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Cognitive Neuroscience > Chapter 10 Review Sheet > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Review Sheet Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four categories of attention?

A
  1. Alertness and Arousal
  2. Vigilance
  3. Selective Attention
  4. Divided Attention
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2
Q

What is Alertness and Arousal?

A

It is the most basic level of attention

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3
Q

What is an extreme example of Alertness and Arousal?

A

A Coma
- this is because you can extract little to no information from the environment in this state

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4
Q

What is vigilance?

A

the ability to maintain alertness continuously over time

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5
Q

What is an example of vigilance?

A

when you have to pay attention during a lecture that is over an hour long

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6
Q

What is Selective attention?

A

the selection of information essential to a task

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7
Q

What is an example of selective attention?

A

when you try to attend a conversation while drowning out music in the background

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8
Q

Which brain system is responsible for the overall arousal and controls the sleep-wake cycles?

A

Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

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9
Q

What happens when the ascending reticular activating system is damaged?

A

a coma

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10
Q

Which system of the ARAS does this describe? The ventral or dorsal system?

  • Projects to the cortex via the thalamus
  • Relies on the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine
A

Dorsal ARAS System

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11
Q

Which system of the ARAS does this describe? The ventral or dorsal system?

  • Projects to the cortex via the basal forebrain
  • One branch originating in the raphe relies on the neurotransmitter Serotonin (5-HT)
  • The other branch originating in the locus coeruleus relies on Norepinephrine (NE)
A

Ventral ARAS System

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12
Q

What does ARAS stand for?

A

Ascending Reticular Activating System

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13
Q

Which regions of the thalamus are involved in the function of mediating arousal?

A

medial dorsal, intralaminar, and reticular nuclei

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14
Q

Damage to the thalamic nuclei might cause…?

A

a Coma

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15
Q

Which two neurotransmitter systems play a role in vigilance and sustained attention?

A

the Cholinergic (ACh) and Noradrenergic (NA) systems

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16
Q

The greater the effort required to sustain attention, the larger the release of ______

A

Acetylcholine

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17
Q

Which neurotransmitter system helps to alert the brain to prepare to receive information?

A

Noradrenergic system

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18
Q

What is Bottom-Up attentional selection?

A

some intrinsic aspect of the stimulus itself causes it to be attended

ex: a loud noise grabs your attention

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19
Q

What is Top-down attentional selection?

A

the person determines how to direct his or her attention

ex: directing your attention to a particular point in space, at an object, or a person

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20
Q

What is a saccade?

A

an eye movement in which the eyes jump from one position to the next with no processing of the intervening visual information

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21
Q

What are the two types of saccade? Which one is faster?

A
  • Express saccades (reflexive and are faster)
  • Regular saccades
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22
Q

What brain structure is associated with saccades?

A

The Superior Colliculus

23
Q

What are the two brain regions involved in mediating attentional selection?

A
  • Lateral geniculate nucleus
  • Pulvinar
24
Q

What structure integrates information from the superior parietal lobe and inferior parietal lobe?

A

The Parietal Lobe

25
Q

Which portion of the parietal lobe is associated with top-down attentional selection?

A

Superior Parietal Lobe

26
Q

Which portion of the parietal lobe is associated with bottom-up attentional control?

A

Inferior Parietal Lobe

27
Q

What is Feature Search?

A

where you are looking for ONE feature such as a color

28
Q

What is Conjugation Search?

A

searching for a conjunction of features (MULTIPLE) such as color and shape

29
Q

What is a salience map?

A

a map that is a result of bottom-up and top-down attentional control

  • It is used to help prioritize where attention should be directed
30
Q

What brain area plays a large role in salience maps?

A

The Intraparietal Sulcus

31
Q

Which frontal regions are involved in attentional control?

A

Prefrontal regions: Frontal Eye Field (FEF) and Supplementary Eye Field (SEF)

32
Q

When would the frontal regions involved in attentional control be activated?

A

When there is stimulus that has appeared and is physically present

33
Q

Without Attention:

A

the observed activity is the average of the two responses

34
Q

Does this describe with or without attention:

The additional stimulus reduces the response to the reference stimulus

A

Without Attention

35
Q

With Attention:

A

The addition of a second stimulus does not alter the cell’s response

36
Q

Does this describe with or without attention:

The additional stimulus no longer reduces the response to the second stimulus

A

With Attention

37
Q

What is Alerting?

A

allows the brain to maintain a tonic level of arousal and to respond to signals warning of upcoming events

38
Q

The locus coeruleus, thalamic regions and portions of the right hemisphere are associated with which of the following:

Alerting, Orienting, or Executive Attention?

A

Alerting

39
Q

What neurotransmitter is linked to Alerting?

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

40
Q

What is Orienting?

A

aligns attention with sensory signals and selects among multiple sensory inputs

41
Q

Superior colliculus, parietal areas and frontal eye fields are the components of which of the following:

Alerting, Orienting, or Executive Attention?

A

Orienting

42
Q

What neurotransmitter is linked to Orienting?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

43
Q

What is Executive Attention?

A

controls how attention is directed according to goals and desires

44
Q

Basal ganglia, lateral prefrontal cortex, and the anterior cingulate are components of which of the following:

Alerting, Orienting, or Executive Attention?

A

Executive Attention

45
Q

What neurotransmitter is associated with Executive Attention?

A

Dopamine (DA)

46
Q

What is the default network?

A

A system that is active when individuals are not involved in attentionally demanding tasks

47
Q

What is considered to be the baseline state and is involved in directing attention to internal states?

A

Default Network

48
Q

What are the three subsystems of the default network?

A
  • The Core-System
  • The Medial Temporal Subsystem
  • The Dorsal Medial Subsystem
49
Q

What should you think of when you think of The Core System?

A

Self-referential processing
- allows personal meaning to be constructed from salient infomation

50
Q

What should you think of when you think of The Medial Temporal Subsystem?

A

Mental stimulation
- uses memories to help simulate and imagine novel situations

51
Q

What should you think of when you think of The Dorsal Medial Subsystem?

A

Mentalizing
- allows for “theory of mind” - reflection upon the mental states of other people or one’s self

52
Q

What is hemineglect?

A

individuals ignore, or do not pay attention to, the side of space contralateral to their lesion

53
Q

Hemineglect has different behavioral manifestations that are associated with damage to a diverse set of right hemisphere regions, suggesting it is a ______________ disorder.

A

heterogenous

54
Q

What is the general idea of treatment for hemineglect?

A

There must be over or under stimulation of one of the hemispheres.

  • down-regulate the activity in the left hemisphere
  • up-regulate activity in the damaged right hemisphere
  • Caloric Stimulation

Cognitive Neuroscience (6 decks)

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