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Psychology 101 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

Refers to an individuals unique set of consistent behavioral traits

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2
Q

Personality trait

A

A durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations

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3
Q

ID

A

Operates on pleasure primitive, illogical, irrational, and fantasy oriented

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4
Q

Ego

A

Operates on reality; seeks to delay gratification of the id’s urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found

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5
Q

Superego

A

Operates on morality focused on what is right and wrong

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6
Q

Defense mechanism

A

Unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions

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7
Q

Projection

A

Casting your thoughts/feelings/motives on someone else

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8
Q

Displacement

A

Diverting emotion from the source to another target

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9
Q

Rationalization

A

False but plausible ways to justify unacceptable behavior

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10
Q

Fixation

A

Not moving to the next stage

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11
Q

Social learning theory

A

Personality traits are developed through observational learning

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12
Q

Self efficacy

A

Refers to your beliefs about your ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes

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13
Q

Humanism

A

Theoretical orientation that emphasizes that unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for growth

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14
Q

Self actualization

A

The need to fulfill one’s potential

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15
Q

Projective personality measure 

A

Personality test designed to let a person provide or respond to ambiguous stimuli, revealing hidden emotions and internal conflict projected by the person onto the test 

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16
Q

Personality inventory

A

Questionnaire designed to reveal the respondents personality traits 

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17
Q

Name and describe traits of the five factor model 

A

O- openness to experience: curious, flexible, imaginative
C- conscientiousness: diligent, well, organized, punctual, dependable
E- extraversion: outgoing, social, upbeat, friendly
A- agreeableness: warm, sympathetic, trusting, compassionate, cooperative,
N- neuroticism: anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, vulnerable

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18
Q

Sigmund Freud believes _________ forces influence behavior

A

Unconscious forces

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19
Q

Name and describe the three levels of consciousness proposed by Freud

A

Conscious- awareness or above the surface

Preconscious- just beneath the surface

Unconscious- thoughts, memories, desires that are well below the surface

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20
Q

Oral stage (birth to 2 yrs)

A

Pleasure from oral stimulation- tasting and sucking

Problem associated: dependency or aggression. Problems with drinking, smoking, eating, nail biting

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21
Q

Anal stages (15 months-3yrs)

A

Primary focus on controlling bladder and bowels eliminating/retaining feces

Problems associated: anal explosive (messy, wasteful, destructive versus anal retentive: (orderly, rigid, obsessive)

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22
Q

Self concept

A

Our perception of our own traits and characteristics

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23
Q

Ideal self

A

Traits and characteristics that we desire to have in order to get affection and acceptance from others

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24
Q

Incongruence

A

The gap between self-concept and our ideal self

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25
Q

Unconditional love

A

A child is worthy of their parents affection, no matter what they do

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26
Q

Conditional love

A

A child is worthy of their parents, affection if they are behaving well or meeting expectations

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27
Q

What need needs to be met before any of the other needs according to Maslow‘s hierarchy of needs

A

Peoples physical and safety needs

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28
Q

What is the difference between social psychology and sociology?

A

Social psychology is a study of having individuals relate to and try to function within broader society or as social looks at the ways entire groups function within society

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29
Q

Stereotype

A

Widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in particular group

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30
Q

Ingroup

A

A group that one belongs to and identifies with

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31
Q

Outgroup

A

A group that one does not belong to or identify with

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32
Q

Attribution

A

Inferences that people draw about the causes of events, others behavior and their own behavior

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33
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

Observers bias in favor of internal attributions and explaining others behavior

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34
Q

Self serving bias

A

The tendency to attribute one successes to internal factors and once failures to external factors

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35
Q

Conformity

A

Change in belief or behavior in order to fit in with a group

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36
Q

Obedience

A

A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority

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37
Q

Group cohesiveness

A

Strength of the liking relationships linking group members to each other into the group itself

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38
Q

Social loafing

A

Reduction in effort by individuals when they work in groups

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39
Q

Bystander effect

A

People are less likely to provide needed help when they are in groups rather than when they are alone

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40
Q

Group polarization

A

Discussion strengthens a groups dominant point of view, producing a shift in a more extreme decision in that direction

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41
Q

Groupthink

A

Members of a cohesive group emphasize cohesion at the expense of critical thinking and arriving at a decision

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42
Q

Matching hypothesis

A

people of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners.

