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BIO 225 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

specialized cytoplasm of muscle cell/fiber

A

Sarcoplasm

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2
Q

Surround each myofibril and transmits APs deep in the muscle fibers

A

t-tubules

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3
Q

Storage site of Ca2+

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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4
Q

Located at ends of sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium storage sites, where Ca2+ is released from

A

terminal cisternae

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5
Q

Unit of muscle contraction

A

Sarcomeres

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6
Q

Depolarization of the plasma membrane opens DHPR, while Ca2+ enters the cell, changes in DHPR structure triggers opening of RYR

A

Excitation of AP in skeletal muscle fiber

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7
Q

RYR opening allows Ca2+ to escape sarcoplasmic reticulum. Elevated Ca2+ concentration triggers actino-myosin ATPase

A

Calcium release of AP in a skeletal muscle fiber

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8
Q

After repolarization, ion pumps begin returning Ca2+ to resting locations, outside the cell and in the sr

A

Relaxation of AP in a skeletal muscle fiber

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9
Q

Actin filaments anchored here

A

Z-line

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10
Q

Actin filaments and Z-line

A

I-band

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11
Q

Area of myosin not overlapping

A

H-zone

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12
Q

Myosin filaments composed of actin and myosin

A

A-band

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13
Q

Middle of myosin filament

A

M-line

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14
Q

Sarcomere shortens

A

Z-lines move closer together, I band decreases in length, H-zone dissapears

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15
Q

Myofibrils

A

composed of actin and myosin

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16
Q

Muscle belly shortens

A

actin + myosin filaments slide past each other without changing length

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17
Q

How does actin and myosin contribute to cellular movements

A

Cytoskeleton contains a branched network of actin microfilaments, controlled polymerization of actin can cause cell movement

Myosin motors catalyze ATP hydrolysis

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18
Q

Cross Bridge Cycle

A
  1. ATP binds causing myosin to detach from actin
  2. Detachment of myosin causes ATP to hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi which still remain bound by myosin
  3. Hydrolysis causes myosin to attach to actin
  4. Release of phosphate from actin-myosin complex promotes power stroke
  5. ADP is released
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19
Q

Troponin composition

A

TnI, TnC, and TnT

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20
Q

Regulation of muscle contraction by troponin and tropomyosin

A

TnC binds to calcium, one calcium is bound to TnCm there is conformational change that pulls on TnI that pulls on TnT that pulls on tropomyosin

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21
Q

Excitation of skeletal muscle coupled to contraction

A
  1. Release of Ca2+ from SR exposes binding sites on thin filament
  2. Allows muscle contraction cycle to occur
  3. Cross-bridge actin to myosin
  4. Cross-bridge pulls actin filaments (power stroke) ADP and P released
  5. New ATP binds to myosin causing linkage to release
  6. ATP splits which provides power to cock myosin cross-bridge
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22
Q

what types of muscles are striated

A

cardiac and skeletal

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23
Q

structure and function of circulatory systems

A
  • one or more pumps/structures that apply force to drive fluid flow
  • system of tubes through which fluid can flow
  • a fluid that circulates through the system
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24
Q

function of arteries

A

carry oxygenated blood from heart to body

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25
Q

function of arterioles

A

some diffusion, control blood pressure

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26
Q

function of capillaries

A

site of gas exchange

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27
Q

where are continuous capillaries located

A

brain, muscle, and skin

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28
Q

where are fenestrated capillaries located

A

endocrine organs, kidney, intestines

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29
Q

where are sinusoidal capillaries lcoation

A

liver and bone marrow

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30
Q

function of venules

A

connect capillaries to veins

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31
Q

function of veins

A

carry deoxygenated blood to heart

32
Q

what is the law of bulk flow

A

fluids flow down pressure gradients from high to low, resistance opposes this movement

33
Q

What is the relationship of blood velocity to pressure and cross-sectional area

A

Velocity of fluid flow is inversely proportional to cross-sectional area and directly proportional to pressure

34
Q

What happens in systole

A

ventricles relax, positive pressure, blood flows out, atria relax

34
Q

What happens in diastole

A

Ventricles relax, negative pressure, blood flows in, and atria contract

35
Q

In diastole what valves open

A

Mitral and tricuspid

36
Q

In systole what valves open

A

pulmonary and aortic

37
Q

What is the role of heart valves in the cardiac cycle

A

To prevent backflow of blood

38
Q

What is the conduction pathway of electrical signals in the heart

A

The SA node ionic conductances create a self sustaining pacemaker, the depolarization of the pacemaker spreads to the neighboring cardiomyocytes causing APs and contractions

