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biodiversity > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Archaeplastida

A

Paraphyletic group: due to red algae (protist)

Green algae- close to land plants

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2
Q

How do we know land plants evolved from algae?

A

-Rings of cellulose synthesizing proteins
- Peroxisomes (enzymes that minimize loss of organic compounds)
-Structure of flagellated sperm

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3
Q

Sites of the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

A

Thylakoid

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4
Q

Organelle where photosynthesis occurs

A

Chloroplasts

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5
Q

Enzymes that limits loss of organic compounds

A

Peroxisome

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6
Q

Site of cellular respiration

A

Mitochondria

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7
Q

Site of water storage

A

Vacuole

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8
Q

T/F: The products of photosynthesis are the inputs for cellular respiration

A

T

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9
Q

T/F: Plants only undergo photosynthesis

A

F

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10
Q

T/F: Glucose is produced by plants and is necessary for cellular respiration

A

T

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11
Q

T/F: Plants produce carbon dioxide which used by animals

A

F

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12
Q

Bryophytes

A

Sphagnum (moss)
Marchantiophyta (liverworts)

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13
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Taxodium distichum (Bald Cypress)

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas Fir)

Juniperus communis (common juniper)

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14
Q

Tracheophytes

A

Polystichum acrostichoides (Christmas tree fern)

Spinulum annotinum (Bristly club moss)

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15
Q

Characteristics of Bryophytes

A

Cellulose
Homospory
Stomata

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16
Q

Characteristics of Lycophytes/Pteridophytes

A

Cellulose
Vascular tissue
Homospory
Stomata
Sporophyte dom gen

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17
Q

Characteristics of Gymnosperms

A

Cellulose
Vascular tissue
Heterospory
Stomata

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18
Q

Characteristics of Angiosperm

A

Cellulose
Vascular tissue
Heterospory
Fruits
Double fertilization
Flowers
Stomata
Sporophyte dom gen

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19
Q

characteristics of land plants

A

Euk
auto
multi
terrestrial
Alt of gen
cellulose in cell walls

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20
Q

alt of gens

A

Gametophyte (multi haploid n)
Fertilization
Sporophyte (multicellular diploid 2n)
cont.

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21
Q

T/F gametophyte is multi

A

T

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22
Q

T/F sporophyte is haploid

A

F

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23
Q

T/F gametophyte is haploid

A

T

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24
Q

(T/F) Spores are produced through meiosis

A

T

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25
Q

(T/F) gametophyes are produced through mitosis

A

T

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26
Q

Adaptions of land plants

A

Survival
-protection from
- Desiccation
- UV radiation
- Nutrient uptake/transport
-Xylem and phloem
-structural support
- Cellulose and lignin

Reproduction
- Spore and Gamete dispersal
- protection of embryo

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27
Q

Preventing desiccation

A

Stomata
- Where gas exchange occurs

Cuticle
a waxy watertight sealant that gives plants the ability to survive in dry enviorments

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28
Q

Protection from UV Light

A

More sun = more photosynthesis

Why is UV radiation harmful?
- Developed compounds that absorbed UV light
- Pigments act as sunscreen

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29
Q

Nonvascular Plants “Bryophytes”

A

The three lineages with living representatives (liverworts, hornworts, and mosses)do not form a monophyletic group, but instead represent an evolutionary grade*.

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30
Q

Characteristics of Opisthokonta

A

Greek opistho- ‘rear, posterior’ + kontos ‘pole’ i.e. flagellum
Includes animals, fungi, and a few protists.
Monophyletic group
Fungi
Some unicellular (“Yeasts”); many multicellular
Non-motile bodies (thalli) constructed of apically elongating walled filaments (hyphae)
Life cycle with sexual and asexual reproduction
Heterotrophic nutrition

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31
Q

Fungal Morphology: Mycelium

A

Non-motile bodies (thalli) constructed of apically elongating walled filaments (hyphae)
The filaments that make up a mycelium are called hyphae (most are haploid)
Mycelium – mass of connected hyphae
Cell wall components are composed of glucans and chitin (also found in the exoskeletons of arthropods

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32
Q

Nutrition: Saprotrophs

A

Mycelium for feeding
Breaking down material surrounding them for nutrients

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33
Q

Spores

A

most fundamental reproductive cell in fungi.
Spores are the dispersal stage in the fungal life cycle and are produced during both asexual and sexual reproduction.