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43
Q

Attractiveness stereotype

A

The tendency to ascribe desirable personality characteristics to those who are good looking

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44
Q

Similarity effects

A

We tend to like people who are similar to us

45
Q

What is the difference between passionate and companionate love?

A

Companionate love tends to be longer lasting

Passionate love a complete absorption and another that includes tender sexual feelings, and the agony and ecstasy of intense emotion

Companionate love a warm, trusting tolerant, affection for another whose life is deeply intertwined with one’s own

46
Q

What are some critiques of the medical model of abnormal behavior?

A

Promotes derogatory labels
Increases stereotypes
Social stigma

47
Q

Diagnosis

A

Distinguishing one illness from another

48
Q

Etiology

A

Causation and developmental history of a diagnosis

49
Q

Prognosis

A

Forecast about the probable course of a diagnosis

50
Q

What are the 3-D’s clinicians consider when diagnosing psychological disorders?

A

Dysfunction – disrupt, social, occupational, and or daily functioning
Distress – evokes pervasive feelings of upset or anguish in the individual or those around the individual
Deviance – deviates from what culture deems to be normal

51
Q

What book is used in the US for psychological diagnosis?

A

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders.

52
Q

When do neurodevelopmental disorders typically develop?

A

Symptoms most often manifest before a child enters grade school

53
Q

What are the key features of psychosis?

A

Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized, thinking/speech, disorganized, motor behavior, negative symptoms

54
Q

Specific learning disorder

A

Includes difficulties, learning and using academic skills despite interventions that target those difficulties

55
Q

Autism spectrum disorder

A

Social communication and social interaction deficits across multiple setting

Restricted, repeated patterns of behavior, interest, or activities

56
Q

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD

A

A persistent pattern of an attention and or hyperactivity impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development

57
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Characterized by two or more key psychotic symptoms with at least one being hallucinations, delusions or disorganized thoughts/speech

58
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

Characterized by reoccurring depressive episodes
- depressed mood most of the day nearly every day
-diminished interest or pleasure in activities
- fatigue
- trouble sleeping

59
Q

Bipolar 1

A

Only requires mania for diagnosis, but is often accompanied by hypomania and depression 

60
Q

Bipolar 2

A

Characterized by episodes of hypomania and depression

61
Q

Specific phobia

A

Persistent and irrational fear of an object/situation that presents no realistic danger

62
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

Excessive anxiety and worry about a number of events or activities

Worry that is persistent and difficult to control

63
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Marked anxiety about situations in which escape might difficult or help might not be available in the event of developing panic like symptoms

64
Q

Obsessive compulsive disorder OCD

A

Consist of obsessions, compulsions, or both

65
Q

Post traumatic stress disorder, PTSD

A

Develops in response to exposure to actual or threaten death, series, injury, or sexual violence, and is characterized by intrusion symptoms, avoiding symptoms, negative altercations in cognition and mood, altercations in arousal and reactivity

66
Q

Antisocial PD

A

Pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others

67
Q

Borderline PD

A

A pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self image and mood: marked impulsivity

68
Q

Histrionic PD

A

Pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking

69
Q

Narcissistic PD

A

Pattern of grandiosity need for admiration and lack of empathy

70
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements resulting in significantly low body weight

71
Q

Binge eating disorder

A

Eating in a distinct period of time and amount of food that is larger than what most people would eat in a similar period of time under similar circumstances

Lack of control over eating during the episode

72
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

Reoccurring episodes of binge eating, followed by compensatory behaviors in order to prevent weight gain

Vomiting

73
Q

OCD and OCPD

A

OCD is not the same as obsessive compulsive personality disorder, which is marked by preoccupation with orderliness and perfectionism

74
Q

Mania and hypomania

A

Hypomania only needs to last four days and is not severe enough to cause marked impairment and social or occupational functioning or to necessitate hospitalization

75
Q

Panic attack and anxiety attack

A

Panic attack, ABRUPT surge of intense fear that reaches a peak within minutes, symptoms can appear suddenly and without a trigger

Anxiety attack a RESPONSE to a perceived stressor or threat, symptoms increase gradually, but can reach the same intensity/severity of a panic attack 

76
Q

Hallucinations and delusions

A

Hallucinations perception like experiences, most often, visual, or auditory that occur without an external stimulus

Delusions beliefs that are not amenable to change in light of conflicting evidence

77
Q

What is the difference between inpatient and outpatient treatment?

