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Cognitive Neuroscience > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

chapters 6-8

1
Q

what is the What pathway?

A

The ventral stream

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2
Q

What does the ventral visual processing stream consist of?

A

Areas of the occipitotemporal and temporal regions that are devoted to the processing visual stimuli

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3
Q

Cells is the ventral visual system (what pathway) fire in response to what?

A

Relatively simple stimuli, but cells further along the stream fire to more complex, specific stimuli

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4
Q

what falls under the category of “simple stimuli” in the ventral visual system?

A

Orientation to lines and edges, color, shape, etc.

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5
Q

What falls under the category of “complex stimuli’ in the ventral visual system?

A

Faces and whole objects

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6
Q

what are the two trends noted in the ventral visual system?

A

1) cells early in the pathway fire to simple stimuli, and cells farther along in the pathway fire to complex stimuli
2) receptive fields become larger

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7
Q

What type of receptive field allows for the cell to respond to objects on he basis of their global shape (allows an object to be identified regardless of its size or where it is located in space)

A

large receptive field

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8
Q

what is the consequence of having a large receptive field?

A

Some information about an item’s position in space is lost

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9
Q

what does area V4 process?

A

Color processing as well as colors in different hues or lighting

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10
Q

Cells in the ventral processing stream are
often sensitive to _____, which aids object
recognition.

A

Color

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11
Q

damage in the ventral stream of the cortex leads to a deficit in…

A

Object recognition

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12
Q

Visual Agnosia definition

A

An inability to recognize objects in the visual modality that cannot be explained by other causes

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13
Q

True or false: Visual agnosia is modality specific

A

Yes! This mean that it manifests in only one of the senses (in this case, the visual sense)

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14
Q

What are the two types of visual agnosia?

A

Apperceptive and associative

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15
Q

Apperceptive agnoisa

A
  • is a fundamental difficulty in forming a perception
    -the data cannot be bound together to allow the person to to perceive a meaningful whole
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16
Q

Associative agnoisa

A

Basic visual information can be integrated to form a meaningful perceptive whole, but that particular whole cannot be linked to stored knowledge

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17
Q

What is the main difference between Apperceptive and associative agnoisa?

A

the type of visual information that can be processed

  • Classic Apperceptive agnoisa can process crude visual information
  • People with associative agnoisa can perceive much more detailed info than those with Apperceptive agnosia, which is proven by ther ability to match and copy items, and they can extract some information about general shape
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18
Q

Where is brain damage typically seen in patients with Apperceptive agnoisa?

A

Diffuse damage to the occipital lobe and surrounding areas

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19
Q

Where is damage typically seen for patients with associative agnoisa?

A

The occipitotemporal regions of both hemispheres and sub-adjacent white matter

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20
Q

What is Prosopragnosia?

A

(Agnoisa for faces)

A selective inability to recognize or differentiate faces

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21
Q

Where is damage found in prosopagnosia patients?

A

The ventral stream of the right hemisphere

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22
Q

where does damage for patients with visual agnosia of words occur?

A

The left hemisphere in the region known as the visual word form area

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23
Q

What percent of the population suffers from congenital prosopragnosia?

A

2%

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24
Q

What types of information can prosopagnosia patients determine?

A
  • that a face is a face
  • age
  • gender
  • facial expression/emotion
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25
Q

Category-specific deficit

A

The inability to recognize or identify a certain category of objects even though the ability to recognize other categories of items in that same modality is retained

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26
Q

Sparse coding

A

The theory that a small but specific group of cells responds to the presence of a given object

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27
Q

What is an extreme example of sparse coding? Is it thought to be right?

A

The grandmother cell theory; no

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28
Q

population coding

A

The theory that the pattern of activity across a large population of cells codes for individual objects

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29
Q

What is an extreme version of the idea of Population coding?

A

That every cell in the ventral stream is involved in coding for every object

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30
Q

What is used to study visual invariance?

A

Adaptation

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31
Q

Inversion effect

A

Phenomenon in which recognition is poorer when an object is turned upside down. Suggests that faces are processed as wholes, configurally

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32
Q

Conjunctive encoding

A

Assumes that features are explicitly conjoined, or linked together

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33
Q

Nonlocal binding

A

Assumes that a whole object is represented simply by the co-activation of units that represent the parts of the objet in particular locations

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34
Q

what are the two possible models of how individual features combined into whole shapes?

A

Conjunctive encoding and nonlocal binding

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35
Q

Fusiform face area (FFA)

A

Which exhibits a greater response to faces than to other objects

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36
Q

Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

A

Appears to process visual information related to placed in the local environment

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37
Q

Extrastriate body area (EBA)

A

Responds preferentially to images of human bodies and body parts, compared to various inanimate objects and object parts

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38
Q

What have researchers discovered about monkey face-specific cells?

A

They are distributed asymmetrically and are more evident in the right hemisphere

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39
Q

Double dissociation

A

A method for demonstrating that two mental processes can proceed independently of one another, and that they rely on different neural substrates

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40
Q

What did evidence from brain-damaged individuals, neuroimaging, and electrophysiology indicate that _____ are processed differently than other classes of objects

A

Faces

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41
Q

Which hemisphere plays a predominant role in face processing?

