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BIO 2 FINAL Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

All animals ___, a series of regulatory genes that control multicellularity?

HGNC-genes
Hox-genes
Wolbochia genes
Lac Operon genes

A

Hox Genes

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2
Q

The three types of germ layer are:

Mesoderm, Epiderm, Enteroderm
Endoderm, Ectoderm, Placoderm
Blastula, Gastrulal, Blastopore
Endoderm, Ectoderm, Mesoderm

A

Endoderm, Ectoderm, Mesoderm

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3
Q

Why are turtles able to eat sponges regardless of the spicule type?

Sea Turtles rarely eat sponges and typically die after ingesting the spicules
Sea Turtles have thick skin covered in scales and this protects even their mouths and tongue
Sea Turtles digest the sponge so slowly that they can extract enough nutrients and energy
Sea Turtles have incredible strong stomach acids which can digest the silica of the spicules

A

Sea Turtles have thick skin covered in scales and this protects even their mouths and tongue

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4
Q

Sponges have porocytes which create currents, by pulling water in through the ____ on the sides and out the top osculum.

Excurrent Pores
Vascular Tissue
Incurrent Pores
Spicules

A

Incurrent Pores

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5
Q

This figure shows the global distribution of reptiles, where are the reptiles least successful (least species richness)?

Islands and Archipelagos
Tropical Regions
Temperate Regions
Polar regions

A

Polar regions

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6
Q

The scale of reptiles is composed primarily of: ____.

Cellulose
Keratin
Chitin
Collagen

A

Keratin

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7
Q

Using similarities in body symmetry and other anatomical features to assign an organism to a clade involves:
1. cladistics based on body plan.
2. molecular-based phylogeny.
3. morphology-based phylogeny.

A

1 + 3

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8
Q

In terms of food capture, which sponge cell is most similar to the cnidocyte of a cnidarian?

Epidermal Cell
Choanocyte
Amoebocyte
Mesohyl

A

Choanocyte

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9
Q

The arthropods have a(n) ____ circulatory system, and some use ____ to obtain oxygen.

Open; Incurrent siphons
Open; Tracheal tubes
Closed; Book lungs
Closed; Gills

A

Open; Tracheal tubes

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10
Q

The arthropods:
A. make up more than three-fourths of all the known species of animals.
B. are more widely distributed throughout the world than members of any other phylum of animals.
C. are segmented eucoelomate protostomes with well-developed organ systems.
D. All of the choices are correct

A

All of the choices are correct

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11
Q

By increasing ____ in the air bacteria radically changed the atmosphere.

methane gas
oxygen gas
ozone
carbon dioxide gas

A

oxygen gas

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12
Q

____ bacteria are harmful to humans, or pathogenic.

All
Only gram-positive
Few
Most

A

Few

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13
Q

Early in development the pharyngeal slits primary role was in _____ they acted as a filter collecting materials and nutrients.

Feeding
Breathing
Structural integrity/support
Reproduction

A

Feeding

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14
Q

Based on this figure which organism will take the longest time (don’t worry about environmental or behavioral factors) to digest a meal?

All digestion takes about the same time to complete
Pigeon
Turtle
Human

A

Human

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15
Q

The organism whose skin is shown in this figure is brightly colored and full of glands (like this frog), this is an example of ____. It means it when it shows off the colors.

Aposematic coloration
Batesian Mimicry
Sexual dichromatism
Camouflage

A

Aposematic coloration

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16
Q

Based on this image, which fish taxa has the least SA in the midgut and hindgut regions?

Salmonid/ Sea bass
Eel
Blrnny/ Goby
Mullet

A

Eel

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17
Q

In general the integument of which of these taxa is the most complex?

Annelids
Birds
Amphibians
Reptiles

A

Birds

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18
Q

We enjoy eating crustacean muscles (shrimp and lobster tails, crab legs, etc.), if this is based on how the muscles attached to the skeletal system and nothing else, what other group should taste similar?

