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Human Disease > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Neutrophil

A

A leukocyte having a multilobed nucleus whose cytoplasm is filled with fine granules.

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2
Q

Lymphocyte

A

A mononuclear blood cell produced in lymphoid tissue that takes part in cell-mediated and humoral immunity.

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3
Q

Basophil

A

A cell that contains numerous variable-sized granules that stain intensely purple with basic dyes. See also eosinophil.

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4
Q

Erythroblast

A

A precursor cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to red blood cells.

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5
Q

Megaloblast

A

An abnormal red cell precursor resulting from vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency.

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6
Q

Leukopenia

A

An abnormally small number of leukocytes in the peripheral blood.

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7
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

A deficiency of platelets.

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8
Q

Polycythemia

A

Increased number of red cells. May be caused by some types of chronic heart or lung disease (secondary polycythemia) or to marrow erythroid hyperplasia of unknown causes (primary polycythemia).

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9
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

A genetic disease characterized by excessive iron absorption, leading to accumulation of excessive amounts of iron in the body, causing organ damage.

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10
Q

Petechia

A

A small pinpoint hemorrhage caused by decreased platelets, abnormal platelet function, or capillary defect.

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11
Q

T lymphocyte

A

A type of lymphocyte associated with cellmediated immunity.

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12
Q

Alveolus

A

One of the terminal air sacs of the lung.

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13
Q

Surfactant

A

A lipid material secreted by alveolar lining cells that facilitates respiration by decreasing the surface tension of the fluid lining the pulmonary alveoli.

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14
Q

Bronchiole

A

One of the small terminal subdivisions of the branched bronchial tree.

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15
Q

Vital capacity

A

The maximum volume of air that can be forcefully expelled after a maximum inspiration.

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16
Q

Pleura

A

The mesothelial covering of the lung (visceral pleura) and chest wall (parietal pleura).

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17
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Accumulation of air in the pleural cavity.

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18
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapse of the lung, either caused by bronchial obstruction (obstructive atelectasis) or external compression (compression atelectasis).

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19
Q

Legionnaires disease

A

A type of pneumonia caused by an airborne bacterium called Legionella pneumophila.

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20
Q

Military tuberculosis

A

multiple foci of tuberculosis throughout the body as a result of bloodstream dissemination of tubercle bacilli from a primary focus in the lungs or peribronchial lymph nodes

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21
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

Dilatation of bronchi caused by weakening of their walls as a result of infection.

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22
Q

Pneumoconiosis

A

An occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of injurious substances such as rock dust.

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23
Q

Silicosis

A

A type of occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of rock dust.

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24
Q

Gynecomastia

A

Excessive development of the male breast.

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25
Q

Sentinel lymph node

A

The lymph node in a group of lymph nodes that is located closest to a malignant tumor, which is examined to determine whether the tumor has spread to the node. If the sentinel node is not involved, additional lymph node dissection is not required.

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26
Q

Aromatase inhibitor

A

A drug that inhibits the conversion of adrenal androgenic steroids to estrogens, used as post-resection adjuvant therapy to treat postmenopausal women with estrogen-positive breast carcinoma.

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27
Q

Mammogram

A

An x-ray of the breast, used to detect tumors and other abnormalities within the breast.

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28
Q

Condyloma

A

A warty tumorlike overgrowth in the squamous epithelium of the anorectal or genital tract, caused by a virus that is spread by sexual contact.

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29
Q

Salpingitis

A

Inflammation of the fallopian tubes.

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30
Q

Endometriosis

A

Presence of endometrial tissue in abnormal locations, such as in the ovary or pelvis.

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31
Q

Laproscope

A

a long tubular telescope like instrument passed through the abdominal wall to examine structures within the peritoneal cavity

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32
Q

Colposcope

A

A binocular magnifying instrument used to view the cervix and endocervical canal.

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33
Q

Myoma

A

A benign smooth muscle tumor such as commonly develops in the uterus.

34
Q

Endometrial ablation

A

Permanent destruction of the endometrium by various methods to control excessive menstrual bleeding unresponsive to more conservative treatment.

35
Q

Prostaglandin

A

A complex derivative of a fatty acid (prostanoic acid) that has widespread physiologic effects.

36
Q

Dermoid cyst

A

A common type of benign cystic teratoma that commonly arises in the ovary.

37
Q

Granulosa-theca cell tumor

A

An estrogen-producing, ovarian tumor arising from the estrogen-producing granulose cell of an ovarian follicle.

38
Q

Diaphragm

A

A partition separating one thing from another, applied to the dome-shaped partition between the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The term is also applied to a contraceptive device placed over the cervix prior to intercourse.

39
Q

Intrauterine device

A

A small plastic device inserted in the uterus to prevent pregnancy.

40
Q

Erythropoietin

A

A humoral substance made by the kidneys that regulates hematopoiesis.

