Exam 2 Flashcards
Some green algae exhibit alteration of gen. All land plants exhibit alteration of gen. No charophytes exhibit alteration of gen. Keeping in mind the recent evidence from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that:
Plants evolved alteration of gen independently of green algae.
Mitotic activity by the__________ of a root directly leads to increased absorption of minerals & nutrients.
apical meristem
What are the 3 types of meristems
Meristems are classified by their location in the plant as - apical (located at root and shoot tips)
- lateral (in the vascular and cork cambia), and
- intercalary (at internodes, or stem regions between the places at which leaves attach, and leaf bases, especially of certain monocotyledons—e.g., grasses).
A scientist sequences the genome of a member of Chara, a red algae, & a tomato plant. What result would support the conclusion that Charophytes (Chara) should be included as sister to plant lineage?
Chara genome is more like the tomato genome than the red algae genome.
Charophytes
Although the Charophytes are similar in traits to plants, specific characteristics differentiate plants from Charophytes.
These traits are the presence of stomata and cuticles, rigid spore walls, and multicellular embryos
When stomata open,
Water vapor is lost to the external environment, increasing transpiration rate.
Stoma
A pore found in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs, that controls the rate of gas exchange between the internal air spaces of the leaf and the atmosphere.
The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division?
Mitosis
Angiosperm
The seeds of angiosperms develop in the ovaries of flowers and are surrounded by a protective fruit.
Gymnosperm
Gymnosperm seeds are usually formed in unisexual cones, known as strobili, and the plants lack fruits and flowers.
Which trait(s) is (are) shared by many modern gymnosperms & angiosperms?
1. Pollen transported by wind
2. Vascular tissue
3. Microscopic gametophytes
4. Showy flowers
- Pollen transported by wind
- Vascular tissue
- Microscopic gametophytes
Reproductive Structures: Angiosperm and gymnosperm
- Angiosperms produce flowers for reproduction, which contain ovaries that enclose seeds.
- Gymnosperms typically produce cones for -reproduction, with naked seeds exposed on the surface of cone scales.
Seeds: Angiosperms and Gymnosperms
- Angiosperms produce seeds enclosed within fruits.
- Gymnosperms produce seeds that are not enclosed within a fruit but are instead exposed on the surface of cone scales.
Flowering Structures: Angiosperms and Gymnosperms
- Angiosperms have flowers with petals, sepals, stamens (male reproductive structures), and pistils (female reproductive structures).
- Gymnosperms typically have cones that contain male and female reproductive structures, but they lack true flowers.
Generally, wind pollination is most likely to be found in seed plants that grow in
dense, single species stands or forests.
In the alteration of gen of Gymnosperms, the_____ produces haploid gametes by mitosis.
gametophyte
gametophyte
– A gametophyte is one of the two alternating multicellular phases in the life cycles of plants and algae.
– It is a haploid multicellular organism that develops from a haploid spore that has one set of chromosomes. The gametophyte is the sexual phase in the life cycle of plants and algae.
Transpiration moves water from ____ water potential, and thus ______ cost the plant energy.
high to low; does not
_____ (dead) transport water & minerals (one way).
Xylem
______ (alive) require energy to transport sugar & nutrients (two ways: from leaves to the sites of sugar use & to the sugar storage units).
Phloem
Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of:
Secondary endosymbiosis where chloroplast containing primitive eukaryotes were engulfed
During the process of evolution of angiosperm clade
the gametophyte became reduced, smaller, simpler, & short lived.
Apical meristems major function
is to produce more cells via mitosis
The colonial protists, like Volvox, provide strong evidence for the evolution of
multicellularity in modern plants.
If a leaf is bright green to the naked eye, then it typically is full of pigments, like _____, that _______ wavelengths of light.
chlorophylls; reflect the green
If a plant’s root space is colonized by nitrogen-fixing bacteria
it will likely grow faster than an uninfected plant.
Which of the following cell layers is primarily responsible for photosynthesis?
Columnar palisade cells
Columnar palisade cells
This means the cells are elongated into columns and are stacked side by side. These cells form a layer of upright column-shaped cells. The palisade cell layer forms one part of the mesophyll along with the spongy mesophyll in the leaf and is the location of photosynthesis.
Plants try to maximize their ________, by decreasing the energy needed (expended) for cellular respiration vs. energy gained (created) by photosynthesis.
growth potential
The pollen tubes of angiosperms compete with their rivals once they reach the flower. This is a great example of:
Natural selection -> fastest growing pollen tube wins the race & therefore gets the chance to contribute to the next generation.
