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Psychology 101 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What two disciplines is psychology deeply rooted in?

A

Philosophy and physiology 

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2
Q

Who is the father of psychology?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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3
Q

First definition of psychology 

A

The study of the mind or the scientific study of conscious experience 

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4
Q

Structuralism 

A

Analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related 

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5
Q

Introspection

A

The process by which a person gains knowledge about his or her mental emotion or emotional state as a result of the examination or observation of their conscious thoughts or feelings.

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6
Q

Functionalism

A

Investigate the function of consciousness rather than its structure 

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7
Q

Who won the battle of the schools?

A

No one 

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8
Q

Who founded psychoanalytic theory?

A

Sigmund Freud

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9
Q

What does psychoanalytic theory focus on?

A

On unconscious determinants of behavior

Raises the idea that not everything in our behavior is under conscious control 

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10
Q

Who founded behaviorism? 

A

John B Watson

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11
Q

What do behavioral believe psychological research should study

A

Scientific psychology should only study observable behavior 

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12
Q

What is behavior?

A

Overt response or activity by an organism

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13
Q

According to BF Skinner, what drives behavior

A

Behaviors are driven by consequences not by conscious decisions 

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14
Q

What myth did Leta Stetter Hollingworth research debunk ? 

A

Debunk the myth that women are not a smart as men 

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15
Q

Clinical psychology how was it born and what is it? 

A

Emerged during and after World War II to screen, military recruits and traumatize soldiers

It is a branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders


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16
Q

Define cognition 

A

Refers to the mental process involved in acquiring knowledge 

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17
Q

What do cognitive psychologist argue that psychology should study?

A

They argue that psychology must include the study of internal mental events to fully understand human behavior 

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18
Q

Humanism

A

Emphasizes unique qualities of humans, such as individual freedom, and potential for personal growth 

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19
Q

Positive psychology 

A

Focus on how to make humans thrive rather than how to fix them

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20
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

Theoretical perspective, that examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value

Patterns of behaviors are products of evolution 

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21
Q

Cultural psychology 

A

Emphasizes understanding how other cultures interact and behave 

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22
Q

What is the difference between a psychologist and psychiatrist? 

A

Psychiatrist can prescribe medication and have a medical degree

Psychologist have a PhD PSYD or EDD 

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23
Q

What is the current definition of psychology?

A

The study of behavior, including the psychological and cognitive process that underlie it 

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24
Q

Behavior is shaped by 

A

Culture

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25
Q

The five steps of a scientific investigation

A

Hypothesis, method, collect, analyze, and report 

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26
Q

Theory

A

System of interrelated ideas, used to explain a set of observations 

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27
Q

Hypothesis

A

A tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables based on a theory 

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28
Q

Operational definition

A

Operations by which a variable will be measured

Ex. Someone my operationally define height as a number of inches from a persons heels to the top of their head 

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29
Q

Independent variable

A

The cause, the variable that is manipulated

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30
Q

Dependent variable

A

The effect, the variable that is affected by the manipulation 

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31
Q

Experimental group

A

Participants or subjects receive special treatment

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32
Q

Control group

A

Participants or subjects receive no treatment 

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33
Q

Extraneous Variable

A

Any variable other than the IV that could potentially influence the DV in a specific study 

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34
Q

Confounding variable

A

An extraneous variable, which is linked with the IV in such a way that it is difficult to determine which variable is influencing the DV 

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35
Q

Random assignment 

A

A procedure, in which all subjects in a study, have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition 

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36
Q

Correlation

A

The extent to which two variables are related to each other 

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37
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

The strength of a correlation which ranges from -1.00 or from +1.00 

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38
Q

Positive correlation

A

Indicates that two variables tend to increase and decrease together 

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39
Q

Negative correlation

A

Indicates that one variable increases the other tends to decrease 

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40
Q

What two aspects of correlation are researchers, primarily interested in

A

Direction and strength 

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41
Q

Correlation does not imply

A

Causation

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42
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Careful observation of behavior without intervening directly with subjects/ participants

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43
Q

Case studies

A

An in-depth investigation of an individual or special group 

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44
Q

Surveys

A

Questionnaires or interviews to gather data on attitudes , beliefs or behaviors

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45
Q

Sampling bias

A

Taking a sample that may not be representative of the population

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46
Q

Placebo effects

A

Participants expectations lead them to experience change rather than an actual effects of the IV 

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47
Q

Social desirability bias

A

Attendance to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself 

48
Q

Experimenter bias

A

A researchers expectations or preference about the outcome of a study that influence the results obtained 

49
Q

Neurons

A

Individual cells in the nervous system that receive integrate and transmit information



50
Q

Soma

A

Contains the nucleus and chemical machinery common to most cells 

51
Q

Dendrite

A

The part of the neuron that receives information 

52
Q

Axon

A

Long thin fiber that transmit signals to other neuron, muscles or glands 

53
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Insulating material that surrounds the axon


54
Q

Synapse

A

A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to another 

55
Q

Terminal buttons

A

Small knobs that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters 

56
Q

What do glial cells do?