A

Right

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42
Q

What is the Superior Temporal Sulcus (STS) involved in processing?

A

Those features of the face that change, such as eye gaze and expression

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43
Q

Where is the Parahippocampal place area (PPA) located?

A

In a ventral cortical region bordering the hippocampus

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44
Q

What does the PPA typically respond to?

A

Strongly to visual scenes such as landscapes, rooms, houses, or streets

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45
Q

The ventral stream region in the left hemisphere appears to be responsive to visually presented _______.

A

Words

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46
Q

Multi-voxel pattern analysis

A

To examine the degree of activation in certain brain regions, as well as the pattern or mosaic of activation

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47
Q

the more similar visual items are, the more similar are their ______ of activity across the brain

A

Patterns

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48
Q

auditory agnosia

A

The inability to recognize sound

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49
Q

auditory agnosia usually manifests in one of three ways. What are these three ways?

A
  • Verbal auditory agnosia
  • Nonverbal auditory agnoisa
  • Mixed auditory agnoisa
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50
Q

What is Verbal auditory agnoisa?

A

also known as Pure-word deafness

Words cannot be understood, although the ability to attach meaning to nonverbal sounds in intact.

Often complains that speech sounds like “an undifferentiated continuous humming noise without any rhythm”

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51
Q

nonverbal auditory agnoisa

A

Rarer than verbal auditory agnosia

The ability to attach meaning to a word in intact, but the ability to do so for nonverbal sounds is disrupted

Ex: cannot categorize a dog bark or a lawn mower

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52
Q

Mixed auditory agnoisa

A

the ability to attach meaning to both verbal and nonverbal sounds is affected, although the patients can determine whether two sounds are identical or different and whether one sound is louder than the other

53
Q

Somatosensory/Tactile agnoisa

A

A condition in which a person is unable to recognize an item by touch

54
Q

What are the two types of somatosensory agnosia that have been proposed?

A

1) he affected person has the inability to use tactile information to create a percept
2) the percept is more or less intact but cannot be associated with meaning (tactile asymbolia)

55
Q

What is tactile asymbolia

A

The tactile information cannot be linked to its symbolic meaning

56
Q

In everyday life, we often receive _________ cues to recognition simultaneously from multiple modalities

A

Parallel

57
Q

What region is known to be important to the visual perception of objects?

A

lateral occipital complex (LOC)

58
Q

Voices of familiar people have been shown to activate which brain area more than the voices of unfamiliar people?

A

FFA

59
Q

What stream is the dorsal pathway?

A

The “where”

60
Q

the dorsal visual processing stream projects from where to where?

A

primary visual areas to parietal regions

61
Q

What is another name for the Primary somatosensory area?

A

the Anterior Parietal cortex

62
Q

which lobe is primarily concerned with somatosensory representations?

A

the anterior parietal lobe

63
Q

Which cortex is multisensory and is crucial in many aspects of spatial cognition?

A

the posterior parietal cortex (PPC)

64
Q

what are the superior parietal lobule and the inferior parietal lobule separated by?

A

the intraparietal sulcus

65
Q

Area MT(middle temporal V5) and MST (he medial superior temporal area) contribute to the understanding of what?

A

motion

66
Q

the primary visual cortex and the somatosensory cortex provide information about what?

A

the body in space

67
Q

What part of Einstein’s brain was larger and attributed to his increased ability to do math and physics?

A

the parietal cortex

68
Q

What are the functions of the three separate pathways that project from the dorsal stream to other areas?

A
  1. spatial working memory
  2. visually guided action
  3. Spatial navigation
69
Q

What is the pathway that is concerned with supporting spatial working memory?

A

connects the parietal cortex to the prefrontal cortex

70
Q

What pathway is concerned with supporting visually guided actions such as reaching and grasping?

A

connects the parietal cortex to the premotor cortex

71
Q

What pathway is concerned with supporting spatial navigation, such as wayfinding around an environment?

A

connected the parietal cortex to the medial temporal cortex (including hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex)

72
Q

why are cells in the parietal areas not good at detecting the visual properties of objects?

A

because they are not sensitive to form or color

73
Q

Cells in the posterior parietal cortex appear to be responsive to a combination of the retinal location of the visual stimulus AND the position of the animal’s eyes or head. This allows the creation of what in the brain?

A

A stable spatial map of the world

74
Q

In patients with parietal damage, is it more difficult for them to determine if an object is facing right or left or is it more difficult to distinguish up or down?

A

it is harder for them to distinguish left facing from right facing

they are good at up/down distinction, as well as if an object is presented at different angles

75
Q

which plane does depth perception help us localize items in?

A

near-far plane

76
Q

Binocular Disparity

A

discrepancy between the images seen by two eyes that is a cue to depth

77
Q

Cells in which cortex are sensitive to different amounts of binocular disparity?

A

primary visual cortex

78
Q

what two cue types are integrated in area MT to code for depth?

A

binocular disparity and motion parallax

79
Q

Is motion parallax a binocular or monocular depth cue?

