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Bio Final > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sister taxa:

A

represents groups of organisms that share immediate common ancestor

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2
Q

Example of convergent evolution:

A

blindness in cave dwelling salamanders and blindness in burrowing marsupial moles

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3
Q

When using a cladistic approach to systematics, which of the following is considered most important for classification _____

A

shared, derived characters

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4
Q

Cladograms (a type of phylogenetic tree) constructed with evidence from molecular systematics _____

A

biochemical metabolic pathways

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5
Q

Principle of maximum parsimony _____

A

preferred tree is the one that minimizes the amount of evolutionary change

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6
Q

Polytomy on a phylogenetic tree represents ______

A

insufficient data to determine lineage relationship or an unresolved split at a node

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7
Q

Evidence has recently made it necessary to assign the prokaryotes (eubacteria and archaea) to either of 2 different domains rather than assigning all prokaryotes to the same kingdom (bacteria)

A

molecular

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8
Q

In comparison of birds and mammals, the condition of having four limbs is ______

A

a shared ancestral character

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9
Q

To Apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic tree, choose the tree ______

A

represents the fewest evolutionary changes, in either DNA sequences or morphology

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10
Q

3 living species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor T, as do extinct species U and V, grouping that consists of species T, X, Y, and Z (but not U or V) makes up ______

A

a paraphyletic group

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11
Q

Using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of Felines (cats), which of the following would be the best outgroup _______

A

wolf

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12
Q

Radiometric dating _____

A

relative decay rate of radioactive isotopes

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13
Q

Event that stimulated the rapid adaptive radiation and increased development of eukaryotes:

A

addition of oxygen to the atmosphere

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14
Q

Evidence that suggest limbless bodies result of convergent evolution of snakes and lizards (yes, some ~100-200 lizard species have no legs)

A

Snake/lizards with limbless bodies are evolved from different ancestors of legged lizards

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15
Q

Cladogram-

A

nodes represent genetic changes

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16
Q

Which organism on the tree has undergone the most genetic changes since divergence from the clades MRCA

A

Chickens

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17
Q

Defining characteristic that all protocols had in common______

A

surrounding membrane or membrane-like structure

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18
Q

On early Earth, more than 4 billion years ago, environmental conditions were very different from those today because _______

A

early earth was intense bombarded by large rocks and ice from space

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19
Q

What substances is hypothesized to have played a key role to facilliatate the formation of polymers of amino acid, polymers of RNA and vesicles _____

A

Sand, rock, clay

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20
Q

Majority of a bacterium`s key genetic information is located in the _____

A

nucleoid or circular loops of NAs

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21
Q

Gram staining works to differentiate the complexity of bacterial __

A

Cell walls

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22
Q

Pair of proteobacteria subgroups shown in the figure are most closely related through evolution (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon)

A

Beta and gamma

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23
Q

Steps that have not been accomplished by scientists studying the origin of life _____

A

abiotic synthesis of polypeptides

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24
Q

Statements that describe viruses_____

A

can reproduce by dividing

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25
Q

Why do people who have herpevirus-mediated cold sore or genital sore have flare-ups for the rest of their life ______

A

copies of herpe-virus genome remaining as mini-chromosomes in some host cell nuclei

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26
Q

Two extant elephant species (x and y) are placed in the genus Loxodonta, and a third species (Z) is placed in the genus Elephas. Thus which of the following statements is true ______

A

Species X and Y share a greater number of homologous than with species X

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27
Q

Speciation:

A

occurs when one skies splits into two or more species

28
Q

Evidence that viruses are not alive includes the fact that they __

A

non-cellular

29
Q

Based on what you know about the principle of parsimony, which of the following is most likely a synapormorphy of confirms and flowering plants?

A

Seeds

30
Q

Two plant species live in the same biome but on different continents. Although the two species are not all closely related, they may appear quite similar as a result of _____

A

convergent evolution

31
Q

A branch point on a phylogenetic tree represents a(n) ___ event.

A

Speciation

32
Q

A set of characteristics that define a clade are known as __

A

Synapomorphies

33
Q

A clade must include the __ and __ descendants to be considered monophyletic

A

most recent common ancestor; all of its

34
Q

Trait is most helpful in showing that the “Great Apes” are sister to Gibbons and not Monkeys _____

A

lack of tail

35
Q

The __- of an atoms nucleus is predictable and provides a way to date old objects

A

Radioactive decay

36
Q

There have been several cataclysmic events using the Earth`s history, which wipe out 60-95% of life. We call these __ events

A

mass extinction

37
Q
A
38
Q

What kind of evidence has recently made it necessary to assign the prokaryotes (eubacteria and archaea) to either of two different domains rather than assigning all prokaryotes to the same kingdom (bacteria)?