41
Q

Renin

A

A humoral substance secreted by the kidneys in response to fall in blood pressure, blood volume, or sodium concentration.

42
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

the cup like expanded end of the nephron that surrounds the tuft of glomerular capillaries

43
Q

Mesangial cell

A

Modified connective-tissue cells at the vascular pole of the glomerulus that hold the capillary tuft together.

44
Q

Pedicel

A

One of the small terminal processes of the podocytes that cover the glomerular capillaries.

45
Q

Filtration slits

A

The narrow spaces between the pedicels of the podocytes that cover the glomerular capillaries of the kidneys.

46
Q

Angiotensinogen

A

A blood protein converted to angiotensin I by renin secreted by the kidneys. Part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

47
Q

Angiotensin

A

A component of the reninangiotensin-aldosterone system, formed from interaction of renin with a blood protein (angiotensinogen). The first product formed, called angiotensin I, is converted rapidly to a second product called angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II raises blood pressure and stimulates the adrenal grand to secrete aldosterone.

48
Q

Aldosterone

A

A steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates the rate of sodium absorption from the renal tubules.

49
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

An inflammation of the glomeruli caused by either antigen-antibody complexes trapped in the glomeruli, or by antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies.

50
Q

Hydrothorax

A

Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity.

51
Q

Nephrosclerosis

A

Thickening and narrowing of the afferent glomerular arterioles as a result of disease.

52
Q

Urate nephropathy

A

Kidney damage caused by precipitation of urate crystals within the kidney tubules of a person with gout.

53
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

A bacterial infection of the kidney and renal pelvis.

54
Q

Calculus

A

A stone formed within the body, as in the kidney or gallbladder.

55
Q

Renal colic

A

Intense flank pain radiating into the groin, resulting from passage of a renal calculus into the ureter.

56
Q

Creatinine

A

A waste product derived from the breakdown of a compound present in muscle (phosphocreatine) that is excreted in the urine.

57
Q

Prostate-specific antigen

A

An antigen produced by prostatic epithelial cells that is often found in higher-than-normal concentrations in the blood of patients with prostatic cancer and other diseases of the prostate.

58
Q

Hydrocele

A

An accumulation of excess fluid within the tunica vaginalis of the testis.

59
Q

Seminoma

A

One type of malignant tumor of testis.

60
Q

Embryonal carcinoma

A

A malignant testicular tumor in which the malignant cells have features resembling rapidly growing trophoblastic tissue.

61
Q

Choriocarcinoma

A

A malignant proliferation of trophoblastic tissue.

62
Q

Alpha fetoprotein

A

Protein produced by fetal liver early in gestation. Sometimes produced by tumor cells. Level is elevated in amnionic fluid when fetus has neural tube defect.

63
Q

Portal tract

A

Branch of hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct located at periphery of liver lobule.

64
Q

Bile canaliculus

A

Small terminal bile channel located between liver cords.

65
Q

Bilirubin

A

One of the bile pigments derived from breakdown of hemoglobin.

66
Q

Cholesterol

A

A complex compound (sterol) containing several ring structures.

67
Q

Lecithin

A

A phosphorus-containing lipid (phospholipid) having detergent properties similar to bile salts.

68
Q

Cytomegalovirus

A

One of the herpes viruses. Causes an infectious mononucleosislike syndrome in adults; may cause congenital malformation in fetus.

69
Q

Mallory body

A

An irregular red-staining structure in the cytoplasm of injured liver cells, usually resulting from alcoholinduced liver injury.

70
Q

Splenorenal shunt

A

Surgically created anastomosis between splenic vein and renal vein, performed to lower portal pressure in the treatment of esophageal varices.

71
Q

Portacaval shunt

A

Surgically created anastomosis between the portal vein and the vena cava, performed to lower portal pressure in the treatment of esophageal varices.

72
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

Formation of gallstones.

73
Q

Micelle

A

An aggregate of bile salt and lecithin molecules by which cholesterol is brought into solution in bile.

74
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellow color of the skin that results from accumulation of bile pigment within the blood.

75
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

Excessively high blood glucose concentration.

76
Q

Glycated hemoglobin test

A

a test that mesures the amount of glucose permanently attached to hemoglobin

77
Q

Diabetic ketosis

A

A disturbance of the body’s acid-base balance (acidosis) caused by an inability to utilize glucose, which requires the body to use fat as an energy source. Fat metabolism generates excessive amounts of acid ketone bodies, which disrupts the normal alkalinity of body fluids.

78
Q

α-glucosidase

A

inhibitor of an enzyme required to break down a glucose containing disacharide so glucose can be absorbed from the small intestine

79
Q

glycogen

A

A storage form of glucose present chiefly in liver and muscle.

80
Q

ketone bodies

A

Various derivatives of acetyl-CoA, resulting from excessive mobilization of fat as an energy source.

81
Q

hypoglycemia

A

Lower than normal concentration of glucose in the blood.

Human Disease (12 decks)

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