Annelids (Earthworms and Bristle worms)
Birds (everything tastes like chicken 😉)
Cephalopods (squid and octopus)
Hexapods (grasshoppers, beetles, and ants

A

Hexapods (grasshoppers, beetles, and ants)

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19
Q

Echinoderms and Chordates form the group Deuterostomes, during their development the blastopore becomes the ___ first.

Mesoderm
Coelom
Mouth
Anus

A

Anus

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20
Q

Healthy individuals of Paramecium bursaria contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella. When within their hosts, the algae are referred to as zoochlorellae. In aquaria with light coming from only one side, P. bursaria gathers at the well-lit side, whereas other species of Paramecium gather at the opposite side. The zoochlorellae provide their hosts with glucose and oxygen, and P. bursaria provides its zoochlorellae with protection and motility. P. bursaria can lose its zoochlorellae in two ways: (1) if kept in darkness, the algae will die; and (2) if prey items (mostly bacteria) are absent from its habitat, P. bursaria will digest its zoochlorellae.

The motility that permits P. bursaria to move toward a light source is provided by
A) pseudopods.
B) water currents.
C) many cilia.
D) thigmotaxi

A

pseudopods.

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21
Q

Which of the following was derived from an ancestral photosynthetic cyanobacterium?

MItochondria
Mitosome
chloroplast
Hydrogenosome

A

chloroplast

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22
Q

Please use the following information to answer the questions below.
Diploid nuclei of the ascomycete Neurospora crassa contain 14 chromosomes. A single diploid cell in an ascus will undergo one round of meiosis, followed in each of the daughter cells by one round of mitosis, producing a total of eight ascospores.
If a single, diploid G2 nucleus in an ascus contains 400 nanograms (ng) of DNA, then a single ascospore nucleus of this species should contain how much DNA (ng), carried on how many chromosomes?

100, carried on 14 chromosomes
400, carried on 14 chromosomes
100, carried on 7 chromosomes
200, carried on 14 chromosomes

A

100, carried on 7 chromosomes

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22
Q

__________ is a term that refers to similarities among various species that occur because the species are derived from a common ancestor.

Homology
Phylogeny
Heterology
Analogy

A

Homology

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22
Q

Please use the following information to answer the questions below.
Traditionally, whales and hippopotamuses have been classified in different orders, the Cetacea and the Artiodactyla, respectively. Recent molecular evidence, however, indicates that the whales’ closest living relatives are the hippos. This has caused some zoologists to lump the two orders together into a single clade, the Cetartiodactyla. There is no consensus on whether the Cetartiodactyla should be accorded order status or superorder status. This is because it remains unclear whether the whale lineage diverged from the lineage leading to the hippos before or after the other members of the order Artiodactyla (pigs, camels, etc.) diverged (see Figure 20.5).

What can be properly inferred from Figure 20.5?

In the “within” tree, pigs are more closely related to whales than they are to hippos.
The “without” tree is more consistent with molecular evidence than is the “within” tree.
In the “without” tree, pigs are more distantly related to hippos than is depicted in the “within” tree.
In the “without” tree, pigs are more closely related to hippos than are whales

A

In the “without” tree, pigs are more closely related to hippos than are whales.

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23
Q

Arthropods sense the world using many different adaptations (pectines, antennae, feelers, eyes, etc.), but they all are connected via _____.

A ventral nerve cord that feeds impulses to the brain
Direct impulses to the brain, no nerve cords are involved.
A dorsal hollow nerve cord that feeds impulses to the brain
A centralized nerve net that feeds impulses to the brain

A

A ventral nerve cord that feeds impulses to the brain

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24
Q

During the ____ carbon dioxide is converted into larger carbon chains or sugars.

Calvin cycle
Electron TRansport Chain
Photovoltaic Exchange
Kreb’s Cycle

A

Calvin cycle

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25
Q

Plants that partition their photosynthetic pathways temporally are known as ___ plants
C4
Calvin
CAM
C3

A

CAM

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26
Q

According to this cladogram, which mammalian feature distinguishes Placentals from Monotremes?

live’ birth
big ears
hair
long noses

A

live’ birth

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27
Q

A set of shared, and derived traits that define a clade is called a(n):

Transposon
Synapomorphy
Convergence
Cladogram

A

Synapomorphy

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28
Q

Early theories placed humans above other animals in a hierarchy, this was know as the __.

