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Bio Final > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Phyla containing anemones:

A

have 2 germ layers

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2
Q

Chordates first undergo _____

A

radial cleavage

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3
Q

Mesoderm has a false coelom because ____

A

the mesoderm is contacting ectoderm on one side and the cavity is on the other

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4
Q

Deuterostomes:

A

forms a anus first meaning they have a complete gut forming tube-within-a tube

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5
Q

Platyhelminthes have a _______ and are ______

A
  • a blind gut
  • Triploblastic organisms
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6
Q

Ancestral ploidy state of the MRCA ______

A

have diploid-dominant

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7
Q

Pathway that leads to most diversity ______

A

triploblastic, coelomate protostomes

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8
Q

Endoderm-

A

blastula becomes differentiated and germ layer appears during gastrulation

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9
Q

Mesoderm-

A

surrounded entirely by cells by this germ layer

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10
Q

Nematoda and Arthropoda share ______

A

molting as a homologous trait
- ecdysis

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11
Q

Individual parasitoid wasp is dioecious _____

A

contains either male/female organs

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12
Q

_______ of a tapeworm ______ modified head segment

A

Holdfast; scolex

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13
Q

Mitotic cell division ______

A

animals go from single cell diploid zygote to many cells

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14
Q

Cephalization-

A
  • process that creates fused functionally similar segments
  • organisms with bilateral symmetry more efficient at moving and responds to stimuli/finding food
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15
Q

Cnidocytes-

A

along the tentacles are what shoots out of the harpoon during feeding response of Anemones

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16
Q

Cnidarian nervous systems ______

A

are nerve impulses are transmitted in both directions across a network of nerves

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17
Q

Spicules-

A

supportive, calcareous siliceous, structured in the body wall of many sponges. Sharp and deter predation (not sea turtles)

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18
Q

Platyhelminthes-

A

Triploblastic, No coelom, Incomplete gut

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19
Q

Mate choice

A

(sexual selection); parental care- ability to fertilize eggs directly increases the strength of and investments in and in some reptiles and almost all birds

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20
Q

Phyla containing tapeworms, how many germ layers?

A

3 germ layers

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21
Q

The nematodes first undergo which form of cleavage ______

A
  • spiral cleavage
  • Protostomes
    -Mouth first
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22
Q

Protostomes: mouth forms before the anus, therefore they have a ______

A

Complete gut forms tube-within-a tube

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23
Q

Of the triploblastic organisms, only the __ have no gut

A
  • Nematodes
  • pseudocoelomate
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24
Q

During Blastulation a hollow ball (blastula) forms, what structure predates the blastula ______

A

Zygote, nucleus, mitochondria

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25
Q

What structure will eventually become part of the digestive tube in mammals _____

A

pharyngeal slits

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26
Q

Polycheate annelids can move along the bottom of the ocean, this happens when:

A

hydrostatic skeleton constricts and change the shape of fluid filled compartment

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27
Q

The venomous stinger of a scorpion is in the most posterior body structure, a modified __

A

abdomen segment

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28
Q

The hollow, gut tube (alimentary canal) is surrounded entirely by cells from which germ layer ______

A

endoderm

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29
Q

Most phylogenies place the __ as the sister taxa to all extant reptiles. They even have laws on their digits

A

monophyletic group containing modern birds (aves)

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30
Q

Hard cuticle of which of these pairs is composed of mineralized chitin and is shed to allow for growth _____

A

crabs and centipedes

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31
Q

Hydra depicted on the right has only one opening into its __ and therefore the gut is __

A

GVC; Sac-like

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32
Q

Feeding ecology of animals is driven by the need to find prey items to consume, this has lead to many strategies in the animal kingdom. Which of these is not a strategy?

