Exam 2 Flashcards
Some green algae exhibit alteration of gen. All land plants exhibit alteration of gen. No charophytes exhibit alteration of gen. Keeping in mind the recent evidence from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that:
Plants evolved alteration of gen independently of green algae.
Mitotic activity by the__________ of a root directly leads to increased absorption of minerals & nutrients.
apical meristem
What are the 3 types of meristems
Meristems are classified by their location in the plant as - apical (located at root and shoot tips)
- lateral (in the vascular and cork cambia), and
- intercalary (at internodes, or stem regions between the places at which leaves attach, and leaf bases, especially of certain monocotyledons—e.g., grasses).
A scientist sequences the genome of a member of Chara, a red algae, & a tomato plant. What result would support the conclusion that Charophytes (Chara) should be included as sister to plant lineage?
Chara genome is more like the tomato genome than the red algae genome.
Charophytes
Although the Charophytes are similar in traits to plants, specific characteristics differentiate plants from Charophytes.
These traits are the presence of stomata and cuticles, rigid spore walls, and multicellular embryos
When stomata open,
Water vapor is lost to the external environment, increasing transpiration rate.
Stoma
A pore found in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs, that controls the rate of gas exchange between the internal air spaces of the leaf and the atmosphere.
The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division?
Mitosis
Angiosperm
The seeds of angiosperms develop in the ovaries of flowers and are surrounded by a protective fruit.
Gymnosperm
Gymnosperm seeds are usually formed in unisexual cones, known as strobili, and the plants lack fruits and flowers.
Which trait(s) is (are) shared by many modern gymnosperms & angiosperms?
1. Pollen transported by wind
2. Vascular tissue
3. Microscopic gametophytes
4. Showy flowers
- Pollen transported by wind
- Vascular tissue
- Microscopic gametophytes
Reproductive Structures: Angiosperm and gymnosperm
- Angiosperms produce flowers for reproduction, which contain ovaries that enclose seeds.
- Gymnosperms typically produce cones for -reproduction, with naked seeds exposed on the surface of cone scales.
Seeds: Angiosperms and Gymnosperms
- Angiosperms produce seeds enclosed within fruits.
- Gymnosperms produce seeds that are not enclosed within a fruit but are instead exposed on the surface of cone scales.
Flowering Structures: Angiosperms and Gymnosperms
- Angiosperms have flowers with petals, sepals, stamens (male reproductive structures), and pistils (female reproductive structures).
- Gymnosperms typically have cones that contain male and female reproductive structures, but they lack true flowers.
Generally, wind pollination is most likely to be found in seed plants that grow in
dense, single species stands or forests.
In the alteration of gen of Gymnosperms, the_____ produces haploid gametes by mitosis.
gametophyte
gametophyte
– A gametophyte is one of the two alternating multicellular phases in the life cycles of plants and algae.
– It is a haploid multicellular organism that develops from a haploid spore that has one set of chromosomes. The gametophyte is the sexual phase in the life cycle of plants and algae.
Transpiration moves water from ____ water potential, and thus ______ cost the plant energy.
high to low; does not
_____ (dead) transport water & minerals (one way).
Xylem
______ (alive) require energy to transport sugar & nutrients (two ways: from leaves to the sites of sugar use & to the sugar storage units).
Phloem
Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of:
Secondary endosymbiosis where chloroplast containing primitive eukaryotes were engulfed
During the process of evolution of angiosperm clade
the gametophyte became reduced, smaller, simpler, & short lived.
Apical meristems major function
is to produce more cells via mitosis
The colonial protists, like Volvox, provide strong evidence for the evolution of
multicellularity in modern plants.
If a leaf is bright green to the naked eye, then it typically is full of pigments, like _____, that _______ wavelengths of light.
chlorophylls; reflect the green
If a plant’s root space is colonized by nitrogen-fixing bacteria
it will likely grow faster than an uninfected plant.
Which of the following cell layers is primarily responsible for photosynthesis?
Columnar palisade cells
Columnar palisade cells
This means the cells are elongated into columns and are stacked side by side. These cells form a layer of upright column-shaped cells. The palisade cell layer forms one part of the mesophyll along with the spongy mesophyll in the leaf and is the location of photosynthesis.
Plants try to maximize their ________, by decreasing the energy needed (expended) for cellular respiration vs. energy gained (created) by photosynthesis.
growth potential
The pollen tubes of angiosperms compete with their rivals once they reach the flower. This is a great example of:
Natural selection -> fastest growing pollen tube wins the race & therefore gets the chance to contribute to the next generation.
The ancestral state of all plants with a vascular system
was to have no true vascular system, & limited to two-dimension growth.
vascular system
The plant vascular system is a complicated network of conducting tissues that interconnects all organs and transports water, minerals, nutrients, organic compounds, and various signaling molecules throughout the plant body.
The advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to:
An extensive surface area that is well suited for invasive growth & absorptive nutrition.