Rise of Man
Great Chain of Being
Natural Order of Life
Descent of Man

A

Great Chain of Being

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29
Q

The _______ species concept, is based on the idea that a species is a branch or lineage on the tree of life, all descending from a common ancestor.

Parsimonious
Evolutionary
Biological
Genetic

A

Evolutionary

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30
Q

The major adaptation which fully cemented plants colonization of land and gives us the millions of varieties we see today was:

Sex inside the cone or flower
Growth and sex required water
Cuticle formation
Alternation of Generations

A

Sex inside the cone or flower

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31
Q

The evolution of Land Plants favors the:

Sporophyte dominance; gametophyte reduction
Increase in gametophyte size; sporophyte reduction
Gametophyte reduction; Absence of Sporophyte
Sporophyte reduction; gametophyte dominance

A

Sporophyte dominance; gametophyte reduction

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32
Q

The world’s largest flower grows on the jungle flower, is ____ and pollinated by ____.

A gymnosperm; the wind
Epiphytic; Bats
Hydrophytic; Butterflies
Parasitic; Carrion Flies

A

Parasitic; Carrion Flies

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33
Q

Because the monocots lack ____, it is more difficult for them to grow into true giant sizes, but the “bamboos” are functionally trees in their environments?

A

Secondary growth

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34
Q

What characteristics are shared by all land plants? Select all that apply

Vascular Tissue
Multicellular 2N embryo
Flowers
Cuticle
Mycorrhizal symbionts
Seeds
Spores with tough outer coat
Alternation of Generations

A

Multicellular 2N embryo
Cuticle
Mycorrhizal symbionts
Spores with tough outer coat
Alternation of Generations

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35
Q

in the simplified tree, which group is most dependent on water for both sex and growth?

Lycophytes
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Bryophytes

A

Bryophytes

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36
Q

The unique feature(s) of a cnidarian nervous system is/are

nerve impulses are transmitted in both directions across a network of nerves
vesicles with neurotransmitters located on both sides of the synapse.
cnidarian nerves lack any myelin surrounding the axons
the brain is centralized, but not in the head, at the tips of each tentacle

A

nerve impulses are transmitted in both directions across a network of nerves

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37
Q

The are supportive, calcareous or siliceous structures in the body wall of many sponges. They are sharp and should deter predation (except for Sea Turtles, who just don’t care).

Choan
Spicules
Mesoglea
Mesohyl

A

Spicules

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38
Q

Colonial protists, like Volvox, provide evidence for the evolution of ____.

Multicellularity
Endosymbiosis
Extremophiles
Bacteria

A

Multicellularity

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39
Q

Which scientist is most credited with explaining how organelles contain their own DNA and have internal membranes?

Darwin
Margulis
Watson
Golgi

A

Margulis

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40
Q

When finding potential sites where life could have began, you should ask this question?

Where the precursor molecules concentrated here?
None of the questions matter, it was an asteroid impact that brought life to Earth
Was there energy for synthesis here?
Were the macromolecules protected here?

A

Where the precursor molecules concentrated here?
Was there energy for synthesis here?
Were the macromolecules protected here?

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41
Q

There have been several cataclysmic events during the Earth’s history, which wipe out 60-95% of life. We call these ___ events.

Bottleneck
Speciation
Adaptive Radiations
Mass Extinction

A

Mass Extinction

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42
Q

What structure(s) developed to ensure that placental mammals could feed and care for their young long after they were born?

Nipples and mammary glands
Placentas
Umbilical cords
Amniotic eggs

A

Nipples and mammary glands

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43
Q

How can frog calls be both sexually and naturally selected for?