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34
Q

Fungal reproduction

A
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35
Q

Yay Bryos

A

Sphagnum moss (peat moss) is used as fuel. It is extremely resistant to decay and harsh conditions.
- Can be used as an additive to condition sandy soils.

  • Both mosses and liver worts retain soil and water, preventing erosion, especially along streambanks
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36
Q

Peatlands

A
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37
Q

Vascular plants

A
  • Transport of water and nutrients through xylem/phloem (vascular tissues)
  • Root
    • Provide transport and support
  • Leaves
    • Increase surface area for photosynthesis
      - Evolved twice
  • Dominated by a larger more complex sporophyte generation
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38
Q

Xylem

A
  • Conducts water and mineral from the root system to shoot system by Cohesion-Tension Theory.
  • Dead cells – consists of tracheid sand vessel elements (lignin)
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39
Q

Phloem

A
  • Conducts sugar and other nutrients in two directions – roots to shoots and shoots to roots - “sap” – by translocation
  • Living cells – lack secondary cell walls.
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40
Q

Once water diffuses into the xylem, how is it carried?

A
  1. high pressure of water entering at the root and moving upwards towards leaves (low pressure)
  2. transpirational pull: as water transpires from the stomata, the water molecules that transpire pull on the water molecule behind it because of the cohesive properties of water
  3. cohesion-tension theory: cohesive properties of water generate a tension that pulls the water upward (like pulling a rope generates a tension in the rope, a break in the rope would release the tension) Tension in the xylem remains high due to the continuous loss of water at the leaf Collapse is prevented because of lignin
  4. capillary action: water is not only cohesive toother water molecules in the stream but also adhesive to the cell walls of the xylem vessels, allowing a continuous stream
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41
Q

Movement of food: Translocation

A

“Source cells” load sugar into phloem via
active transport.

  • Water moves into phloem via osmosis
  • Pressure increases inside phloem
  • “Sap” flows along phloem down a pressure gradient
  • “Sink” cells near phloem remove sugars by active transport and then water leaves phloem
  • Direction of flow depends on metabolism; In other words, the source and sink vary, depending on the time of year.
42
Q

Seedless vascular plants

A

have well-developed vascular tissue but do not make seeds. Aseed consists of an embryo and a store of nutritive tissue, surrounded by a tough protective layer.

43
Q

Lycophytes (or club mosses)

A

Lycophytes are an ancient plant lineage with roots. Tree-sized lycophytes dominated the coal-forming forests of the Carboniferous period.

Leaves are microphylls

44
Q

Pteridophytes (Ferns)

A

Ferns are the only seedless vascular plants to have large, well-developed leaves

45
Q

Leaves

A

Microphyll leaves
Unbranched vascular

Megaphyll
Branched vascular

46
Q

Homospory

A

Homosporous plants produce one type of spore which develops into a gametophyte (1n)with both male and female organs

47
Q

Heterospory

A

Heterosporous plants produce separate male and female gametophytes, which produce sperm and eggs, respectively

48
Q

(T/F) Bryophytes and seedless vascular plants are heterosporous

A

F

49
Q

(T/F) All seedless vascular plants have megaphylls

A

F

50
Q

(T/F) Leaves are thought to have evolved from stems.

A

T

51
Q

(T/F) Lycophytes have microphylls.

A

T

52
Q

(T/F) The gametophyte is the dominant generation in seedless vascular plants.

A

T

53
Q

Seed Plants

A

The seed plants are a monophyletic group that consists of the gymnosperms and the angiosperms. Seed plants are defined by the production of seeds and pollen grains

54
Q

Gymnosperm

A

microscopic female gametophytes (n) inside ovulate cone and male in pollen
- Heterosporous
- Seed in cone

Conifers
reproductive structure, the cone. dominate all high-latitude and high-altitude forests

Ginkgo
One species is alive today. It is deciduous, and individual trees are either male or female

Cycads
They harbor large numbers of symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, which are important sources of nutrients.

