exam 3 Flashcards
Neutrophil
A leukocyte having a multilobed nucleus whose cytoplasm is filled with fine granules.
Lymphocyte
A mononuclear blood cell produced in lymphoid tissue that takes part in cell-mediated and humoral immunity.
Basophil
A cell that contains numerous variable-sized granules that stain intensely purple with basic dyes. See also eosinophil.
Erythroblast
A precursor cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to red blood cells.
Megaloblast
An abnormal red cell precursor resulting from vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency.
Leukopenia
An abnormally small number of leukocytes in the peripheral blood.
Thrombocytopenia
A deficiency of platelets.
Polycythemia
Increased number of red cells. May be caused by some types of chronic heart or lung disease (secondary polycythemia) or to marrow erythroid hyperplasia of unknown causes (primary polycythemia).
Hemochromatosis
A genetic disease characterized by excessive iron absorption, leading to accumulation of excessive amounts of iron in the body, causing organ damage.
Petechia
A small pinpoint hemorrhage caused by decreased platelets, abnormal platelet function, or capillary defect.
T lymphocyte
A type of lymphocyte associated with cellmediated immunity.
Alveolus
One of the terminal air sacs of the lung.
Surfactant
A lipid material secreted by alveolar lining cells that facilitates respiration by decreasing the surface tension of the fluid lining the pulmonary alveoli.
Bronchiole
One of the small terminal subdivisions of the branched bronchial tree.
Vital capacity
The maximum volume of air that can be forcefully expelled after a maximum inspiration.
Pleura
The mesothelial covering of the lung (visceral pleura) and chest wall (parietal pleura).
Pneumothorax
Accumulation of air in the pleural cavity.
Atelectasis
Collapse of the lung, either caused by bronchial obstruction (obstructive atelectasis) or external compression (compression atelectasis).
Legionnaires disease
A type of pneumonia caused by an airborne bacterium called Legionella pneumophila.
Military tuberculosis
multiple foci of tuberculosis throughout the body as a result of bloodstream dissemination of tubercle bacilli from a primary focus in the lungs or peribronchial lymph nodes
Bronchiectasis
Dilatation of bronchi caused by weakening of their walls as a result of infection.
Pneumoconiosis
An occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of injurious substances such as rock dust.
Silicosis
A type of occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of rock dust.
Gynecomastia
Excessive development of the male breast.
Sentinel lymph node
The lymph node in a group of lymph nodes that is located closest to a malignant tumor, which is examined to determine whether the tumor has spread to the node. If the sentinel node is not involved, additional lymph node dissection is not required.
Aromatase inhibitor
A drug that inhibits the conversion of adrenal androgenic steroids to estrogens, used as post-resection adjuvant therapy to treat postmenopausal women with estrogen-positive breast carcinoma.
Mammogram
An x-ray of the breast, used to detect tumors and other abnormalities within the breast.
Condyloma
A warty tumorlike overgrowth in the squamous epithelium of the anorectal or genital tract, caused by a virus that is spread by sexual contact.
Salpingitis
Inflammation of the fallopian tubes.
Endometriosis
Presence of endometrial tissue in abnormal locations, such as in the ovary or pelvis.
Laproscope
a long tubular telescope like instrument passed through the abdominal wall to examine structures within the peritoneal cavity
Colposcope
A binocular magnifying instrument used to view the cervix and endocervical canal.
Myoma
A benign smooth muscle tumor such as commonly develops in the uterus.
Endometrial ablation
Permanent destruction of the endometrium by various methods to control excessive menstrual bleeding unresponsive to more conservative treatment.
Prostaglandin
A complex derivative of a fatty acid (prostanoic acid) that has widespread physiologic effects.
Dermoid cyst
A common type of benign cystic teratoma that commonly arises in the ovary.
Granulosa-theca cell tumor
An estrogen-producing, ovarian tumor arising from the estrogen-producing granulose cell of an ovarian follicle.
Diaphragm
A partition separating one thing from another, applied to the dome-shaped partition between the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The term is also applied to a contraceptive device placed over the cervix prior to intercourse.
Intrauterine device
A small plastic device inserted in the uterus to prevent pregnancy.
Erythropoietin
A humoral substance made by the kidneys that regulates hematopoiesis.
Renin
A humoral substance secreted by the kidneys in response to fall in blood pressure, blood volume, or sodium concentration.