Predators find the loudest callers, and females choose the quietest males
Males and females compete for the same food
Male frogs select the best location to call from and females select the best location to lay her eggs
Females choose the best calling males, but some predators can find these males easier

A

Females choose the best calling males, but some predators can find these males easier

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44
Q

The evidence suggests that most human populations are:

Monogamous
Mildly polygynous
Polyandrous
Extremely polygynous

A

Mildly polygynous

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45
Q

In fish, sperm competition is common over the _____ grounds, where males and females are vying for the best location to deposit their gametes. This means males need to swim ____ than females.

Spawning; further upstream
Calving; further down in the water column
Spawning; faster in the current
Mating; downstream of the

A

Spawning; further upstream

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46
Q

Animals are good at killing other animals, this has led to many defensive tactics to avoid predation. Larval caterpillars can use many strategies, including which of these:
- All of these are used by at least a few species of caterpillar
- Aposematic coloration that warns of toxic/poisonous skin
- Camouflage to resemble leaves or bird poop
- Venomous spines and hairs

A

All of these are used by at least a few species of caterpillar

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47
Q

During animal life cycles, which phase is often lost (or only present during development)?
Zygote
Larva
Adult
multicellular spores

A

Larva

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48
Q

Sponges reproduce after spawning, when the sperm leaves out of the excurrent syphon, These sperm can then swim into the porocytes of another sponge. Once there the sperm transforms one choanocyte and can then fertilize another choanocyte. This is a complicated life cycle that relies on ____fertilization.

Asexual
Monoecious
Internal
External

A

External

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49
Q

Both the Ground-up and Trees-down hypotheses of how dinosaurs learned (evolved) flight are both dependent on dinosaurs feeding on what taxa (that independent evolved wings)?

Pterosuars
Birds
Hexapods
Wind-dispersed Seeds

A

Hexapods

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50
Q

Which group of reptiles show some level of parental care?

Crocodilians (alligators, caimans, and crocodile species)
All of these groups show some level of parental care
Skinks (slender, small fossorial lizards)
Pythons (large bodied, terrestrial snakes)

A

All of these groups show some level of parental care

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51
Q

Some researchers claim that sponge genomes have homeotic genes (genes that regulate development of anatomical structures) but no Hox genes (genes that regulate development of posterior-anterior axes and body segments).

If true, this finding would
-confirm the identity of sponges as basal animals
-strengthen sponges’ evolutionary ties to the Eumetazoa.
-mean that extinct sponges must have been the last common ancestor of animals and fungi.
-mean that sponges must no longer be classified as animals.

A

confirm the identity of sponges as basal animals

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52
Q

According to the evidence collected so far, the animal kingdom is:

A

monophyletic

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53
Q

Which of these groups does NOT act as a parasite on humans or vector for human diseases?
Mollusca
Arachnida
Hexapoda
Annelida

A

Mollusca

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54
Q

Which group of Arthropods has the most numbers of segments and legs?
Crustacea
Hexapoda
Myriapoda
Chelicerata

A

Myriapoda

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55
Q

Bacteria in root nodules are ___ and greatly increase agricultural yields.

nitrogen-fixers
carbon sinks
semipermeable lipid stores
Acidifiers

A

nitrogen-fixers

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56
Q

The notochord and hollow nerve cord are surrounded by which germ layer or cell type? H
int: the cord is hollow.
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Coelomic cells
Epidermis or Ectoderm

A

Mesoderm

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57
Q

In the generalized progression of digestive system development, what feature came after the Blind Gut (simple GVC)?

Blind gut with many cavities
Gut with a muscular pharynx and esophagus
Gut with crop and gizzard
Complete tube-within-a-tube

A

Blind gut with many cavities

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58
Q

This organism is a member of which taxa?

Mammalia
Lobe-finned fishes
Flightless birds
Reptilia

A

Mammalia

59
Q

Which germ layer is responsible for the formation of integument and nervous systems?

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Ectoderm and Endoderm

A

Ectoderm

60
Q

In Cnidaria, the hydrostatic skeleton, can move the anemones along the bottom of the ocean, this happens when:

Muscles push and pull against the exoskeleton
Anenomes cannot move from place to place, only the medusa (free-swimming cnidarians) can move
Muscles extend and contract against anchor points on the endoskeleton
Muscles constrict and change the shape of fluid filled compartment

A

Muscles constrict and change the shape of fluid filled compartment

61
Q

Echinoderms and Chordates form the group Deuterostomes, during their development the blastopore becomes the ___ first.