A

Provide various types of support for neurons
Supply nourishment
Remove waste product
Provide insulation around axon 

57
Q

Resting potential

A

Stable negative charge when the cell is inactive 

58
Q

Action potential

A

Brief shift in neurons electrical charge that travels along the axon 

59
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Minimum length of time, after an action potential, during which another action potential cannot begin 

60
Q

Reuptake

A

When neurotransmitters are sponged up from the synaptic cliff by the pre-synaptic membrane 

61
Q

Post synaptic cell 

A

the cell that receives the signal from the synapse

62
Q

Pre-synaptic cell

A

the cell that transmits a signal toward a synapse

63
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemicals that transmit information

64
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Small sacs where neurotransmitters are stored in the terminal button 

65
Q

The neuron is more _________ charged when it is at rest 

A

Negative

66
Q

What is the basic idea of the all or nonlaw?

A

neurons will either transmit an impulse over the synapse to the next neuron completely or not at al

67
Q

Can a neuron half fire?

A

No

68
Q

What is the final step of neurotransmission?

A

Reuptake

69
Q

What is dopamine involved in?

A

Reward, pleasure, motivation, voluntary movement 

70
Q

What is serotonin involved in?

A

Regulation of mood, sleep, arousal, hunger 

71
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Nerves to voluntary muscle and sensory receptors

Afferent nerves - incoming nerves from periphery to CNS

Efferent nerves - outgoing from CNS to periphery 

72
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Nerves to heart, blood vessels, smooth, muscles, and glands

Sympathetic division - mobilizes, fight or flight response

Parasympathetic division - conversion of bodily resources 

73
Q

The three divisions of the brain

A

Hindbrain

Midbrain

Forebrain (biggest)

74
Q

Cerebellum

A

Movement and physical balance

75
Q

Medulla

A

Regulating heart rate and breathing

76
Q

Pons

A

Sleep/arousal

77
Q

Reticular formation

A

Responsible for modulation of muscle reflexes, breathing, pain perception

78
Q

Thalamus

A

Relays sensory information from the body to different areas of the brain for processing

79
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulation of biological needs

Four F’s : fighting, fleeing, feeding, and mating 

80
Q

Hippocampus

A

Involved in learning and memory 

81
Q

Amygdala

A

Involved in fear responses 

82
Q

Four lobes of the brain

A

Occipital lobe

Parietal lobe

Temporal lobe

Frontal lobe

83
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual signals and processing 

84
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Includes the area that registers our sense of touch 

85
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Auditory processing

86
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Voluntary movement, verbal expression, and executive functions 

87
Q

What is the difference between MRI and fMRI?

A

MRI the use of magnetic fields, radio waves and computerize enhancement to map out brain structure and fMRI a variation of MRI that can monitor blood flow and oxygen, conception, and brain to identify areas of high activity 

88
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

the scientific study of the interaction between hormones and behavior

89
Q

Consciousness

A

Awareness of internal and external stimuli 

90
Q

Sleep

A

A natural and reversible state of reduced responsiveness to external stimuli and relative inactivity, accompanied by a loss of consciousness 

91
Q

What does EEG measure?

A

Monitors the electrical activity of the brain overtime by way of electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp 

92
Q

What sleep stages are the following EEG waves associated with?

THETA

A

Drowsiness

93
Q

What sleep stages are the following EEG waves associated with?

DELTA

A

Sleep, dreaming

94
Q

Biological rhythm

A

Periodic fluctuation in physiological functioning

95
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

24 hour biological cycle found in humans and many other species 

96
Q

How does melatonin influence level of tiredness?

A

Hormone which helps control, sleep, and wakes cycle 

97
Q

Stage one

A

5 to 10 minutes
Brain power down to 50% or more producing theta waves
Hypnagogic imagery

98
Q

Stage two

A

10 to 30 minutes
Body temp drops heart rate slows
Sleep spindles

99
Q

Stage three

A

15 to 30 minutes
Muscle relax
Deep, slow, wave sleep DELTA WAVES

100
Q

REM SLEEP

A

A deep stage of sleep, mark by rapid eye, movement and high frequency brain waves 

101
Q

What is hypnagogia?

A

the transitional state from wakefulness to sleep

102
Q

Does activity in the amygdala and hippocampus increase or decrease during REM sleep?

A

Increase

103
Q

Adaptive theories

A

all species have adapted to sleep during periods of time when wakefulness would be the most hazardous

104
Q

Restorative theories

A

sleep allows for the body to repair and replete cellular components necessary for biological functions that become depleted throughout an awake day

105
Q

Memory consolidation theory

A

the process by which a temporary, labile memory is transformed into a more stable, long-lasting form

106
Q

Insomnia

A

Chronicle problems and getting adequate sleep that results in daytime, fatigue, and impaired functioning

107
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Mark by sudden and irresistible onset of sleep during normal normal waking periods 

108
Q

Dream protection theory

A

Chief, purpose of dreams as wish fulfillment

109
Q

Activation synthesis

A

Dreams reflect the brains at attempt to make sense of random and internally generated neural signals during REM

110
Q

Sedatives

A

Relaxation, anxiety, reduction, and pain relief

111
Q

Stimulants

A

Elation, excitement, increase, alertness, increase energy, and reduce fatigue 

112
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Increase sensory awareness, euphoria, altered, perceptions, hallucinations, and insightful experiences 

113
Q

What are the symptoms of substance use disorder?

A

Significant impairment or distress, which occurs as a result of drug use

114
Q

Tolerance

A

More of the drugs needed to achieve intoxication

115
Q

Dependency 

A

Drug is used to avoid withdrawal symptoms 

Psychology 101 (6 decks)

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