Exam 3 Flashcards
Phyla containing anemones:
have 2 germ layers
Chordates first undergo _____
radial cleavage
Mesoderm has a false coelom because ____
the mesoderm is contacting ectoderm on one side and the cavity is on the other
Deuterostomes:
forms a anus first meaning they have a complete gut forming tube-within-a tube
Platyhelminthes have a _______ and are ______
- a blind gut
- Triploblastic organisms
Ancestral ploidy state of the MRCA ______
have diploid-dominant
Pathway that leads to most diversity ______
triploblastic, coelomate protostomes
Endoderm-
blastula becomes differentiated and germ layer appears during gastrulation
Mesoderm-
surrounded entirely by cells by this germ layer
Nematoda and Arthropoda share ______
molting as a homologous trait
- ecdysis
Individual parasitoid wasp is dioecious _____
contains either male/female organs
_______ of a tapeworm ______ modified head segment
Holdfast; scolex
Mitotic cell division ______
animals go from single cell diploid zygote to many cells
Cephalization-
- process that creates fused functionally similar segments
- organisms with bilateral symmetry more efficient at moving and responds to stimuli/finding food
Cnidocytes-
along the tentacles are what shoots out of the harpoon during feeding response of Anemones
Cnidarian nervous systems ______
are nerve impulses are transmitted in both directions across a network of nerves
Spicules-
supportive, calcareous siliceous, structured in the body wall of many sponges. Sharp and deter predation (not sea turtles)
Platyhelminthes-
Triploblastic, No coelom, Incomplete gut
Mate choice
(sexual selection); parental care- ability to fertilize eggs directly increases the strength of and investments in and in some reptiles and almost all birds
Phyla containing tapeworms, how many germ layers?
3 germ layers
The nematodes first undergo which form of cleavage ______
- spiral cleavage
- Protostomes
-Mouth first
Protostomes: mouth forms before the anus, therefore they have a ______
Complete gut forms tube-within-a tube
Of the triploblastic organisms, only the __ have no gut
- Nematodes
- pseudocoelomate
During Blastulation a hollow ball (blastula) forms, what structure predates the blastula ______
Zygote, nucleus, mitochondria
What structure will eventually become part of the digestive tube in mammals _____
pharyngeal slits
Polycheate annelids can move along the bottom of the ocean, this happens when:
hydrostatic skeleton constricts and change the shape of fluid filled compartment
The venomous stinger of a scorpion is in the most posterior body structure, a modified __
abdomen segment
The hollow, gut tube (alimentary canal) is surrounded entirely by cells from which germ layer ______
endoderm
Most phylogenies place the __ as the sister taxa to all extant reptiles. They even have laws on their digits
monophyletic group containing modern birds (aves)
Hard cuticle of which of these pairs is composed of mineralized chitin and is shed to allow for growth _____
crabs and centipedes
Hydra depicted on the right has only one opening into its __ and therefore the gut is __
GVC; Sac-like
Feeding ecology of animals is driven by the need to find prey items to consume, this has lead to many strategies in the animal kingdom. Which of these is not a strategy?
Chemosynthesisizing methane into usable sugars
Flatworm; best describes the nervous system _______
cephalization with bilateral symmetry and ladder like nerves connected to an anterior brain
Two groups independently evolved a closed circulatory system:
Cephalopods (squids, octopus) and chordates (mammals, fish, all reptiles)
Owls and bats have similar nervous systems control mechanisms, probably due to their bilateral symmetry and cephalization. These similar structural and physiological adaptations are the results of _____
Homologous development of nerves and sensory organs
Which of the following traits is not a main feature of all animals _____
haploid-dominant life cycle with larva
Hox genes, determine the order or the body plan. The genes start building at the head and work the tail, in this anatomical direction ____
Anterior-Posterior
Open circulatory systems have evolved independently multiple times, which of these have an open system _____
Main Lobster (Crustacea)
Sponges are most accurately describes as being __? A sponge feeds by __
Filter feeders; beating the flagella or collar cells to for a current and food is absorbed by collar cells
Unique feathers of a cnidarian nervous system, which features is important to Cnidarians _____
nerve impulses are transmitted in both directions across a network of nerves
Animals with 3 well-defined germ layers and that have a solid mass of tissue with reproductive tissues and organs nestled inside a body cavity are both _____
coelomate and triploblastic
Chordates are incredibly diverse yet they share 3 main characteristics ____
Triploblastic, True Coeloms, Complete guts
Advantage of having a larval stage in animals:
- larva can disperse, lowering competition with adults
- larva feed on different food items, lowering competition with adults
- adults can specialize on reproduction, and Larva can focus on growth
Anthozoa (the corals) a symbiotic relationship forms between the cnidarian and dinoflagellate, unfortunately climate change and changes in water quality has led to the dinoflagellate escaping the relationship. This has led to massive die offs on coral reefs, and is commonly known as __
Coral Bleaching
When predator and prey continually respond to each others` adaptations with new or novel approaches (often leading to elaborate defensive mechanisms or predatory modes), we call this an __
evolutionary arms race
Some herbivores are generalists or specialists, with some grazing and others browsing. These are strategies to find food. Which group can survive drought conditions best _____
small bodied, browsers
The larval form of an Ascidian Sea Squirt is missing which trait of chordates _____
None. Has all post anal tail, notochord, pharyngeal slits
Mollusca phyla has several key components, some are heavily modified and diverse, others are highly conserved. Which of these features is found in ALL mollusks?
mantle covering the visceral mass
The processes that controls and maintains are internally stable body are collectively called:
homeostasis
The feeding response of Planarian flatworms is interesting. They detect prey with chemo sensory organs in their head, but they attack the prey with a(n) __ shot out of their __
muscular pharynx; midbody
The evolution of gills in some animal clades dramatically increased __ and increases rate of diffusion (a metabolic process)
surface area exposed to the environment
All modern birds are covered in feathers but not all can fly. Flight is not universal in extant birds. Why?
