Exam 3 Flashcards
How do bacteria divide?
Binary fission
With no equal life and the reproduction is clonal
What is formed to divide the cell into two cells?
Septum
How many chromosomes does eukaryotes usually have?
10-50
How many chromosomes does humans have?
46 chromosomes in 23 nearly identical pairs
What is a karyotype?
Particular array of chromosomes in an individual organism
Are humans diploid or haploid?
Diploid, because we have two complete sets of chromosomes
46 chromosomes
What does haploid mean?
One set of chromosomes
23 chromosomes
What’s a homologous pair?
Having a pair of each chromosome
WHAT ARE THE INTERPHASE FUNCTIONS?
NormalDoctorP
Normal functions
DNA replication
organelle duplication
Cell growth
Transcription
Obtain nutrients
Respiration
Prepare
What is the eukaryotic cell cycle?
- G1 phase
- S phase
3.G2 phase
4.M- mitosis
5.C- Cytokensis
What is the parts of the interphase?
G1- cell growth
S-replication of dna
G2-centrioles replicate
Three checkpoints of the cell cycle
- G1/S checkpoint- decides if the cell has everything needed to divide
2.G2/M checkpoint- assesses success of dna replication
3.late metaphase (spindle) checkpoint- ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the spindle
What happens during mitosis
- DNA condenses
- Paired centrosomes move to the opposite poles of the celll
- Spindle fibers connect to chromosomes
- Nuclear membrane breaks down and nucleus dissolves
What are the 5 phases of Mitsosis
1.prophase
2.prometaphase
3.metaphase
4.anaphase
5.telophasee
What’s the role of p53 gene?
Key role in G1 checkpoint
Monitors integrity of DNA
Prevent the development of man mutated cells
What is cancer?
Unrestrained, uncontrolled growth of the cell
What kinda of genes disturb the cell cycle when they are mutated?
1.Tumor- suppressor genes: uncontrolled division
2.Proto-oncogenes- genes that are known to cause cancer when mutated
What is a silent mutation
A base changes but the resulting amino acid is the same
What is a duplication mutation?
DNA sections are repeated
What is nonsense mutation?
A codon is changed to a STOP codon
What is frameshift mutation?
A base is either added or removed which causes a shift in the reading frame
What is misssense mutation
Substitute one base for another
What are telomeres
The cap at the end of each dna strand that protect our chromosomes
How does telomeres work?
They get shorter each time a cell copies itself
They eventually get to short to function causing our cells to age and stop working
What is the generalized equation for photosynthesis
6C02+12H2O+LIGHT=C6H12O6+6H2O+6O2
What organisms carry out oxygenic photosynthesis
CYANOBACTERIA
SEVEN GROUPS OF ALGAE
ALL LAND PLANTS
What are the stages of photosynthesis?
Light dependent reactions
1. Capture energy from the sun
2. Make atp and reduce NADP+ TO NADPH
3.synthesize organic molecules from CO2
WHAT is the storm in chloroplast?
Semiliquid surround thylakoid mebranes
How do cells build carbohydrates?
Energy
Reduction potential
Electron transport
What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle?
- Carbon fixation
2.reduction - Regeneration of RuBP
What is the energy cycle?
Photosynthesis uses the products of respiration as starting substrates.
Respiration uses the products of photosynthesis as starting substrates.
Compare C4 and CAM
Both uses C3 and C4 pathways
C4- two pathways occur in different cells
CAM- uses C4 pathway at night and C3 pathway during the day
Absorption spectrum
The range and efficiency of photons a molecule is capable of absorbing
When a photon strikes a molecule what’s happens to the energy
It’s reflected
Lost as heat
Or absorbed by the electrons of the molecule
What type of pigments are used in green plants?
Chlorophylls
Carotenoids
What are the two chlorophyll types
Chlorophyll a- the main pigment in plants and Cyanobacteria
Absorbs violet blue and red light
Chlorophyll b-absorbs wave lengths that chlorophyll a doesn’t
Absorbs blue and red yellow light
What does photosystem II do?
Passes electrons to the plastocyanin
Proton pump embedded in the thylakoid membrane
What does photosystem 1 do?
Accepts an electron from plastocyanin
What does photosystem 1 do?
Accepts an electron from plastocyanin
What does chemiosmosis do
Allows protons back into the stroma
What is the output of the Calvin cycle
Uses to form sucrose
Used to make starch
What are the two enzymatic activities of rubisco
Carboxylation
Photorespiration
What are examples of c4 plants?
Corn, sugarcane, and a number of grasses
What are examples of CAM plants?
Succulent(water storing plants)
Cacti, pineapples
What are kinetochores for?
Allows he spindle fibers to connect
What are the 4 major steps of prophase?
Nuclear envelope dissolves, spindles start to form, DNA condenses and centromeres move toward poles
What happens in anaphase?
The cell elongates
When does crossing over begin
During the prophase 1 of meiosis 1
What are sister chromatids?
Each arm of an x is a copy of the same parental chromosome
When is x shaped chromosomes formed?
During prophase 1
What is metastasis?
The spread of cancer cells away from the original tumor
What are oncogenes
Genes encoding the positive regulators are mutated to produce overreactive proteins.
Cellular respiration equation
C6H12O6+6O2=6H2O+6CO2+36ATP
PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATION
6CO2+6H20+LIGHT=C6H12O6+6O2
Difference between meiosis and mitosis
Meiosis. Mitosis
8 stages. 4 stages
In germs cells. In somatic cells
Genetic variation changes Genetic variation is same
4diploid cells. 2 diploid cells
What type of cell does cellular respiration occur
Eukaryotic
What organelle does cellular respiration occur
Mitochondria
What organelle does photosynthesis occur
Chloroplast
What type of cells does photosynthesis occur in
Photosynthetic cells