A

-Inpatient - requires patients to reside at the facility in which
they are receiving treatment for a prolonged period of time

-Outpatient - allows patients to continue living in their own
homes while receiving treatment

78
Q

What is the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist?

A

psychiatrists are trained in both medicine and mental health, while psychologists focus solely on mental health

79
Q

What are the two main categories of treatment approaches used for psychological disorders?

A

• Psychotherapy – treatment of mental conditions by verbal
communication and interaction
• Biomedical therapies – involve interventions into a
person’s biological functioning (e.g., drug therapy)

80
Q

Know the difference between insight, behavioral, and cognitive behavioral therapies.

A
  • Insight therapies – characterized by verbal interaction used to
    enhance self-knowledge and promote healthy changes
    • Behavioral therapies – Apply principles of learning and conditioning to change client’s maladaptive behaviors
    • Cognitive behavioral therapies – combination of verbal
    interventions and behavior modification techniques to help
    clients change maladaptive patterns of thinking
81
Q

Psychodynamic

A

focuses on the psychological roots of emotional
suffering; core components are self-
reflection and self-examination

82
Q

Client-centered

A

emphasizes providing a supportive
emotional climate for clients, who help determine direction of
their therapy.

83
Q

Couples and Family Therapy

A

-Couples therapy includes partners in committed, intimate
relationships, mainly focusing on relationship issues.
-Family therapy includes a family unit as a whole, mainly
focusing on family dynamics and communication.

84
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

aims to remove the fear response to a stimulus
and substitute it with a relaxation
response

85
Q

Social Skills Training

A

designed to improve
interpersonal skills that
emphasize modeling, behavioral
rehearsal, and shaping

86
Q

Social Rhythm Therapy

A

supports the
implementation of regular, daily
patterns of activity in order to facilitate
recovery of circadian biological
processes and improve mood

87
Q

Parent Training

A

teaches parents how to use praise and
consequences more effectively to teach children to modulate
behaviors

88
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

insight therapy that
emphasizes the recovery of unconscious
conflicts, motives, and defenses

89
Q

Free association

A

directs clients to
spontaneously express their thoughts and
feelings exactly as they occur, with minimal
censorship

90
Q

Transference

A

occurs when clients relate to
their therapists in ways that mimic critical
relationships in their lives

91
Q

Resistance

A

defense mechanism used
to avoid distressing thoughts and
feelings

92
Q

Exposure Hierarchy

A

list of feared
situations that that are rank-ordered in
their ability to elicit fear

93
Q

Cognitive distortion

A

irrational thoughts that tend to
negatively influence emotions and behavior

94
Q

Eclecticism

A

choosing methods and techniques from different
schools of thought to treat a patient

95
Q

What three conditions do client-centered therapists provide?

A
  1. Genuineness
  2. Unconditional positive regard
  3. Accurate empathy
96
Q

The cognitive behavioral triangle represents the relationship between _________, _______ and __________

A

Thoughts, behaviors , feelings

97
Q

All-or-nothing thinking

A

thinking in absolutes such as “always”, “never”, or “every”

98
Q

Mind reading

A

interpreting the thoughts and beliefs of others without adequate evidence

99
Q

Fortune telling

A

expectation that a situation will turn out badly without adequate evidence

100
Q

Disqualifying the positive

A

recognizing only the negative aspects of a situation while ignoring the positive

101
Q

Over generalization

A

making broad interpretations from a single or a few events

102
Q

True or false. Individual therapy is more effective than group therapy.

A

False

103
Q

What is the most commonly used psychotherapy approach for Major Depressive Disorder and
Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

A

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

104
Q

What kind of disorders is systematic desensitization commonly used for?

A

Commonly used for anxiety disorders
such as Specific Phobias, Agoraphobia,
Social Anxiety Disorder, Generalized
Anxiety Disorder, and PTSD

105
Q

What disorder are mood stabilizers most commonly prescribed for?

A

Commonly used for mood disorders
such as Bipolar 1 & 2, and Major
Depressive Disorder

106
Q

What disorder are stimulants most commonly prescribed for?

A

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

107
Q

What neurotransmitter do SSRI’s (antidepressants) slow the reuptake of?

A

Serotonin

108
Q

What works better? Therapy or medication?

A

• It depends!
• For most disorders, a combination of psychotherapy and
medication management is supported by the research.
• Research which investigates non-western approaches to
treatment is limited.
• Even within psychological disorders, the efficacy of treatment
approaches will vary from person to person.

Psychology 101 (6 decks)

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