Gnetophyes
Only 3 living genera Morphologically and reproductively similar to angiosperm but different molecular phylogenies

55
Q

Angiosperm

A

The defining adaptation of angiosperms is the flower.
They are the dominant taxa in most terrestrial plant communities

-flowering plants
-Heterosporus
- Seed surrounded by layer (fruit)
- Most diverse

56
Q

Stigma

A

Sticky structure that pollen attaches to

57
Q

Style

A

Structure that transports pollen to the ovary

58
Q

Ovary

A

Structure that protects the developing seed

59
Q

Ovule

A

Female Sex cell

60
Q

Pistil or Carpal

A

Name for all of the female reproductive parts

61
Q

Anther

A

Produce pollen

62
Q

Filament

A

Structure that holds up the anther

63
Q

Stamen

A

Name for all of the male reproductive parts

64
Q

Pedicil

A

Base pf flower

65
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Angiosperms represent one of the great adaptive radiations in the history of life.
occurs when a single lineage produces a large number of descendant species that are adapted to a wide variety of habitats

66
Q

Health benefits of mushrooms

A

Source of
B vitamins (B2, B3, folate, B5)
Phosphorus
Vitamin D
Selenium
Copper
Potassium

  • Anti-cancer properties
  • Immune cell stimulant
  • Antioxidant
67
Q

Animal mutual symbioses

A

Leaf-cutter ants have domesticated fungi which they keep in underground gardens

  • Ants provide fungi with leaves
  • Fungi are food for the ants
68
Q

Why did the fungus and algae get married?

A

They took a lichen to each other!

69
Q

Lichens and air

A

Lichens absorb water, nutrients, etc., from air.

makes sensitive to air pollution.

Lichens been used as air pollution indicators.

Many regions “lichen deserts” because poor air quality.

70
Q

Lichens

A

Symbiotic relationship between Fungo and algae

Structural symbiosis between Fungi and Photosynthetic Taxa

Fungi in lichens unable to grow normally without photosynthetic partners

Fungi protect partners from strong light and desiccation

Lichens have invaded harshest habitats (primary succession

71
Q

Endophytic fungi

A

Live in intercellular spaces inside plants

Some parasitic, some commensalistic

Some fungi protect hosts from herbivores by producing toxins

Some endophytes increase drought tolerance of host plants

72
Q

EMF and AMF

A

Symbiotic provide P and N to plants

EMF form network of hyphae around roots but DO NOT enter root cell.

mostly basidiomycota

cont.

73
Q

Mutualistic Symbiosis

A

Mycorrhizal associations – between fungi and roots of land plants allow faster plant growth.

74
Q

Carbon cycle

A

Fungi breaks carbon down and returns it

Decomposition re releases carbon into cycle

75
Q

Decomposition

A

ECOSYSTEM SERVICE THAT FUNGI PROVIDE

Fungi absorb nutrients from dead organisms (heterotrophs)

Saprophytes- fungi that secrete enzymes for extracellular digestion. What fungi digest:

Cellulose - sugar polymer in plant cell walls

Lignin- also found in plant cell walls
Only basidiomycetes can do this!

Protein

Nucleic acids

76
Q

All the NOT so great thing about Fungi

A

Athletes foot
Ringworm (unicellular)
Vaginal Yeast

Chytrid Fungus and Amphibian Species

The fungus attacks the skin of toads, frogs and related animals, preventing them from properly regulating their salt and water levels; this eventually causes the animals’ hearts to stop.

White nose bat
- become active when not supposed to

Fungal Parasites in Plants

77
Q

Reproductive Structures in Fungi

A

Swimming Gametes and Spores
Known as chytrids (KIE-tridz)
Have flagellated sperm
Found near water

Zygosporangia
Known as zygomycetes
When hyphae from two different individuals become joined to form a “yolk” known as a zygosporangia.

Asci
Known as ascomycetes (sac fungi)
Form sac-like structures
Each produces 8 spores

Basidia
Known as basidiomycetes
Form special club-shaped cells at the ends of the hyphae called basidia (club fungi)
Each produce 4 spores

78
Q

Spores vs Hyphae

A

If a spore falls on a food source and is able to germinate, a mycelium begins to form.

Hyphae grow in the direction in which food is most abundant.

If food begins to run out, mycelia respond by making spores, which are dispersed by wind or animals.

Spore production allows starving mycelia to disperse offspring to new habitats where more food might be available.