39
Q

Pathway of electrical current in heart

A
  1. SA node depolarizes and depolarization spreads rapidly via internodal pathway
  2. AV node delays the signal and the depolarization spreads through atria via gap junctions and causes atria to contract (diastole)
  3. Depolarization spreads rapidly through bundles of His and Purkinje fibers
  4. Depolarization spreads upward through ventricle causing ventricle to contract (systole_
40
Q

P wave

A

Depolarization of atria (SA node)

41
Q

QRS complex

A

depolarization of the ventricles and repolarization of atria (systole)

42
Q

T wave

A

repolarization of ventricles

43
Q

Relationship of cardiac output to heart rate and stroke volume

A

Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

44
Q

How does the parasympathetic branch control cardiac output

A

Slows SA node via muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (hyperpolarizes)

45
Q

How does the sympathetic branch control cardiac output

A

accelerates SA node pacemaker via B-adrenergic receptors

46
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure

A

average blood pressure in arteries across the cardiac cycle

47
Q

What is vasoconstriction the result of

A

Contraction of the smooth muscle of the tunia media

48
Q

Pathway of blood through heart

A

Superior vena cava -> RA -> RV -> Pulmonary circuit -> LA -> LV -> Aorta

49
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Conversion of glucose into ATP in the mitochondria

50
Q

External respiration

A

The sequence of events that result in gas exchange between the external environment and mitochondria

51
Q

dQ/dt

A

rate of diffusion through a tissue sheet

52
Q

D

A

diffusion coefficient (area/second)

53
Q

A

A

area over which diffusion is taking place

54
Q

dC/dx

A

concentration gradient/distance

55
Q

Bulk flow

A

air or water can deliver O2 directly to internal cells and tissues

56
Q

Surface area: volume ratio

A

A higher SA : V is better for diffusion because a larger area is available for exchange relative to organism’s ned

57
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

P1V1=P2V2, when volume of a gas-filled space increases, the pressure within it decreases

58
Q

How does the diaphragm work in terms of Boyle’s Law

A

In inhalation the diaphragm contracts which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity which decreases pressure and causes air to move into the lungs, conversely, in exhalation the diaphragm relaxes which decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity and increases pressure and causes air to move to the atmosphere

59
Q

Henry’s law

A

In order to diffuse into a cell, gas molecules must first dissolve in a liquid

60
Q

Tidal bulk flow

A

What humans do, pick up oxygen in lungs and oxygen diffuses across membrane

61
Q

Unidirectional bulk flow

A

makes greater energy exchange possible

62
Q

Concurrent flow

A

Flow of medium in same direction as blood flow (air or water), only exists in temperature

63
Q

Counter current flow

A

Fish do this, water comes in and their blood flows in opposite directions to draw O2 out of the water

64
Q

Crosscurrent flow

A

birds do this (most efficient), blood comes in lungs through one tube and vessels cross medium multiple times to get more oxygen than the air they are breathing

65
Q

How do fish gills work

A

Fish breathe water into their buccal cavity, opercular cavity expands and water gets pushed out

66
Q

How do bird lungs work

A

Birds breathe in and out of one cavity in a double loop

67
Q

Alveoli

A

attached to the respiratory bronchiole, alveolar sacs increase SA, highly vascularized by capillaries

68
Q

Type I alveolus

A

squamous cells where exchange occurs (diffuses gas)

69
Q

Type II alveolus

A

Respond to damage of type I cells, synthesize and release surfectant that aids in diffusion

70
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Metalloprotein, 2 alpha units, 2 beta subunits, 4 heme groups, 4 iron atoms

71
Q

Heme molecule

A

contains iron where oxygen binds, synthesized in mitochondria of bone marrow and liver

72
Q

O2 equilibrium curve for hemoglobin

A

H increases and increases until it levels off

73
Q

What does a lower P50 indicate

A

lower affinity

74
Q

How does pH effect oxygen affinity

A

if pH decreases, pO2 increases, hemoglobin saturation increases

75
Q
A

BIO 225 (4 decks)

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