A

Chemosynthesisizing methane into usable sugars

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33
Q

Flatworm; best describes the nervous system _______

A

cephalization with bilateral symmetry and ladder like nerves connected to an anterior brain

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34
Q

Two groups independently evolved a closed circulatory system:

A

Cephalopods (squids, octopus) and chordates (mammals, fish, all reptiles)

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35
Q

Owls and bats have similar nervous systems control mechanisms, probably due to their bilateral symmetry and cephalization. These similar structural and physiological adaptations are the results of _____

A

Homologous development of nerves and sensory organs

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36
Q

Which of the following traits is not a main feature of all animals _____

A

haploid-dominant life cycle with larva

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37
Q

Hox genes, determine the order or the body plan. The genes start building at the head and work the tail, in this anatomical direction ____

A

Anterior-Posterior

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38
Q

Open circulatory systems have evolved independently multiple times, which of these have an open system _____

A

Main Lobster (Crustacea)

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39
Q

Sponges are most accurately describes as being __? A sponge feeds by __

A

Filter feeders; beating the flagella or collar cells to for a current and food is absorbed by collar cells

40
Q

Unique feathers of a cnidarian nervous system, which features is important to Cnidarians _____

A

nerve impulses are transmitted in both directions across a network of nerves

41
Q

Animals with 3 well-defined germ layers and that have a solid mass of tissue with reproductive tissues and organs nestled inside a body cavity are both _____

A

coelomate and triploblastic

42
Q

Chordates are incredibly diverse yet they share 3 main characteristics ____

A

Triploblastic, True Coeloms, Complete guts

43
Q

Advantage of having a larval stage in animals:

A
  • larva can disperse, lowering competition with adults
  • larva feed on different food items, lowering competition with adults
  • adults can specialize on reproduction, and Larva can focus on growth
44
Q

Anthozoa (the corals) a symbiotic relationship forms between the cnidarian and dinoflagellate, unfortunately climate change and changes in water quality has led to the dinoflagellate escaping the relationship. This has led to massive die offs on coral reefs, and is commonly known as __

A

Coral Bleaching

45
Q

When predator and prey continually respond to each others` adaptations with new or novel approaches (often leading to elaborate defensive mechanisms or predatory modes), we call this an __

A

evolutionary arms race

46
Q

Some herbivores are generalists or specialists, with some grazing and others browsing. These are strategies to find food. Which group can survive drought conditions best _____

A

small bodied, browsers

47
Q

The larval form of an Ascidian Sea Squirt is missing which trait of chordates _____

A

None. Has all post anal tail, notochord, pharyngeal slits

48
Q

Mollusca phyla has several key components, some are heavily modified and diverse, others are highly conserved. Which of these features is found in ALL mollusks?

A

mantle covering the visceral mass

49
Q

The processes that controls and maintains are internally stable body are collectively called:

A

homeostasis

50
Q

The feeding response of Planarian flatworms is interesting. They detect prey with chemo sensory organs in their head, but they attack the prey with a(n) __ shot out of their __

A

muscular pharynx; midbody

51
Q

The evolution of gills in some animal clades dramatically increased __ and increases rate of diffusion (a metabolic process)

A

surface area exposed to the environment

52
Q

All modern birds are covered in feathers but not all can fly. Flight is not universal in extant birds. Why?

A

Flightless birds lost the ability, yet are still able to survive and reproduce, the cost of flightless nests does not outweigh the survival of the species

53
Q

Closed circulatory systems evolved independently three times, which of these is necessary in a closed system?

A

Both capillary beds and multi chambered hearts

54
Q

The notochord is surrounded entirely by cells from which germ layer?

A

Mesoderm

55
Q
A
56
Q

Most phylogenies place the ___ as the sister taxa to all animals. They even look similar to the feeding cells of most sponges.

A

Monophyletic group containing choanoflagellates

57
Q

The only diploblastic phyla is the ____

A

Cnidaria

58
Q

Sponge cells can reaggregate, which is great for sponge harvesters and the sponge itself but means the sponges lack true _____.

A

tissues

59
Q

Which of these sequences is correctly ordered from simplest to most complex?

A

Zygote Blastula Gastrula  Triplobalstic

60
Q

Tunicate larva have very rudimentary eyespots, the adult Sea Squirts have _____.

A

No eyes

61
Q

With its two siphons and a filter, a sea squirt (Urochordate) obtains food most like a _____

A

Bivalve

62
Q

Which character state separates the sister genera Homo (Humans) and Pan?

A

Chromosome 5 inversion

63
Q

According to the evidence collected so far, the animal kingdom is ____

A

Monophyletic

64
Q

The _______ are supportive, calcareous or siliceous structures in the body wall of many sponges. They are sharp and should deter predation (except for Sea Turtles, who just don’t care).

