Exam 1 Flashcards
Sister taxa:
represents groups of organisms that share immediate common ancestor
Example of convergent evolution:
blindness in cave dwelling salamanders and blindness in burrowing marsupial moles
When using a cladistic approach to systematics, which of the following is considered most important for classification _____
shared, derived characters
Cladograms (a type of phylogenetic tree) constructed with evidence from molecular systematics _____
biochemical metabolic pathways
Principle of maximum parsimony _____
preferred tree is the one that minimizes the amount of evolutionary change
Polytomy on a phylogenetic tree represents ______
insufficient data to determine lineage relationship or an unresolved split at a node
Evidence has recently made it necessary to assign the prokaryotes (eubacteria and archaea) to either of 2 different domains rather than assigning all prokaryotes to the same kingdom (bacteria)
molecular
In comparison of birds and mammals, the condition of having four limbs is ______
a shared ancestral character
To Apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic tree, choose the tree ______
represents the fewest evolutionary changes, in either DNA sequences or morphology
3 living species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor T, as do extinct species U and V, grouping that consists of species T, X, Y, and Z (but not U or V) makes up ______
a paraphyletic group
Using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of Felines (cats), which of the following would be the best outgroup _______
wolf
Radiometric dating _____
relative decay rate of radioactive isotopes
Event that stimulated the rapid adaptive radiation and increased development of eukaryotes:
addition of oxygen to the atmosphere
Evidence that suggest limbless bodies result of convergent evolution of snakes and lizards (yes, some ~100-200 lizard species have no legs)
Snake/lizards with limbless bodies are evolved from different ancestors of legged lizards
Cladogram-
nodes represent genetic changes
Which organism on the tree has undergone the most genetic changes since divergence from the clades MRCA
Chickens
Defining characteristic that all protocols had in common______
surrounding membrane or membrane-like structure
On early Earth, more than 4 billion years ago, environmental conditions were very different from those today because _______
early earth was intense bombarded by large rocks and ice from space
What substances is hypothesized to have played a key role to facilliatate the formation of polymers of amino acid, polymers of RNA and vesicles _____
Sand, rock, clay
Majority of a bacterium`s key genetic information is located in the _____
nucleoid or circular loops of NAs
Gram staining works to differentiate the complexity of bacterial __
Cell walls
Pair of proteobacteria subgroups shown in the figure are most closely related through evolution (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon)
Beta and gamma
Steps that have not been accomplished by scientists studying the origin of life _____
abiotic synthesis of polypeptides
Statements that describe viruses_____
can reproduce by dividing
Why do people who have herpevirus-mediated cold sore or genital sore have flare-ups for the rest of their life ______
copies of herpe-virus genome remaining as mini-chromosomes in some host cell nuclei
Two extant elephant species (x and y) are placed in the genus Loxodonta, and a third species (Z) is placed in the genus Elephas. Thus which of the following statements is true ______
Species X and Y share a greater number of homologous than with species X
Speciation:
occurs when one skies splits into two or more species
Evidence that viruses are not alive includes the fact that they __
non-cellular
Based on what you know about the principle of parsimony, which of the following is most likely a synapormorphy of confirms and flowering plants?
Seeds
Two plant species live in the same biome but on different continents. Although the two species are not all closely related, they may appear quite similar as a result of _____
convergent evolution
A branch point on a phylogenetic tree represents a(n) ___ event.
Speciation
A set of characteristics that define a clade are known as __
Synapomorphies
A clade must include the __ and __ descendants to be considered monophyletic
most recent common ancestor; all of its
Trait is most helpful in showing that the “Great Apes” are sister to Gibbons and not Monkeys _____
lack of tail
The __- of an atoms nucleus is predictable and provides a way to date old objects
Radioactive decay
There have been several cataclysmic events using the Earth`s history, which wipe out 60-95% of life. We call these __ events
mass extinction
What kind of evidence has recently made it necessary to assign the prokaryotes (eubacteria and archaea) to either of two different domains rather than assigning all prokaryotes to the same kingdom (bacteria)?
Molecular
In comparison of birds and mammals, the condition of having four limbs is
A shared ancestral character
Using similarities in body symmetry and other anatomical features to assign an organism to a clade involves
- cladistics based on body plan.
- molecular-based phylogeny.
- morphology-based phylogeny.
- cladistics based on body plan.
- morphology-based phylogeny.
Most bacteria reproduce via ______
Binary Fission
Bacteria use _____ to recombine genes.
Horizontal gene transfer
What does scientific evidence indicate to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on Earth?
- origin of mitochondria
- origin of multicellular eukaryotes
- origin of chloroplasts
- origin of cyanobacteria
- origin of fungal-plant symbioses
- 4 origin of cyanobacteria
- 1 origin of mitochondria
- 3 origin of chloroplasts
- 2 origin of multicellular eukaryotes
- 5 origin of fungal-plant symbioses
Colonial protists, like Volvox, provide evidence for the evolution of ____.
Multicellularity
__________ is a term that refers to similarities among various species that occur because the species are derived from a common ancestor.
Homology
In this table the highlighted cells are considered ____ traits.
ancestral
There are 3 forms of evidence that show Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalis) were sister to Humans (H. sapiens), name one of the three lines of evidence. Spelling counts
- Genetics
- anatomy
- morphology
- Behavior
- Genes
- DNA
- Anatomy
A phylogenetic tree is a (fact, hypothesis). It shows _____ history (evolutionary, ecological). It ___ (is, is not) a simplification.
hypothesis
evolutionary
is
Protists are incredibly diverse forming at least 8 ___ compared to the better know animals, plants, and fungi.
Supergroups
Eukaryotes are monophyletic and all contain _____, which stores and protects their genetic information.
Nuclei
Which group of organisms famously went extinct during a mass extinction event?
Dinosaurs
Mass extinction events lead to at least a ____ decline in the total number of species.
60%
Evidence that viruses are not alive includes the fact that they ____.
are non-cellular
Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of ______
Secondary endosymbiosis.
Placing whales and hippos in the same clade means that:
- their morphological similarities are probably homoplasises.
- they had a common ancestor.
- these organsims are phenotypically more similar to each other than to any others shown on the trees in the figure.
One morphological feature of modern cetaceans is a vestigial pelvic girdle. If it is determined that cetacean lineage diverged from the artiodactyls’ lineage after the divergence of pigs and other artiodactyla, then what should be true of the vestigial pelvic girdle of cetaceans?
It should be considered a shared derived character of cetaceans.
The molecules that absorb light energy are _____.
Pigments
Photosynthesis creates ___ gas as a byproduct.
Oxygen
When a character matrix is arranged with the fewest changes, it is said to be:
Parsimonious
Which trait is most helpful in showing that the “Great Apes” divereged from the Gibbons and formed a sister clade?
self-recognition
Which of these Great Apes is least like the others based on phylogenetic principles and locomotion?
Orangutans
Early theories placed humans above other animals in a hierarchy, this was know as the __.
Great Chain of Being
The ____ explains how some organelles have internal membranes and their own DNA.
Endosymbiont Theory
Whihc object helped to shield Earth from bombardment of celestial debris (meteoroids, asteroids, etc.)?
Jupiter
Which event stimulated the rapid development of eukaryotes (plants, fungi, animals)?
addition of oxygen to atmosphere
Humans have ____ lifecycles.
Diploid Dominant
