Exam 3 Flashcards
Personality
Refers to an individuals unique set of consistent behavioral traits
Personality trait
A durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations
ID
Operates on pleasure primitive, illogical, irrational, and fantasy oriented
Ego
Operates on reality; seeks to delay gratification of the id’s urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found
Superego
Operates on morality focused on what is right and wrong
Defense mechanism
Unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions
Projection
Casting your thoughts/feelings/motives on someone else
Displacement
Diverting emotion from the source to another target
Rationalization
False but plausible ways to justify unacceptable behavior
Fixation
Not moving to the next stage
Social learning theory
Personality traits are developed through observational learning
Self efficacy
Refers to your beliefs about your ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes
Humanism
Theoretical orientation that emphasizes that unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for growth
Self actualization
The need to fulfill one’s potential
Projective personality measure 
Personality test designed to let a person provide or respond to ambiguous stimuli, revealing hidden emotions and internal conflict projected by the person onto the test 
Personality inventory
Questionnaire designed to reveal the respondents personality traits 
Name and describe traits of the five factor model 
O- openness to experience: curious, flexible, imaginative
C- conscientiousness: diligent, well, organized, punctual, dependable
E- extraversion: outgoing, social, upbeat, friendly
A- agreeableness: warm, sympathetic, trusting, compassionate, cooperative,
N- neuroticism: anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, vulnerable
Sigmund Freud believes _________ forces influence behavior
Unconscious forces
Name and describe the three levels of consciousness proposed by Freud
Conscious- awareness or above the surface
Preconscious- just beneath the surface
Unconscious- thoughts, memories, desires that are well below the surface
Oral stage (birth to 2 yrs)
Pleasure from oral stimulation- tasting and sucking
Problem associated: dependency or aggression. Problems with drinking, smoking, eating, nail biting
Anal stages (15 months-3yrs)
Primary focus on controlling bladder and bowels eliminating/retaining feces
Problems associated: anal explosive (messy, wasteful, destructive versus anal retentive: (orderly, rigid, obsessive)
Self concept
Our perception of our own traits and characteristics
Ideal self
Traits and characteristics that we desire to have in order to get affection and acceptance from others
Incongruence
The gap between self-concept and our ideal self
Unconditional love
A child is worthy of their parents affection, no matter what they do
Conditional love
A child is worthy of their parents, affection if they are behaving well or meeting expectations
What need needs to be met before any of the other needs according to Maslow‘s hierarchy of needs
Peoples physical and safety needs
What is the difference between social psychology and sociology?
Social psychology is a study of having individuals relate to and try to function within broader society or as social looks at the ways entire groups function within society
Stereotype
Widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in particular group
Ingroup
A group that one belongs to and identifies with
Outgroup
A group that one does not belong to or identify with
Attribution
Inferences that people draw about the causes of events, others behavior and their own behavior
Fundamental attribution error
Observers bias in favor of internal attributions and explaining others behavior
Self serving bias
The tendency to attribute one successes to internal factors and once failures to external factors
Conformity
Change in belief or behavior in order to fit in with a group
Obedience
A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority
Group cohesiveness
Strength of the liking relationships linking group members to each other into the group itself
Social loafing
Reduction in effort by individuals when they work in groups
Bystander effect
People are less likely to provide needed help when they are in groups rather than when they are alone
Group polarization
Discussion strengthens a groups dominant point of view, producing a shift in a more extreme decision in that direction
Groupthink
Members of a cohesive group emphasize cohesion at the expense of critical thinking and arriving at a decision
Matching hypothesis
people of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners.
Attractiveness stereotype
The tendency to ascribe desirable personality characteristics to those who are good looking
Similarity effects
We tend to like people who are similar to us
What is the difference between passionate and companionate love?
Companionate love tends to be longer lasting
Passionate love a complete absorption and another that includes tender sexual feelings, and the agony and ecstasy of intense emotion
Companionate love a warm, trusting tolerant, affection for another whose life is deeply intertwined with one’s own
What are some critiques of the medical model of abnormal behavior?
Promotes derogatory labels
Increases stereotypes
Social stigma
Diagnosis
Distinguishing one illness from another
Etiology
Causation and developmental history of a diagnosis
Prognosis
Forecast about the probable course of a diagnosis
What are the 3-D’s clinicians consider when diagnosing psychological disorders?
Dysfunction – disrupt, social, occupational, and or daily functioning
Distress – evokes pervasive feelings of upset or anguish in the individual or those around the individual
Deviance – deviates from what culture deems to be normal
What book is used in the US for psychological diagnosis?
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders.
When do neurodevelopmental disorders typically develop?
Symptoms most often manifest before a child enters grade school
What are the key features of psychosis?
