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biodiversity > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Three domains of life

A

Eukarya, Bacteria, Archae

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2
Q

Eukarya characteristics

A
  • nuclear envelope
  • membrane enclosed-organelles
    -No Peptidoglycan in cell wall
    -Unbranched hydro-carbons
  • Several kinds of RNA polymerase
    -Methionine initiator amino acid for protein synth
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3
Q

Bacteria

A
  • No nuclear envelope
  • no membrane enclosed-organelles
    -Peptidoglycan in cell wall (makes cells more susceptible to antibiotics)
    -Unbranched hydro-carbons
  • One kind of RNA polymerase
    -Formyl-methionine initiator amino acid for protein synth
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4
Q

Archaea

A
  • No nuclear envelope
  • no membrane enclosed-organelles
    -No Peptidoglycan in cell wall
    -Some branched hydro-carbons
  • Several kinds of RNA polymerase
    -Methionine initiator amino acid for protein synth
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5
Q

Characteristics in Prokaryotes

A

-Plasmids
-Plasma membrane
-Ribosomes
-Flagellum
-Circular DNA

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6
Q

Characteristics of Euks

A

-Histones
-Plasma membrane
-Ribosomes
-Diploid genome
-Flagellum
-Sexual reproduction

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7
Q

Bacterial reproduction

A

Binary Fission (asexual)
1) Exponential growth
2) Short generation time
3) Limiting factors prevent them from dividing out of control
a) nutrients
b) competition for space for nutrients
c) consumed by other species

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8
Q

Genetic diversity from mutations

A

1) mutations-low rate but short generation time

even though mutations occur infrequently within individual organisms, the sheer number of generations that occur over a short time span can lead to a significant accumulation of genetic variation within a population. This genetic variation is essential for evolution, allowing populations to adapt to changing environments over relatively short periods.

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9
Q

Genetic diversity from recombination

A

No meiosis or sexual recombination
-Transformation
-Transduction
-Conjunction

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10
Q

Shapes of bacteria

A

-Spherical (cocci)
-Rod-shaped (bacilli)
-Spiral-shaped (and others)

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10
Q

Bacteria morphology

A

Size varies
Shape varies
Motility varies

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10
Q

Cell wall composition

A

Gram negative bacteria
- Thinner
- stain color= pink/red
- Lipopolysaccharides are often toxic (how toxic and succeptible to antibiotics the bacteria is)
-outer membrane protects bacteria cell from immune defenses
- more resistant to antibiotics

Gram positive bacteria
-Thick
-stain color=purple

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11
Q

How do you know the cell wall is bacteria bacteria

A

the peptidoglycan compound

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12
Q

Nutritional patterns for microorganisms: Nutrition

A

Number one category

-Provides energy to maintain functions and matter to build and repair structures

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13
Q

Nutritional patterns for microorganisms: auto and heterotrophic

A

after nutrition, splits (one OR the other)

Hetero
- obtaining nutrients from complex food molecules by digestion

Auto
-manufacture of organic molecules from CO2 and a source of energy

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14
Q

Nutritional patterns for microorganisms: photo/chemosynthetic microorganisms

A

Split from autotroph

Photo
-use of energy from sunlight to synthesize food

Chemo
- use energy from chemical rxn to synth. food

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15
Q

Nutritional patterns for microorganisms: sapro/patho(parasitic)genic

A

Split from heterotroph

Sapro
- secrete enzymes on external organic matter and absorb soluble products (nuterients)

Patho (parasitic)
-live on or in host organism and feed on its organic matter causing harm (disease)

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16
Q

Metabolism: Aerobic vs Anaerobic

A

Aerobic
- Cellular respiration
- Several steps:

-Glycolysis: take sugar consumed break it down and move into other phases
-Pyruvate oxidation
-Krebs cycle
-oxidative phosphorylation

we produce ATP (true energy source)

Anaerobic:
-Glycolysis: glucose molecule splits in half and ends up with..
-Pyruvate
-Forms two biproducts
- Alcoholic (Ethyl alcohol + CO2) or Lactic acid (Lactate) fermentation

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17
Q

Can humans go through anerobic?

