

What are oncogenes

A

Genes encoding the positive regulators are mutated to produce overreactive proteins.

54
Q

Cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12O6+6O2=6H2O+6CO2+36ATP

55
Q

PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATION

A

6CO2+6H20+LIGHT=C6H12O6+6O2

56
Q

Difference between meiosis and mitosis

A

Meiosis. Mitosis
8 stages. 4 stages
In germs cells. In somatic cells
Genetic variation changes Genetic variation is same
4diploid cells. 2 diploid cells

57
Q

What type of cell does cellular respiration occur

A

Eukaryotic

58
Q

What organelle does cellular respiration occur

A

Mitochondria

59
Q

What organelle does photosynthesis occur

A

Chloroplast

60
Q

What type of cells does photosynthesis occur in

A

Photosynthetic cells

Biology Dr.B (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions