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biodiversity > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of biodiversity

A

Genetic
Species
Ecosystem
Functional

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2
Q

Species richness

A

aka abundence
the number of different species

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3
Q

Species evenness

A

aka relative abundance

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4
Q

Genetic diversity

A

Influences
Mutation, reproduction, population size, immigration

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5
Q

Functional diversity

A

distribution and productivity of organisms in a particular niche

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6
Q

Ecosystem diversity

A

different ecosystems in a geographical territory

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7
Q

Extinction

A

5 mass (96% species in extinction gone)

  • Not all groups of organisms affected equally; previously dominant groups may perish
  • All species become extinct eventually- More than 99% of species known to science are now extinct
  • 6th extinction is underway; number of species decreasing at an alarming rate due to human activity
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8
Q

Threats to biodiversity

A

Habitat loss/destruction
Pollution
Overexploitation
Invasive Species
Climate change
Greenhouse

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9
Q

Which of the following is TRUE regarding mass extinctions?

A

More than 99% of species known to science are now extinct

The 6th extinction is underway with species decreasing at an alarming rate due to human activity

Not all groups of organisms are affected equally

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10
Q

Which of the following would NOT lead to genetic variation?

A

Asexual reproduction

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11
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

Supported by reproductive isolation

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12
Q

Morphospecies Concept

A

May incorrectly identify 2 individuals as 2 separate species when, in fact, they are the same species

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13
Q

Phylogenetic Species Concept

A

Supported by the presence of synapomorphies

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14
Q

All concepts

A

Considered a valid concept

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15
Q

Which of the following are TRUE regarding the history of earth?

A

Early earth’s atmospheric composition was composed of a greater amount of greenhouse gasses such as methane and ammonia in comparison to today’s atmosphere

Nitrogen has made up a majority of the atmosphere throughout earth’s history

Increasing amounts of oxygen lead to a greater diversity of life

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16
Q

Example of allopatric speciation

A

The Kaibab squirrel is a subspecies of the Abert’s squirrel that formed when a small population became isolated on the north rim of the Grand Canyon

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17
Q

A new virus has lead to a 65% decrease in a population of deer living in Shenandoah National Park. Which of the following statements is/are true?

A

The frequency of alleles may change due to genetic drift

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18
Q

Evolution

A

cumulative change in heritable characteristics

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19
Q

gene pool

A

all genes and their alleles

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20
Q

allele frequencies

A

how common the allele is

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21
Q

Evolution caused by

A

passing on favorable alleles OR prevents inheritance of unfavorable alleles

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22
Q

Directional selection

A

FOR: one extreme trait
AGAINST: the other extreme

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23
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

FOR: moderate traits
AGAINST: both extremes

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24
Q

disruptive selection

A

FOR: both extremes
AGAINST: moderate traits

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25
Q

Genetic drift

A

changes allele freq due to CHANCE
Allele freq favors GD

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26
Q

Founders effect

A

small number of colonizers seperate from group to establish new pop.

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27
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

disease or disaster wipes out random leaving random selected population

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28
Q

Speciation

A

The formation of a new species from an existing one

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29
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Geographical isolation
Physical barrier such as mountains, roadway, water,etc.

30
Q

sympatric speciation

A

Gene pool divided without geographical separation

Behavioral (different mating rituals)

Temporal (mates at different times of day, season or year)

31
Q

Biological species concept

A

main criteria for identifying species is reproductive
- either pre or postzygotic isolation

32
Q

Limitations of BSC

A

Tough to evaluate in fossils or asexual reproduction organisms,

apply this concept to closely related species that don’t overlap geographically

apply with hybrid species

33
Q

morphospecies concept

A

two pops differing in one or more characteristics to a stats differeny degree to be a species

individual lineages differ in shape,size, etc.

likely to arise if pop isolated from gene flow

34
Q

limits to MSC

A

may lead to identifying 1 species as 2

35
Q

phylogenetic species concept

A

identifies species based on evolutionary history

36
Q

limits on PSC

A

Clade or lineages identified by unique forms

37
Q

Bionomial nomenclature

A

naming system we use today

38
Q

Taxonomy

A

a branch of biology that involves the identification, naming, and class of the species