Anus
Mouth
Mesoderm
Coelom

A

Anus

62
Q

In a sample of pond water, a new organism is identified with the following characteristics:
It consists of 70 cells surrounded by rigid cell walls that join the cells together. Inside each of these identical cells are mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Such an organism would most likely be classified as a:

multicellular photosynthetic prokaryote.
fungal photosynthetic eukaryote.
colonial photosynthetic eukaryote.
colonial photosynthetic prokaryote

A

colonial photosynthetic eukaryote

63
Q

Biologists think that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids partly because:

  • without mitochondrial CO2 production, photosynthesis could not occur.
  • all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants), whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids.
  • the products of photosynthesis could not be metabolized without mitochondrial enzymes.
  • mitochondrial DNA is less similar to prokaryotic DNA than is plastid DNA.
A

all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants), whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids.

64
Q

Figure 8.1 below: shows the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll a and the action spectrum for photosynthesis. Why are they different?

  • Other pigments absorb light in addition to chlorophyll a.
  • Green and yellow wavelengths inhibit the absorption of red and blue wavelengths.
  • Bright sunlight destroys photosynthetic pigments.
  • Oxygen given off during photosynthesis interferes with the absorption of light.
A

Other pigments absorb light in addition to chlorophyll a.

65
Q

The Cnidarian and Echinoderms have similar nervous system control mechanisms, probably due to their radial symmetry. These similar structural and physiological adaptations are the result of?

  • Natural selection on body shape and germ layers
  • Homologous development of nerves and sensory organs
  • Convergent evolution from distant ancestors
    Spiral cleavage patterning
A

Convergent evolution from distant ancestors
Spiral cleavage patterning

66
Q

The molecules that absorb light energy are _____.

Phospholipids
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
Pigments

A

Pigments

67
Q

Photosynthesis converts ____ energy into ____ energy stored in sugars

Solar; Mechanical
Mechanical; Chemical
Chemical; Physical
Solar; Chemical

A

Solar; Chemical

68
Q

Which of the following would make for a good outgroup to the Apes, when building their phylogeny?

Live Oak (a deciduous tree)
Rhesus Monkey (an old-world primate)
Rattus rattus (the lab rat)
E. coli (a bacterium)

A

Rhesus Monkey (an old-world primate)

69
Q

Modern Birds (Aves) and Crocodiles are sister taxa, because they shared a MRCA, probably a flightless ____ that went extinct millions of years ago.

Penguin
Mammal
Fish
Dinosaur

A

Dinosaur

70
Q

___ attempts to link evidence from ecology, evolution, population genetics, taxonomy morphology, geology, and biogeography together to explain biodiversity.

Linnean System
Modern Synthesis
Intelligent Design
Darwinism

A

Modern Synthesis

71
Q

The _______ species concept, is based on the idea that a species is a branch or lineage on the tree of life, all descending from a common ancestor.

Parsimonious
Biological
Evolutionary
Genetic

A

Evolutionary

72
Q

The major adaptation which fully cemented plants colonization of land and gives us the millions of varieties we see today was:

Sex inside the cone or flower
Growth and sex required water
Alternation of Generations
Cuticle formation

A

Sex inside the cone or flower

73
Q

Some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. No charophytes exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind the recent evidence from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that

  • plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae.
  • land plants evolved directly from the green algae that perform alternation of generations.
  • charophytes are not related to either green algae or land plants.
  • alternation of generations cannot be beneficial to charophytes.
A

plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae.

74
Q

When examining the phylogenetic tree of land plants, why are the angiosperms split into three groups (magnolids, monocots, and eudicots)?