A

Spicules

65
Q

Sea urchins are _________ and achieve fertilization through _________.

A

dioecious; spawning

66
Q

The notochord is a flexible rod-shaped structure composed of ____ and located ___ the hollow nerve cord.

A

Collagen; below (dorsal to)

67
Q

Chordata synapomorphies

A

Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, slits, and post anus cord

68
Q

Which of these taxa does not have external fertilization?

A

birds

69
Q

The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a(n) _______

A

Heterotrophic Protist

70
Q

During animal life cycles, which phase is often lost (or only present during development)?

A

larva

71
Q

A mollusk with many feet (like Squid, Octopus, Nautilus) would be in the class ______.

A

Cephalopoda

72
Q

Off the coast of what country can you find Queen Conch grazing on Sea Grass beds?

A

USA

73
Q

Parasitic Platyhelminthes have a free-living ______ stage.

A

Larval

74
Q

The Nematoda are unique amongst all animal phyla in that they have a _____, which is more simple than their ancestors.

A

Pseudocoelom

75
Q

Which group is the most diverse (most speciose) within the Vertebrates?

A

Actinopterygii (Ray-finned Fishes)

76
Q

The notochord is a flexible rod-shaped structure composed of ____ and located ___ the hollow nerve cord.

A

Collagen; below (dorsal to)

77
Q

Animals with three well-defined germ layers and that have one solid mass of tissue rather than tissues and organs nestled inside a body cavity are ______

A

acoelomate and triploblastic

78
Q

The cocoon, which contains the fertilized eggs, in the earthworm is produced by the

A

Clitellum

79
Q

Nematocysts:

A

specialized organelles found in the cells of cnidarians, which include jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals. These organelles are characteristic features of cnidarians and are primarily used for capturing prey, defense, and locomotion.

80
Q

Sponges are most accurately described as ______

A

filter feeders

81
Q

Which of the following is unique to animals?

A

Nervous conduction and muscular movement

82
Q

Evidence indicates that an ancestral finch species from South America arrived on the Galapágos Islands and formed many new species, adapting to the diverse environments on the islands. With the evolution of these new bird species on the Galapágos Islands, we would expect to find a corresponding

A

increase in the number of bird parasites on the Galapágos Islands

83
Q

Which Chordate group uses incurrent and excurrent siphons to create water flow to filter for food?

A

Urochordates (Sea Squirts)

84
Q

Categorize the life cycle depicted below. Hint: Hydra are animals (not plants or protists).

A

Asexual

85
Q

Which of these, if true, would support the claim that the ancestral cnidarians had bilateral symmetry?

A

Cnidarian larvae possess anterior-posterior, left-right, and dorsal-ventral aspects.

86
Q

Which of the following functions as both a mouth and an anus in members of the phylum Cnidaria?

A

Gastrovascular Cavity

87
Q

Early in development the pharyngeal slits primary role was in _____ they acted as a filter collecting materials and nutrients.

A

Feeding

88
Q

The notochord is a flexible rod-shaped structure composed of ____ and located ___ the hollow nerve cord.

A

Collagen; below (dorsal to)

89
Q

What structure in Earthworms produces the cocoon that surrounds the eggs?

A

Clitellum

90
Q

Most phylogenies place the ___ as the sister taxa to all animals, based on presence of collar cells, which look very similar to the feeding cells of a sponge.

A

Choanoflagellates

91
Q

A consistent characteristic of animals is that they have _____ life-cycles, which involves both meiosis and mitosis.

A

Diploid-dominant

92
Q

The cephalopod nervous system is best described as ______

A

the most advanced among molluscs

93
Q

Which mollusk group has primitive sex organs that can also be used for locomotion and prey capture?

A

Octopi and Squids

94
Q

Platyhelminthes, or the flatworms, are incredibly diverse yet they share three main characteristics:

A

Triploblastic, No coelom, Incomplete gut

95
Q

Which of these is a homology between Nematoda and Annelida?

A

Bilateral symmetry

96
Q

The tadpole larva of an Ascidian Sea Squirt is missing which trait of chordates?

A

None of the chordate synapomorphic traits are missing

Bio Final (6 decks)

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