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized, thinking/speech, disorganized, motor behavior, negative symptoms
Specific learning disorder
Includes difficulties, learning and using academic skills despite interventions that target those difficulties
Autism spectrum disorder
Social communication and social interaction deficits across multiple setting
Restricted, repeated patterns of behavior, interest, or activities
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD
A persistent pattern of an attention and or hyperactivity impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development
Schizophrenia
Characterized by two or more key psychotic symptoms with at least one being hallucinations, delusions or disorganized thoughts/speech
Major depressive disorder
Characterized by reoccurring depressive episodes
- depressed mood most of the day nearly every day
-diminished interest or pleasure in activities
- fatigue
- trouble sleeping
Bipolar 1
Only requires mania for diagnosis, but is often accompanied by hypomania and depression 
Bipolar 2
Characterized by episodes of hypomania and depression
Specific phobia
Persistent and irrational fear of an object/situation that presents no realistic danger
Generalized anxiety disorder
Excessive anxiety and worry about a number of events or activities
Worry that is persistent and difficult to control
Agoraphobia
Marked anxiety about situations in which escape might difficult or help might not be available in the event of developing panic like symptoms
Obsessive compulsive disorder OCD
Consist of obsessions, compulsions, or both
Post traumatic stress disorder, PTSD
Develops in response to exposure to actual or threaten death, series, injury, or sexual violence, and is characterized by intrusion symptoms, avoiding symptoms, negative altercations in cognition and mood, altercations in arousal and reactivity
Antisocial PD
Pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others
Borderline PD
A pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self image and mood: marked impulsivity
Histrionic PD
Pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking
Narcissistic PD
Pattern of grandiosity need for admiration and lack of empathy
Anorexia nervosa
Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements resulting in significantly low body weight
Binge eating disorder
Eating in a distinct period of time and amount of food that is larger than what most people would eat in a similar period of time under similar circumstances
Lack of control over eating during the episode
Bulimia nervosa
Reoccurring episodes of binge eating, followed by compensatory behaviors in order to prevent weight gain
Vomiting
OCD and OCPD
OCD is not the same as obsessive compulsive personality disorder, which is marked by preoccupation with orderliness and perfectionism
Mania and hypomania
Hypomania only needs to last four days and is not severe enough to cause marked impairment and social or occupational functioning or to necessitate hospitalization
Panic attack and anxiety attack
Panic attack, ABRUPT surge of intense fear that reaches a peak within minutes, symptoms can appear suddenly and without a trigger
Anxiety attack a RESPONSE to a perceived stressor or threat, symptoms increase gradually, but can reach the same intensity/severity of a panic attack 
Hallucinations and delusions
Hallucinations perception like experiences, most often, visual, or auditory that occur without an external stimulus
Delusions beliefs that are not amenable to change in light of conflicting evidence
What is the difference between inpatient and outpatient treatment?
-Inpatient - requires patients to reside at the facility in which
they are receiving treatment for a prolonged period of time
-Outpatient - allows patients to continue living in their own
homes while receiving treatment
What is the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist?
psychiatrists are trained in both medicine and mental health, while psychologists focus solely on mental health
What are the two main categories of treatment approaches used for psychological disorders?
• Psychotherapy – treatment of mental conditions by verbal
communication and interaction
• Biomedical therapies – involve interventions into a
person’s biological functioning (e.g., drug therapy)
Know the difference between insight, behavioral, and cognitive behavioral therapies.
- Insight therapies – characterized by verbal interaction used to
enhance self-knowledge and promote healthy changes
• Behavioral therapies – Apply principles of learning and conditioning to change client’s maladaptive behaviors
• Cognitive behavioral therapies – combination of verbal
interventions and behavior modification techniques to help
clients change maladaptive patterns of thinking
Psychodynamic
focuses on the psychological roots of emotional
suffering; core components are self-
reflection and self-examination
Client-centered
emphasizes providing a supportive
emotional climate for clients, who help determine direction of
their therapy.
Couples and Family Therapy
-Couples therapy includes partners in committed, intimate
relationships, mainly focusing on relationship issues.
-Family therapy includes a family unit as a whole, mainly
focusing on family dynamics and communication.
Systematic Desensitization
aims to remove the fear response to a stimulus
and substitute it with a relaxation
response
Social Skills Training
designed to improve
interpersonal skills that
emphasize modeling, behavioral
rehearsal, and shaping
Social Rhythm Therapy
supports the
implementation of regular, daily
patterns of activity in order to facilitate
recovery of circadian biological
processes and improve mood
Parent Training
teaches parents how to use praise and
consequences more effectively to teach children to modulate
behaviors
Psychoanalysis
insight therapy that
emphasizes the recovery of unconscious
conflicts, motives, and defenses
Free association
directs clients to
spontaneously express their thoughts and
feelings exactly as they occur, with minimal
censorship
Transference
occurs when clients relate to
their therapists in ways that mimic critical
relationships in their lives
Resistance
defense mechanism used
to avoid distressing thoughts and
feelings
Exposure Hierarchy
list of feared
situations that that are rank-ordered in
their ability to elicit fear
Cognitive distortion
irrational thoughts that tend to
negatively influence emotions and behavior
Eclecticism
choosing methods and techniques from different
schools of thought to treat a patient
What three conditions do client-centered therapists provide?
- Genuineness
- Unconditional positive regard
- Accurate empathy
The cognitive behavioral triangle represents the relationship between _________, _______ and __________
Thoughts, behaviors , feelings
All-or-nothing thinking
thinking in absolutes such as “always”, “never”, or “every”
Mind reading
interpreting the thoughts and beliefs of others without adequate evidence
Fortune telling
expectation that a situation will turn out badly without adequate evidence
Disqualifying the positive
recognizing only the negative aspects of a situation while ignoring the positive
Over generalization
making broad interpretations from a single or a few events
True or false. Individual therapy is more effective than group therapy.
False
What is the most commonly used psychotherapy approach for Major Depressive Disorder and
Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
What kind of disorders is systematic desensitization commonly used for?
Commonly used for anxiety disorders
such as Specific Phobias, Agoraphobia,
Social Anxiety Disorder, Generalized
Anxiety Disorder, and PTSD
What disorder are mood stabilizers most commonly prescribed for?
Commonly used for mood disorders
such as Bipolar 1 & 2, and Major
Depressive Disorder
What disorder are stimulants most commonly prescribed for?
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
What neurotransmitter do SSRI’s (antidepressants) slow the reuptake of?
Serotonin
What works better? Therapy or medication?
• It depends!
• For most disorders, a combination of psychotherapy and
medication management is supported by the research.
• Research which investigates non-western approaches to
treatment is limited.
• Even within psychological disorders, the efficacy of treatment
approaches will vary from person to person.