A

monocular

80
Q

what is the gist of motion parallax?

A

near objects move slower and farther objects move faster

81
Q

egocentric reference frames

A

specify an object’s location in relation to some aspect of the self

82
Q

Allocentric reference frame

A

specify an object’s location in relation to other objects

83
Q

Damage to which parietal lobe is most often associated with egocentric neglect?

A

right parietal lobe

84
Q

Object-centered neglect

A

patient ignores half of an object regardless of how that object is displayed or oriented

85
Q

What are the names of the three different realms?

A
  • Personal space
  • Peripersonal space
  • Extrapersonal space
86
Q

Personal space

A

referring to spatial position on the body

87
Q

Peripersonal space

A

referring to the spatial realm within arm’s reach, or near space

88
Q

Extrapersonal space

A

far space, referring to the area beyond arm’s reach

89
Q

Categorical spatial relations

A

specify the position of one location relative to another in dichotomous categorical terms (above vs below, top vs bottom, left vs right)

90
Q

Coordinate (or metric) spatial relations

A

specify the distance between two locations

91
Q

which hemisphere is specialized for determining categorical spatial relations?

A

left

92
Q

which hemisphere is specialized for computing coordinate (metric) spatial relationships?

A

right

93
Q

corollary discharge

A

a signal to visual areas about the upcoming eye movements

94
Q

What is one important function of the dorsal stream?

A

to participate in sensory-motor translation-transforming sensory representations into action patterns

95
Q

Constructional praxis

A

the ability to motorically produce or manipulate items so that they have a particular spatial relationship

96
Q

What is a critical element of constructional praxis?

A

spatial perception

97
Q

Optic ataxia

A

a type of spatial deficit seen in patients with parietal lobe damage. these patients have difficulty with visually guided reaching and may fail to take obstacles into account when reaching for an object

98
Q

true or false: optic ataxia appears to be doubly dissociable from visual agnosia.

A

true

99
Q

which stream is important in supporting both visually guided reaching and grasping movements?

A

the dorsal stream

100
Q

Egocentric disorientation

A

the inability to represent the location of objects in relationship to the self

101
Q

landmark agnosia

A

is more like an object-recognition deficit than a true spatial deficit, although it does disrupt wayfinding ability

102
Q

anterograde disorientation

A

a patient is unable to construct new representations of environments due to parahippocampal damage

103
Q

heading disorientation

A

a patient is unable to recognize landmarks and understand relations between locations in space due to retrosplenial cortex damage

(has trouble knowing his own orientation in a familiar or unfamiliar environment)

104
Q

Which hemisphere plays a leading role in speech production (at least for right-handers)?

A

the left

105
Q

Aphasia

A

a disruption in the ability to process or produce language

106
Q

Wada technique almost always leads to speech arrest after injection into which hemisphere?

A

left

107
Q

in split-brain patients, only the left hemisphere can do what?

A

produce speech output

108
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

damage to this region results in a difficulty with speech output, but can comprehend just fine

109
Q

what does lesioning anterior to the central fissure cause?

A

Broca’s aphasia

110
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

characterized by disrupted speech comprehension, but speech output is fluent

111
Q

What are the words of patients with Wernicke’s aphasia called?

A

Word salad

112
Q

semantic paraphasia

A

substitute a word with a similar meaning to the intended word

113
Q

phonemic paraphasia

A

substitute a word with a similar sound to the intended word

114
Q

neologisms

A

made-up words that follow the rules for combining sounds in the language, yet are not real words

115
Q

paraphasias

A

an inability to link sound images to meaning

116
Q

Anterior regions of the left hemisphere are specialized for ____ _____

A

speech output

117
Q

Posterior regions of the left hemisphere are specialized for ____ __________

A

speech comprehension

118
Q

conduction aphasia

A

the inability to repeat what was just heard (although language comprehension and speech production are intact)

119
Q

Damage to which white matter tract causes conduction aphasia?

A

the arcuate fasciculus

120
Q

global aphasia

A

the inability to comprehend or produce language

121
Q

What is the classic three-part model of 19th century aphasiologists/(Classical Neurological Perspective)

A
  1. language input center
  2. language output center
  3. a critical neural pathway connecting the two
122
Q

What three parts do psycholinguists divide language into?

A
  1. phonology (rules of sound combination)
  2. syntax (rules of grammar)
  3. semantics (meaning of language)
123
Q

Phoneme

A

considered the smallest unit of sound that can signal meaning

124
Q

Phonology in Broca’s aphasia

A

may have difficulty producing both the correct phonetic and phonemic representations of speech sounds

125
Q

Phonology in Wernicke’s aphasia

A

may have difficulty producing the correct phoneme (meaning), but do not have phonetic issues (sound)

126
Q

What is N400?

A
  • it occurs about 400ms after the event occurs
  • found in the posterior cortex (left temporal cortex)
  • it is sensitive to Semantic anomalies
127
Q

what is P600?

A
  • it occurs about 600ms after the event occurs
  • it is in bot the posterior and anterior cortices
  • it is sensitive to Syntactic anomalies
128
Q
A

Cognitive Neuroscience (6 decks)

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