A

Molecular

39
Q

In comparison of birds and mammals, the condition of having four limbs is

A

A shared ancestral character

40
Q

Using similarities in body symmetry and other anatomical features to assign an organism to a clade involves

  1. cladistics based on body plan.
  2. molecular-based phylogeny.
  3. morphology-based phylogeny.
A
  1. cladistics based on body plan.
  2. morphology-based phylogeny.
41
Q

Most bacteria reproduce via ______

A

Binary Fission

42
Q

Bacteria use _____ to recombine genes.

A

Horizontal gene transfer

43
Q

What does scientific evidence indicate to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on Earth?

  1. origin of mitochondria
  2. origin of multicellular eukaryotes
  3. origin of chloroplasts
  4. origin of cyanobacteria
  5. origin of fungal-plant symbioses
A
  1. 4 origin of cyanobacteria
  2. 1 origin of mitochondria
  3. 3 origin of chloroplasts
  4. 2 origin of multicellular eukaryotes
  5. 5 origin of fungal-plant symbioses
44
Q

Colonial protists, like Volvox, provide evidence for the evolution of ____.

A

Multicellularity

45
Q

__________ is a term that refers to similarities among various species that occur because the species are derived from a common ancestor.

A

Homology

46
Q

In this table the highlighted cells are considered ____ traits.

A

ancestral

47
Q

There are 3 forms of evidence that show Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalis) were sister to Humans (H. sapiens), name one of the three lines of evidence. Spelling counts

A
  • Genetics
  • anatomy
  • morphology
  • Behavior
  • Genes
  • DNA
  • Anatomy
48
Q

A phylogenetic tree is a (fact, hypothesis). It shows _____ history (evolutionary, ecological). It ___ (is, is not) a simplification.

A

hypothesis
evolutionary
is

49
Q

Protists are incredibly diverse forming at least 8 ___ compared to the better know animals, plants, and fungi.

A

Supergroups

50
Q

Eukaryotes are monophyletic and all contain _____, which stores and protects their genetic information.

A

Nuclei

51
Q

Which group of organisms famously went extinct during a mass extinction event?

A

Dinosaurs

52
Q

Mass extinction events lead to at least a ____ decline in the total number of species.

A

60%

53
Q

Evidence that viruses are not alive includes the fact that they ____.

A

are non-cellular

54
Q

Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of ______

A

Secondary endosymbiosis.

55
Q

Placing whales and hippos in the same clade means that:

A
  • their morphological similarities are probably homoplasises.
  • they had a common ancestor.
  • these organsims are phenotypically more similar to each other than to any others shown on the trees in the figure.
56
Q

One morphological feature of modern cetaceans is a vestigial pelvic girdle. If it is determined that cetacean lineage diverged from the artiodactyls’ lineage after the divergence of pigs and other artiodactyla, then what should be true of the vestigial pelvic girdle of cetaceans?

A

It should be considered a shared derived character of cetaceans.

57
Q

The molecules that absorb light energy are _____.

A

Pigments

58
Q

Photosynthesis creates ___ gas as a byproduct.

A

Oxygen

59
Q

When a character matrix is arranged with the fewest changes, it is said to be:

A

Parsimonious

60
Q

Which trait is most helpful in showing that the “Great Apes” divereged from the Gibbons and formed a sister clade?

A

self-recognition

61
Q

Which of these Great Apes is least like the others based on phylogenetic principles and locomotion?

A

Orangutans

62
Q

Early theories placed humans above other animals in a hierarchy, this was know as the __.

A

Great Chain of Being

63
Q

The ____ explains how some organelles have internal membranes and their own DNA.

A

Endosymbiont Theory

64
Q

Whihc object helped to shield Earth from bombardment of celestial debris (meteoroids, asteroids, etc.)?

A

Jupiter

65
Q

Which event stimulated the rapid development of eukaryotes (plants, fungi, animals)?

A

addition of oxygen to atmosphere

66
Q

Humans have ____ lifecycles.

A

Diploid Dominant

Bio Final (6 decks)

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