A

Yes, but we get WAY more energy from aerorobic
-Last ditch effort

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18
Q

T/F: Transformation can only occur between two similar species

A

True

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19
Q

T/F: Gram positive bacteria are more resistant to antibotics

A

False

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20
Q

T/F: Facultative anaerobes are more successful when NO O2

A

False

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21
Q

T/F: During conjugation, plasmid of bacteria could be transferred to other bacterial cell

A

True

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22
Q

T/F: Chemosynthetic bacteria are heterotrophs

A

False

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23
Q

T/F: Bacterial cell division is limitless

A

False

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24
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Respire anaerobically. NO O2. Either use fermentation or extract chemical energy from other sources (nitrate or sulfur ions)

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25
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Only respire (go through cellular respiration) aerobically. Dependent on O2

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26
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

-Can respire ana/aerobically depending on O2 availability

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27
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

-can respire anaerobically
-doesn’t use O2 but can tolerate it

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28
Q

Archaea Phylogeny

A

-Thermophiles
can tolerate extremely hot conditions
-Halophiles
can tolerate extremely salt conditions (chemosynthesis)
-Methanogens
can produce methane

29
Q

Pyro coccus furiosus

A
  • pH usually 7, can be between 5-9
    -Anaerobic and heterotrophic
    -Found in deep sea vents and volcanic marine mud
    -Thermostable enzymes often used in PCR
30
Q

Methanogens

A

Sources of Methane
- Forrest fire
- plants
- water
- soil
- Digestive process
- Fossil fuel
- Rice Patties
One of the products of their processes is methane

31
Q

Cow Farts

A

Rumen animal
- Unique digestive process
- Gut has lots of bacteria that live in there and help break down food (bacteria, fungi)
- Bi-products that bacteria creates is methane (is gas so cow breathes or farts out)

32
Q

Source of many types of antibiotics

A

Actinobacteria

33
Q

Responsible for massive increase in atmospheric oxygen

A

Cyanobacteria

34
Q

Includes halophiles, thermophiles, and methanogens

A

Archaea

35
Q

Includes common pathogens such as E. coli

A

Proteobacteria

36
Q

Actinobacteria

A

Common in soil and freshwater

Members cause tuberculosis and leprosy

Produce 100s antibiotics

37
Q

Chlamydiae

A

Common in host cells of vertebrates

Associated with chlamydia

Lead to ectopic pregnancy and infertility

38
Q

Cynobacteria

A

Common: Lakes, rivers, oceans

Responsible for Earths oxygen-rich atmosphere and O2 production

Involved in harmful algal blooms

Provide much of nitrogen used by other organisms

39
Q

Firmicutes

A

Include pathogenic species (e.g. bacillus anthrasis that causes anthrax)

nitrogen fixing species,

Common in gut

Cause strep and others

Cheese and yogurt production

40
Q

Protobacteria

A

Common in aquatic enviorments and as pathogens

Associated with pathogens (e.g. E.coli)

Can cause food poisoning, plague etc

41
Q

Spirochaetes

A

Common in the guts of animals and as pathogens

Responsible for leptospirosis, syphilis and lyme disease

Cork screw like movement allow cells burrow into tissue

Pathogens in humans and animals

42
Q

The Significance of Bacteria

A

1.Oxygen Production

  1. Nutrient Cycling

3.Symbiotic Relationships (both good and bad)

4.Food production

5.Biotechnology (genetic modification in agriculture, medicine production)

6.Bioremediation

43
Q

Oxygen production

A

Not a lot in early earth

Oxygen revolution

Lineage: cyanobacteria

44
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A

significance with bacteria: Convert unusable atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be utilized by plants

Biogeochemical: Different places at different times
-Water
- Sulfur
- Carbon
- Nitrogen
Proteins have nitrogen

45
Q

Bioremediation

A

Using living organisms to clean pollution

46
Q

Uses in Medicine

A

Insulin production through bacterial transformation

47
Q

Uses in Agriculture

A

Genetic modification through bacterial transformation

  • Rice ( made golden higher concentration of vitamin K)
48
Q

Uses in food

A

Can use bacteria in food production

49
Q

Glucose –> Pyruvate —>

A

Aspergillus
Lactic acid
- Soy sauce

Lactobacillus
Lactic acid
- Cheese, Yogurt

Saccharomyces
Ethanol+ CO2
- Beer

Ethanol
- Wine
CO2
-Bread

50
Q

Antibiotic Resistance

A

email

51
Q

Pathogenic Bacteria

A

About ½ of all human diseases are caused by bacteria.