  • The monocots have only one vascular tissue (phloem)
  • They are not monophyletic, because magnolids are cone-bearing
  • The eudicots do not have flowers
  • The monocots show a different pattern of vascular bundle distribution
A

The monocots show a different pattern of vascular bundle distribution

75
Q

Because sugars and other substances are selectively added to and removed from phloem, its cells must be _____, and transport in phloem _____ require energy.
Dead; does not
Dead; does
Alive: does not
Alive; does

A

Alive; does

76
Q

A mollusk with many feet (like Squid, Octopus, Nautilus) would be in the class.

Myriapoda
Polyplacophora
Cestoda
Cephalopoda

A

Cephalopoda

77
Q

Most evidence suggests that ___ were incorporated into eukaryotes first.

Golgi Bodies
Chloroplast
Flagella
Mitochondria

A

Mitochondria

78
Q

The ____ explains how some organelles have internal membranes and their own DNA.

Multicellularity Drive
Parthenogenesis of Life
Endosymbiont Theory
Binary Fission

A

Endosymbiont Theory

79
Q

Radiometric dating is based on the

  • amount of carbon-12 in an organism at time of death
  • temperature and pressure of the environment
  • ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12
  • Decay of radioactive isotopes
A

Decay of radioactive isotopes

80
Q

Three living species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor T, as do extinct species U and V. A grouping that consists of species T, X, Y, and Z (but not U or V) makes up

Monophyletic Group
Paraphyletic Group
Polyphyletic Group

A

Paraphyletic group

81
Q

which of the following steps has not yet been accomplished by scientist studying the origin of life?

  • synthesis of small RNA polymers by ribozymes
  • abiotic synthesis of polypeptides
  • formation of molecular aggregates with selectively -permeable membranes
  • formation of protocells that use DNA to direct the polymerization of Amino acids
A

formation of protocells that use DNA to direct the polymerization of Amino acids

82
Q

Scientists have identified two major branches of prokaryotic evolution. What was the basis for dividing prokaryotes into two domains?

– microscopically observed staining characteristics of the cell wall
– metabolic characteristics such as the production of methane gas
– metabolic characteristics such as chemoautotrophy and photosynthesis
– genetic characteristics such as ribosomal RNA sequences
– ecological characteristics such as the ability to survive in extreme environments

A

genetic characteristics such as ribosomal RNA sequences

83
Q

Which statement about the domain archaea is true?

Genetic prospecting has recently revealed the existence of many previously unknown archaean species.
No archaeans can reduce CO2 to methane
No archaeans can inhabit solutions that are nearly 30% salt
No archaeans are adapted to waters with temperatures above the boiling point

A

Genetic prospecting has recently revealed the existence of many previously unknown archaean species.

84
Q

Over time, new forms of life have arisen by

modification of existing structures or existing developmental genes.
sexual selection only
the process of species living in variable environments with the end goal of mutating and evolving
the availability of resources after other species go extinct

A

modification of existing structures or existing developmental genes.

85
Q

On early Earth, more than 4 BYA, environmental conditions were very different from those today because

only early Earth was intensely bombarded by large rocks and ice from space.
only early earth had an oxidizing atmosphere
less ultraviolet radiation penetrated early earth’s atmosphere
early Earth’s atmosphere had significant quantities of ozone

A

only early Earth was intensely bombarded by large rocks and ice from space.

86
Q

Which part of the angiosperm gametes are competing once they get to the stigma?

ovules
spores
pollen tubes
pistils

A

pollen tubes

87
Q

Gymnosperms differ from both extinct and extant (living) ferns because they

are woody
have macrophylls
have pollen
have sporophylls and spores

A

have pollen (think- you don’t need an allergy shot if exposed to a fern)

88
Q

If a plant is infected with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, what is the most probable effect on the plant?

it gets chlorosis
it dies
it will have a higher concentration of N2 in its roots and shoots
it will likely grow faster than an uninfected plant

A

it will likely grow faster than an uninfected plant

89
Q

Members of the genus Amoeba, are heterotrophic, moving with pseudopod, and can cause pathologies (i.e amoebic dysentery). They would therefore be in the:

plant-like protists
animal-like protists
fungi-like protists
bacteria-like protists

A

Animal-like protist

90
Q

Unlike animals which grow in a coordinated manner, plants add new growth to old growth. This is known as what type of growth? This is helpful when aging a plant.

dendrochronological
modular
hierarchical
apical

A

modular(ex. bamboo stalk grows in segments and that’s how we can tell its age)

91
Q

Plants try to maximize ________________, by decreasing energy needed for vs. energy created by photosynthesis.