39
Q

Taxonomy levels smallest to biggest ( specific to least)

A

Species, genus, family, order, class. Phylum, Kingdom, Domain

40
Q

Archaebacteria

A

-Ancient bacteria
- Single celled
- prokaryotic
- Live in extreme environments
- Some autotrophic some heterotrophic

41
Q

Eubacteria

A

Everyday bacteria
- SIngle celled
- prokaryotic
- Some good some bad
- Some autotrophic some heterotrophic

42
Q

Protista (Protists)

A
  • Single and multicellular
  • eukaryotic
  • Some plant like
    - Autotrophs
  • Some animal like or fungi like
    - Heterotrophs
43
Q

Plantae (Plants)

A
  • All multicellular
  • Most found living in water
  • Autotrophs (although some also actsas heterotrophs)
  • Over 26,000 species- Evolved from algae
44
Q

Fungi

A
  • Almost all multicellular; some unicellular (e.g. yeast)
  • Eukaryotic
  • non-photosynthesizing, plant-like
  • heterotrophs
  • Sometimes act as parasites
45
Q

Animalia (Animal)

A
  • Multicellular
  • Eukaryotes
  • Heterotrophs
46
Q

Phylogeny

A

how closely related they are

47
Q

systematics

A

reconstruction/study of evolutionary relationships

48
Q

polytomy

A

unresolved relationships

49
Q

paraphyletic

A

common ancestor and SOME decendents

50
Q

polyphyletic

A

does not include common ancestor

51
Q

monophyletic

A

common ancestors and all decedents

52
Q

ancestral

A

belongs to everyone in the group

53
Q

derived

A

a new trait that appears on tree

54
Q

shared

A

a trait that multiple organisms on the tree have

55
Q

T/F? A phylogenetic tree has one main lineage of importance.

A

F

56
Q

Misconceptions of phylogenetic trees?

A

I. Some organisms are at higher level (more advanced) than others.

II. Taxa that appear near the top or on the right-hand side of tree are more advanced than other organisms on the tree.

III. The proximity of tips on a phylogeny is an indicator of relatedness: taxa that are closer together are more closely related.

57
Q

Why are viruses not living?

A
  • Not made of cells
  • Replicates using host (no reproduction)
  • energy from host not self
  • pass genes not through reproduction
  • no growth
58
Q

Virus Basics

A
  • Not alive
  • referred to as particles or agents
  • basic structure (RNA or DNA)
    -Need hot
59
Q

Different shapes virus

A

-Polyhedral
-Spherical
- Helical
- Complex

60
Q

Structure features

A

all have capsids
SOME have structures to help infect cells
- viral envelope
- proteins on outer surface

61
Q

Host Range

A

Broad
- Rabies affect all mammals

Narrow
- Human common cold affects only respitory system

62
Q

How can viruses be grouped?

A

-Genome
- Host
-Shape

63
Q

Bacteriophages

A

only affect bacteria

64
Q

Lytic vs Lysogenic

A
65
Q

How do viruses emerge?

A
  • mutations in existing viruses
    -Spread from isolated population
    -Spread from animals
66
Q

Viral Replication in Animals

A
  1. Attach to host and enter cell
    2.Transcription of genome and production of viral proteins
  2. Rep of genome
  3. Assemble new gen of virons
  4. Exit
  5. New host
67
Q

Viral entry (A and B)

A

-Proteins on surface of virus attach to receptors on cell
- Vir enters through endocytosis
-Vir genome release to cytosol

68
Q

Protein synthesis

A
  • Covid is ssRNA + virus, so host ribosome can immediately begin translation of viral proteins
69
Q

Virion Assemble

A
  • Viral protein go to endoplasmic reticulum then golgi body for assembly and packaging
70
Q

Virion Exit

A

-Assembled virion leaves cell through exocytosis
- Move to infect new cells/host

biodiversity (4 decks)

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