Flightless birds lost the ability, yet are still able to survive and reproduce, the cost of flightless nests does not outweigh the survival of the species
Closed circulatory systems evolved independently three times, which of these is necessary in a closed system?
Both capillary beds and multi chambered hearts
The notochord is surrounded entirely by cells from which germ layer?
Mesoderm
Most phylogenies place the ___ as the sister taxa to all animals. They even look similar to the feeding cells of most sponges.
Monophyletic group containing choanoflagellates
The only diploblastic phyla is the ____
Cnidaria
Sponge cells can reaggregate, which is great for sponge harvesters and the sponge itself but means the sponges lack true _____.
tissues
Which of these sequences is correctly ordered from simplest to most complex?
Zygote Blastula Gastrula Triplobalstic
Tunicate larva have very rudimentary eyespots, the adult Sea Squirts have _____.
No eyes
With its two siphons and a filter, a sea squirt (Urochordate) obtains food most like a _____
Bivalve
Which character state separates the sister genera Homo (Humans) and Pan?
Chromosome 5 inversion
According to the evidence collected so far, the animal kingdom is ____
Monophyletic
The _______ are supportive, calcareous or siliceous structures in the body wall of many sponges. They are sharp and should deter predation (except for Sea Turtles, who just don’t care).
Spicules
Sea urchins are _________ and achieve fertilization through _________.
dioecious; spawning
The notochord is a flexible rod-shaped structure composed of ____ and located ___ the hollow nerve cord.
Collagen; below (dorsal to)
Chordata synapomorphies
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, slits, and post anus cord
Which of these taxa does not have external fertilization?
birds
The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a(n) _______
Heterotrophic Protist
During animal life cycles, which phase is often lost (or only present during development)?
larva
A mollusk with many feet (like Squid, Octopus, Nautilus) would be in the class ______.
Cephalopoda
Off the coast of what country can you find Queen Conch grazing on Sea Grass beds?
USA
Parasitic Platyhelminthes have a free-living ______ stage.
Larval
The Nematoda are unique amongst all animal phyla in that they have a _____, which is more simple than their ancestors.
Pseudocoelom
Which group is the most diverse (most speciose) within the Vertebrates?
Actinopterygii (Ray-finned Fishes)
The notochord is a flexible rod-shaped structure composed of ____ and located ___ the hollow nerve cord.
Collagen; below (dorsal to)
Animals with three well-defined germ layers and that have one solid mass of tissue rather than tissues and organs nestled inside a body cavity are ______
acoelomate and triploblastic
The cocoon, which contains the fertilized eggs, in the earthworm is produced by the
Clitellum
Nematocysts:
specialized organelles found in the cells of cnidarians, which include jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals. These organelles are characteristic features of cnidarians and are primarily used for capturing prey, defense, and locomotion.
Sponges are most accurately described as ______
filter feeders
Which of the following is unique to animals?
Nervous conduction and muscular movement
Evidence indicates that an ancestral finch species from South America arrived on the Galapágos Islands and formed many new species, adapting to the diverse environments on the islands. With the evolution of these new bird species on the Galapágos Islands, we would expect to find a corresponding
increase in the number of bird parasites on the Galapágos Islands
Which Chordate group uses incurrent and excurrent siphons to create water flow to filter for food?
Urochordates (Sea Squirts)
Categorize the life cycle depicted below. Hint: Hydra are animals (not plants or protists).
Asexual
Which of these, if true, would support the claim that the ancestral cnidarians had bilateral symmetry?
Cnidarian larvae possess anterior-posterior, left-right, and dorsal-ventral aspects.
Which of the following functions as both a mouth and an anus in members of the phylum Cnidaria?
Gastrovascular Cavity
Early in development the pharyngeal slits primary role was in _____ they acted as a filter collecting materials and nutrients.
Feeding
The notochord is a flexible rod-shaped structure composed of ____ and located ___ the hollow nerve cord.
Collagen; below (dorsal to)
What structure in Earthworms produces the cocoon that surrounds the eggs?
Clitellum
Most phylogenies place the ___ as the sister taxa to all animals, based on presence of collar cells, which look very similar to the feeding cells of a sponge.
Choanoflagellates
A consistent characteristic of animals is that they have _____ life-cycles, which involves both meiosis and mitosis.
Diploid-dominant
The cephalopod nervous system is best described as ______
the most advanced among molluscs
Which mollusk group has primitive sex organs that can also be used for locomotion and prey capture?
Octopi and Squids
Platyhelminthes, or the flatworms, are incredibly diverse yet they share three main characteristics:
Triploblastic, No coelom, Incomplete gut
Which of these is a homology between Nematoda and Annelida?
Bilateral symmetry
The tadpole larva of an Ascidian Sea Squirt is missing which trait of chordates?
None of the chordate synapomorphic traits are missing