Auxin production
growth potential
light availability
rubisco concentration

A

growth potential

92
Q

Although most animals are bilaterally symmetrical, a few exhibit radial symmetry. What is an advantage of radial symmetry?

A

It allows animals to gather food from all sides

93
Q

How does segmentation enhance annelid locomotion?

A

Muscle contractions can be localized to specific regions of the body to coordinate movement.

94
Q

Muscle contractions can be localized to specific regions of the body to coordinate movement.

A

Pseudocoelomates

95
Q

Which of the following is NOT a true statement comparing exoskeletons and endoskeletons?

A

Only endoskeletons can grow as an organism grows

96
Q

Evidence that viruses are not alive includes the fact that they are______________.

A

are non-cellular

97
Q

mitotic activity by the apical meristem of a root makes which of the following more possible?

A

increase of the above ground meristem

98
Q

Which of the following are the best examples of homologous structures?

A

bones of a bat wing and bones in a human forelimb

99
Q

Which of these components of reproduction is under the greatest pressure from Natural Selection?

A

Sperm competition

100
Q

During development animals grow from a single diploid zygote into many cells during _____

A

Mitosis

101
Q

Which of the following traits is not a main feature of all animals?

A

Haploid-dominant life cycle, with larva

102
Q

The only diploblastic phyla is the_____

A

Cnidaria

103
Q

The ability to fertilize the egg internally, directly increases the strength of ____ and leads to greater investments in _____ in some reptiles and almost all birds.

A

Mate choice (sexual selection) ; Parental care

104
Q

When ecdysozoans grow they must shed, or molt their _____ during ecdysis.

A

Cuticle

105
Q

Bacteria use ____ to recombine genes

A

Horizontal gene transfer

106
Q

When tetrapods came onto land they needed to develop _______

A

Lungs & Limbs

107
Q

How is it that we can have so many types of lizards on campus?

A

They mostly are invasive (brought here accidentally by humans) but now they can cohabit campus because each one fills a slightly different ecological niche

108
Q

Which of these is not a major clade of Echinoderms?

A

Sea flowers

109
Q

Which of the following statements concerning protists is correct?

A

All protists have mitochondria, although in some species they are much reduced and known by different names.

110
Q

The tree above is based on which type of traits and what is the genus name for the most recent horse?

A

Morphological; Equus

111
Q

Meiosis, as part of the alternation of generations in land plants, produces

A

Haploid spores

112
Q

Birds and reptiles need to be able to detect and interpret signals and movement not only to catch prey, but also for their _______

A

Elaborate mating rituals

113
Q

Carbon fixation is catalyzed, sped up, by _____ a very abundant enzyme

A

rubisco

114
Q

Some homologies can be informative, they do reflect a shared evolutionarily history. Which of these lines of evidence would be a “helpful” homology when constructing a tree for all tetrapods?

A

Presence of gill slits & tails

115
Q

Before mammal forelimbs below all contain similar bones, just modified for different functions. These appendages share and evolutionary history, they evolved from an ancestral feature. Therefore they are _____ structures

A

Homologous

116
Q

Which biologist first proposed a simple phylogenetic tree based on common descent and shared characteristics?

A

Charles Darwin

117
Q

Commonalities to both charophytes and vascular land plants include I. sporopollenin II. lignin III. xylem IV. cellulose V. chlorophyll b.