Bowman’s capsule
the cup like expanded end of the nephron that surrounds the tuft of glomerular capillaries
Mesangial cell
Modified connective-tissue cells at the vascular pole of the glomerulus that hold the capillary tuft together.
Pedicel
One of the small terminal processes of the podocytes that cover the glomerular capillaries.
Filtration slits
The narrow spaces between the pedicels of the podocytes that cover the glomerular capillaries of the kidneys.
Angiotensinogen
A blood protein converted to angiotensin I by renin secreted by the kidneys. Part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Angiotensin
A component of the reninangiotensin-aldosterone system, formed from interaction of renin with a blood protein (angiotensinogen). The first product formed, called angiotensin I, is converted rapidly to a second product called angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II raises blood pressure and stimulates the adrenal grand to secrete aldosterone.
Aldosterone
A steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates the rate of sodium absorption from the renal tubules.
Glomerulonephritis
An inflammation of the glomeruli caused by either antigen-antibody complexes trapped in the glomeruli, or by antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies.
Hydrothorax
Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity.
Nephrosclerosis
Thickening and narrowing of the afferent glomerular arterioles as a result of disease.
Urate nephropathy
Kidney damage caused by precipitation of urate crystals within the kidney tubules of a person with gout.
Pyelonephritis
A bacterial infection of the kidney and renal pelvis.
Calculus
A stone formed within the body, as in the kidney or gallbladder.
Renal colic
Intense flank pain radiating into the groin, resulting from passage of a renal calculus into the ureter.
Creatinine
A waste product derived from the breakdown of a compound present in muscle (phosphocreatine) that is excreted in the urine.
Prostate-specific antigen
An antigen produced by prostatic epithelial cells that is often found in higher-than-normal concentrations in the blood of patients with prostatic cancer and other diseases of the prostate.
Hydrocele
An accumulation of excess fluid within the tunica vaginalis of the testis.
Seminoma
One type of malignant tumor of testis.
Embryonal carcinoma
A malignant testicular tumor in which the malignant cells have features resembling rapidly growing trophoblastic tissue.
Choriocarcinoma
A malignant proliferation of trophoblastic tissue.
Alpha fetoprotein
Protein produced by fetal liver early in gestation. Sometimes produced by tumor cells. Level is elevated in amnionic fluid when fetus has neural tube defect.
Portal tract
Branch of hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct located at periphery of liver lobule.
Bile canaliculus
Small terminal bile channel located between liver cords.
Bilirubin
One of the bile pigments derived from breakdown of hemoglobin.
Cholesterol
A complex compound (sterol) containing several ring structures.
Lecithin
A phosphorus-containing lipid (phospholipid) having detergent properties similar to bile salts.
Cytomegalovirus
One of the herpes viruses. Causes an infectious mononucleosislike syndrome in adults; may cause congenital malformation in fetus.
Mallory body
An irregular red-staining structure in the cytoplasm of injured liver cells, usually resulting from alcoholinduced liver injury.
Splenorenal shunt
Surgically created anastomosis between splenic vein and renal vein, performed to lower portal pressure in the treatment of esophageal varices.
Portacaval shunt
Surgically created anastomosis between the portal vein and the vena cava, performed to lower portal pressure in the treatment of esophageal varices.
Cholelithiasis
Formation of gallstones.
Micelle
An aggregate of bile salt and lecithin molecules by which cholesterol is brought into solution in bile.
Jaundice
Yellow color of the skin that results from accumulation of bile pigment within the blood.
Hyperglycemia
Excessively high blood glucose concentration.
Glycated hemoglobin test
a test that mesures the amount of glucose permanently attached to hemoglobin
Diabetic ketosis
A disturbance of the body’s acid-base balance (acidosis) caused by an inability to utilize glucose, which requires the body to use fat as an energy source. Fat metabolism generates excessive amounts of acid ketone bodies, which disrupts the normal alkalinity of body fluids.
α-glucosidase
inhibitor of an enzyme required to break down a glucose containing disacharide so glucose can be absorbed from the small intestine
glycogen
A storage form of glucose present chiefly in liver and muscle.
ketone bodies
Various derivatives of acetyl-CoA, resulting from excessive mobilization of fat as an energy source.
hypoglycemia
Lower than normal concentration of glucose in the blood.