According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, mitochondria originated:
From engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria.
Which of the following has the lowest (most negative) water potential?
Air spaces in the spongy mesophyll of a leaf.
The study of plants is
botany
Gametes combine in sexual reproduction in the_____ step, which creates a_____.
fertilization; zygote
Bryophytes
is most dependent on water for both sex & growth.
The major adaptation which fully cemented flowering plants as the primary colonizer of land was:
Sex without the need for water.
Plant leaves can be modified based on the evolutionary pressures facing the plant. In xerophytic plants, it is common to see the leaves to modified into:
Spines or thorns.
The double fertilization in angiosperms results in a zygote which develops into a(n)———- and a polar body or nutrient sibling which forms the———-.
embryo; endosperm
Which of the following is an example of secondary growth?
Increase in thickness or girth of hibiscus plants in the FIU greenhouse
Secondary growth
the outward growth of the plant, making it thicker and wider.
- Secondary growth is important to woody plants because they grow much taller than other plants and need more support in their stems and roots.
- Lateral meristems are the dividing cells in secondary growth, and produce secondary tissues.
Unlike animals which grow in a coordinated manner, plants add new growth to old growth, aka _______. This is helpful when aging a really tall grass plant (like bamboo).
- modular growth
This is helpful when aging a really tall grass plant (like bamboo).
Which of these pollination syndromes is correctly paired?
White flowers without landing pads & moths.
Plants that grow on other plants, without causing harm to the host, are ______.
epiphytic
- They reach their greatest diversity in the tropic, but the campus of FIU has some pretty amazing examples
Specialization of roles within the individual’s cells is called
division of labor
Double fertilization means that
One sperm is needed to fertilize the egg; a second sperm is needed to fertilize the polar nuclei.
The majority of a plants mass as it grows throughout its life come from?
CO2 from the atmosphere
Land plants have symbiotic interactions with soil __ that create mycorrhiza’s, and increase _ and therefore __.
fungi; surface area; metabolism
Only the angiosperms evolved flowers, this allows them to ______
Have sex and reproduction inside the flower
Which characteristics of land plants is absent in their closest relative, charophyte algae _______
waxy cuticles
Why do some plants want the pollinator to pseudo populate with their flower ______
activity increases chance that pollen grains stick to the pollinator
Pof land plant evolution, the __ in the life cycle became reduced in size and completely dependent on the __ for nutrients
gametophyte; sporophyte
Plants must defend against attacks from insects and other herbivores. Which of these materials Or resources is derived from a plant defensive tactic
rubber or latex
Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Features is unique to them and help, account for their success?
fruits enclosing seeds
Challenges for survival for first land plants include_____
how to transfer sperm, prevent desiccation, lack of structural support
Flower displays
- radial symmetry
- they have many different lines of symmetry (dividing them into matching halves) and the lines cross one another at the center.
Vascular system of land plants works to transport:
water and minerals in the xylem
In organisms an increase in __ leads to one __
surface area; metabolism
Fertilization
gametes combine in sexual reporduction creating zygote
Dicot
- Most flowers
- Vascular bundles in a ring
Monocot
- Long narrow leaf
- Vascular bundles scattered
- Grass and palm trees
True of phylogenetic tree____
hypothetical and based primarily on morphology
Cross section of a plant leaf is looked under the microscope, single layer epidermis thin cuticle found upper surface. Microscopic evidence alone, the plat probably browns in
mesophytic; mild temp. And consistent rainfall
In the figure, which structure produces haploid gametes by mitosis?
Gametophyte
CAM plants keep stomata closed in daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they ______
fix CO2 into organic acids during the night when temperatures are cooler.
Unlike animals which grow in a coordinated manner, plants add new growth to old growth, also known as _____ growth. This is helpful when aging a plant.
Modular or secondary
Because the monocots lack ____, it is more difficult for them to grow into true giant sizes, but the “bamboos” are functionally trees in their environments?
Secondary growth
What characteristics are shared by all land plants? Select all that apply-
- Alternation of Generations
- Multicellular 2N embryo
- Mycorrhizal symbionts
- Cuticle
- Spores with tough outer coat
In the simplified tree, which group is most dependent on water for both sex and growth?
Bryophytes
The major adaptation which fully cemented plants colonization of land and gives us the millions of varieties we see today was:
Sex inside the cone or flower
The first land plants resembled Bryophytes and were similarly small and limited to moist environments. The emergence of plants with ____ allowed for rapid colonization of land and rapid vertical growth.
Vascular Tissue
Which of these plants is adapted fro xerohytic conditions?
Saguaro Cactus
Xerohytic conditions?
refer to environments characterized by low water availability, typically found in arid and semi-arid regions where water loss exceeds precipitation. These conditions present challenges to plant survival due to the scarcity of water, high temperatures, and often poor soil quality
An evolutionary strategy of plants growing in nutrient poor soils, like swamps and bogs, is to convert leaves into ____ .
Pitchers and traps