79
Q

Characteristics of Metazoans

A

a.k.a Animals
- Multicellular heterotrophs
- Dominant consumers in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats.
- No cell walls
- Differentiated cells
- Specific development stages
- All have neurons and muscle cells(except sponges)
- All move at some point

80
Q

Animal Phyla

A

The Metazoans are a monophyletic group of multicellular eukaryotes. Animals are very diverse: ~34major animal phyla are recognized

81
Q

Four features define an animal’s body plan

A
  1. The number of tissue types in embryos
  2. The type of body symmetry
  3. The presence or absence of a fluid-filled cavity
  4. The way in which the earliest events of embryo development proceed
82
Q

Major Lineages

A

Recent phylogenetic analyses of animals have shown that there were three fundamental splits during metazoan evolutionary history, resulting in four broad groups
- The most ancient animal group living today is the sponges. The closest living relatives to animals are choanoflagellates, a group of protists

83
Q

Tissues in animals

A

All animals other than sponges have tissues—tightly integrated structural and functional units of cells.

Diploblasts- embryos have two types of tissues or germ layers: the ectoderm and endoderm.

Triploblasts- embryos have three types of tissues: the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.

⭐These germ layers develop into distinct adult tissues

84
Q

Evolution of Body Cavities

A

Animals may or may not have an internal, fluid-filled body cavity called a coelom. The coelom forms from within the mesoderm and is lined with cells from the mesoderm

85
Q

Evolution of Symmetry

A

a. Asymmetry
no place of symmetry

b. Radical
Multi planes

C. Bilateral
One plane

Allowed cephalization: the evolution of a head, or anterior region, where structures for feeding, sensing the environment, and processing information are concentrated.

86
Q

Symmetry Cont.

A

With the exception of the echinoderms (secondary radial symmetry), all Coelomates are bilaterally symmetrical and are triploblastic.

This huge group is called Bilateria which is subdivided into protostomes and deuterostomes.

Acoelomates also fall under Bilateria and are considered protostomes

87
Q

(T/F) Endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm can be found in triploblasts.

A

T

88
Q

(T/F) All animals have bilateral symmetry.

A

F

89
Q

(T/F) Pseudocoelomates have a body cavity partially lined with mesoderm

A

T

90
Q

(T/F) All protostomes have bilateral symmetry.

A

T

91
Q

(T/F) Endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm germ layers develop into distinct adulttissues.

A

T

92
Q

Protostomes and Deuterostomes differ in four embryonic events

A
  1. Cleavage – pattern of cell division
  2. Developmental fate of cells
  3. Gastrulation – beginning of the “gut”
  4. Coelom formation
93
Q

Clevage

A

Protostomes = Spiral cleavage- New cells form to the right or left of previous cells

Deuterostomes = Radial cleavage- New cells form on top of previous cells

94
Q

Hox genes

A

a cluster of genes responsible for determining the general body plan of an organism.
Ex:- the number of body segments- number and placement of appendages,- head-tail directionality
are homologous among all
animals

Invertebrates = 1set of Hox genes

Vertebrates = 4 sets of Hox genes

95
Q

Mutations in Hox genes can cause

A

developmental issues

96
Q

Developmental Fate of Cells

A

Protostomes = Determinate development- Cell fate is determined early

Deuterostomes = Indeterminate development- Cell fate is not determined until after several divisions

97
Q

Gastrulation

A

Protostomes – “pore” of the gastrula will be the mouth (mouth before anus)

Deuterostomes – “pore” of gastrula will be the anus (anus before mouth)

⭐ Gastrulation: coordinated movement of cells inward that establishes the germ layers

98
Q

Characteristics of protostomes

A

Cell fate is determined early
Spiral cleavage
Cells with NO cell wall Multicellular

99
Q

Characteristics of deuterostomes

A

Radial cleavage
Groups of cells pouch off to form the coelom
Cells with NO cell wall
Gastrulation forms the anus first.
Multicellular

100
Q

The Importance of Developmental Processes

A

Differences in developmental patterns are critical in Metazoan diversification and classification.

  • The discovery of Hox (homeobox; homeotic) genes, and their diversity has revolutionized our understanding of development and evolution

biodiversity (4 decks)

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