A

I, II, IV and V only

118
Q

The water potential in the plants roots is generally _____ than in the leaves

A

higher

119
Q

Which of these, if true, would support the claim that the ancestral cnidarians had bilateral symmetry? 1. Nigerian larvae possesses anterior - posterior, left - right, and dorsal - ventral aspects. 2. Cnidarians have fewer Hox genes than bilaterians. 3. All extant cnidarians are diploblastic. 4. All cnidarians are acoelomate

A

1 only

120
Q

On average eukaryotic cells are many times ______ than bacterial cells.

A

larger

121
Q

Protist are incredibly diverse forming at least 8 _____ compared to the better know animals, plants, and fungi.

A

Supergroups

122
Q

At some point in the late Hadean Earth, enough materials, energy and conditions where conducive to forming macromolecules. This Original material is often called the _____.

A

Primordial Soup

123
Q

In the 5 to 7 million years that the hominid lineage has been diverging from its common ancestor with the great apes, dozen of hominid species have arisen, often with several species coexisting in time and space. As recently as 30,000 years ago, Homo sapiens coexisted with homo neanderthalensis. Both species had large brains and advanced intellects. The fact that these traits were common to both species is most easily explained by which of the following?

A

Common descent

124
Q

Common descent

A

Birds

125
Q

Anurans (frogs and toads) use the physical process of _____ to improve chances that they’re gametes combine even though they are externally fertilized.

A

amplexus

126
Q

The largest cell based on diameter in the human body is the

A

Ovum

127
Q

Based on this figure, the hydra has only one opening in its _____ and therefore the gut is ______

A

Gastrovascular Cavity (GVC); Blind

128
Q

The synapomorphies of the Cnidarians include:

A

Radial symmetry in adults

129
Q

The ability to ____ is a huge benefit to birds. It allows them to exploit the resources/conditions of multiple ecosystems across both space and season.

A

Migrate from feeding to breeding grounds (and back again)

130
Q

All mammals have:

A

Bodies covered in fur or hair

131
Q

One important evolutionary change that occurred with the rise of animals is

A

A change from a microbe-only environment to one of large producers, predators, and prey

132
Q

Which of the following is unique to animals?

A

nervous conduction and muscular movement

133
Q

What part of our (“eukaryotic”) cells is most responsible for defending against bacterial infections?

A

Cell membrane

134
Q

Tunicate larva have very rudimentary eyespots, the adult sea squirts have _____.

A

no eyes

135
Q

The internal fertilization of arachnids required the development of a specialized structure. The solution is:

A

Modification of first pair of legs into pedipalps for sperm transfer

136
Q

Black Widow spiders display _____ with males often getting eaten by the females. The males death acts as a offering or a _____

A

Sexual cannibalism; nuptial meal

137
Q

Pork Tapeworm is typically a non-fatal intestinal parasite of humans, the danger comes when we directly consume the eggs or proglottids (skipping the intermediate host: Pigs). The larva can then migrate to our ____ and form cysts, this can be painful and if untreated fatal.

A

Brain

138
Q

Guard cells are responsible for opening and closing the _____ on the leaves, this allows for gas exchange and provides the resources for photosynthesis.

A

Stoma; Stomata

139
Q

The first land plants resembled Bryophytes and were similarly small and limited to moist environments. The emergence of plants with ____ allowed for rapid colonization of land and rapid vertical growth.

A

Vascular tissue

140
Q

Based on this cladogram, which trait has evolved independently twice?

A

4-chambered heart (convergent evolution)

141
Q

Categorize the life cycle depicted below. Hint: Hydra are animals (not plants or protists).

A

Asexual

142
Q

Based on this figure which cleavage pattern leads to the most diversity in gut type.

A

Spiral

142
Q

According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate?

A

from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria

143
Q

Both Archaea and Bacteria can use ___ for motility.

A

flagella

144
Q

The arthropods:
A. make up more than three-fourths of all the known species of animals.
B. are more widely distributed throughout the world than members of any other phylum of animals.
C. are segmented eucoelomate protostomes with well-developed organ systems.
D. All of the choices are correct

A

D. All of the choices are correct

145
Q
A
146
Q

Sponges use ____ to create a ____ which allows them to filter feed.

A

Choanocytes; Current

Bio Final (6 decks)

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