They cause illness through
- Endotoxins: lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membrane of gram (-) bacteria.

-Exotoxins: proteins secreted by the bacteria

52
Q

Fecal Transplants

A

Microbes in colon
- Can kill off good bacteria (bad takes over)

Infection enlarges colon
-treated with antibiotics

When antibiotics fail
- Fecal Transplant
- Good bacteria from donor

Colonoscopy
- stool blended with saline

53
Q

Positive health outcomes of gut microbial eubiosis (balance).

A

healthy gut = benefits

54
Q

Gut microbial strains and negative health outcomes of gut microbial dysbiosis (imbalance).

A

Unbalanced microbiome = Negative outcomes

55
Q

The Human Microbiome

A

You have upwards of 150 kinds of bacteria living on the surface of your skin! Some are mutualistic and some are commensalistic.

You have 500-1000 different species living in your gut!

56
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

Can denitrify the nitrogen and send back as N2

Covert unusable N2 gas into usable compound they can uptake

Plants need nitrogen but cant utilize N2 gas

57
Q

Supergroups

A

Archaeplastida
Red algae
Green algae
Land plants

SAR
Kelp
Dinoflagellates
Foramirifera

Excavata
Euglena
Glardia
Trichomonas

Amoebozoa
Amoeba
Some slime molds

Opisthokonta

58
Q

Polyphyleetic Group

A

They developed from more than one ancestral line

59
Q

Everything is a protist EXCEPT for

A

Land plants
Fungi
Animals

60
Q

Theory of Endosymbiosis suggests that

A

An ancestral prokaryotic organism engulfed another prokaryotic organism and they existed in a symbiotic relationship.

61
Q

Evidence to support theory

A
  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts are both organelles

Membranes
- Some organelles have double membranes

Antibiotics
-Susceptible to antibiotics

Division
- Reproduction occurs via a fission-like process

DNA
-Has own DNA which is naked and circular

Ribosomes
- Have ribosomes which are 70S in size

62
Q

T/F Mitochondria likely evolved after chloroplasts

A

F

63
Q

T/F Mitochondria and chloroplasts have DNA and ribosomes similar to prokaryotic organisms

A

T

64
Q

T/F Mitochondria and chloroplasts undergo sexual reproduction

A

F

65
Q

T/F Mitochondria are susceptible to certain antibiotics, similar to what we see in bacteria

A

T

66
Q

Characteristics

A
  • Diverse morphologically
  • Vary in the types of organelles they have
  • Can be unicellular or multicellular
  • Several means of locomotion
  • A range of nutritional strategies
67
Q

Protist Nutrition

A
  • Ingestive feeding
  • Absorptive feeding
    • Occurs when nutrients are directly taken across the cell membrane (many decomposers do this)
  • Photosynthesis
    -Some can be a combination (mixotroph)
68
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A
  • Most undergo asexual reproduction
  • Occasionally you see sexual reproduction
    • milestone in evolution
69
Q

Mitosis

A

New somatic/body (every other cell in body) cells
- copies 2n
- duplicates 2n
46 chromosomes
n = 23 aka (2n= 2(23)=46)

70
Q

Meiosis

A

New sex/gamete (humans) cells
- copies 2n
- splits 2n into 2 1n’s
- duplicates each 1n
23 chromosomes

71
Q

Induction

A

Horizontal gene transfer is the movement of genetic material between organisms OTHER than transmission between parent and offspring. It is especially relevant to the evolution of bacterial diversity since these organisms reproduce asexullay. Based on this definition and what we have learned about bacteria, which of these is NOT an example of horizontal gene transfer?

biodiversity (4 decks)

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