Exam 3

Question 1

Refers to meeting the basic health needs of a community by providing readily accessible health services.

Answer 1

Primary health care

Question 2

Defined as one “designed and built to improve the quality of life for all people who live, work, worship, learn, and play within their borders—where every person is free to make choices amid a variety of healthy, available, accessible, and affordable options”

Answer 2

Healthy place

Question 3

Implies providing accessible services to promote the health of populations most at risk for health problems (e.g., the poor, the young, older adults, minorities, the homeless, and immigrants and refugees).

Answer 3

Equity

Question 4

Focus on providing community members with a positive sense of health that strengthens their physical, mental, and emotional capacities.

Answer 4

Health promotion and disease prevention

Question 5

Well-informed and motivated community members participate in planning, implementing, and evaluating health programs.

Answer 5

Community participation

Question 6

The coordinated action by all parts of a community, from local government officials to grassroots community members

Answer 6

Multisectoral cooperation

Question 7

Affordable social, biomedical, and health services that are relevant and acceptable to individuals’ health, needs, and concerns.

Answer 7

Appropriate technology

Question 8

The key models for community practice include the following:

Answer 8

Locality development is a process-oriented model that emphasizes consensus, cooperation, and building group identity and a sense of community.

Social planning stresses rational-empirical problem solving, usually by outside professional experts. Social planning does not focus on building community capacity or fostering fundamental social change.

Social action aims to increase the problem-solving ability of the community with concrete actions that attempt to correct the imbalance of power and privilege of an oppressed or disadvantaged group in the community.

Question 9

Community includes three factors:

Answer 9

people, place, and function

Question 10

Other Principles Useful in Developing a Healthy Community…

Answer 10

-The whole is greater than the sum of the parts. Change in one part affects the other parts.
-Collaboration is central to development of a healthy community.
-All systems have feedback loops. Information from one area is fed back to the whole. This feedback provides an opportunity for change or “course correction.”

Question 11

Greatest good for greatest number

Answer 11

Utilitarianism

Question 12

Distributing resources & burdens equitably among members of a society and ensuring vulnerable groups are included in equitable distribution of resources.

Answer 12

Communitarianism

Question 13

Community health is reflected in

Answer 13

Health behaviors of and subsequent outcomes for its residents. Ability of community as a system to support healthy individuals.

Question 14

Individuals have dynamic interactions with social and environmental features of communities

Answer 14

the socio-ecological model

Question 15

The Nurse’s Role in the Community

Answer 15

-Establish credibility and trust

-Gatekeepers- community leaders who create opportunities for nurses to meet diverse community members

-Stakeholders- anyone with personal or occupational interest in a community’s outcomes

-Community health workers- community members from diverse backgrounds who receive training to perform health outreach work

Question 16

Community assessment is to take a detailed stock of a community

Answer 16

-Focuses from the inside and from the outside
-Sometimes called community needs assessment
-Requires clinical judgment
-Requires critical appraisal of multiple types of data

Question 17

Why complete a Community Assessment?

Answer 17

To learn more about the following: Community assets (aka, strengths), Community needs (aka, areas for improvement), Locating confirmation data to address a recognized community problem

Public health nurses (PHNs) are ideal assessment leaders

Question 18

Primary sources of data

Answer 18

Participant observation—windshield survey; key informants; focus group; photovoice; spatial data—geographic information systems

Question 19

An assessment of community features relevant to public health through visual observation to identify the health of a community

Answer 19

windshield survey

Question 20

The Seven A’s

Answer 20

awareness, access, availability, affordability, acceptability, appropriateness, adequacy

Question 21

Planning, Implementation, or Evaluation?

Analyzing and establishing priorities among health problems identified through nursing diagnosis. Establishing goals and objectives. Identifying activities to accomplish objectives.

Answer 21

Planning

Question 22

Planning, Implementation, or Evaluation?

Enacting the plan for improved community health using identified goals and objectives.

Answer 22

Implementation

Question 23

Planning, Implementation, or Evaluation?

Measuring the success of the program and determining community satisfaction with outcomes.

Answer 23

Evaluation

Question 24

Actions taken on behalf of communities, systems, individuals, and families to improve or protect health status.

Answer 24

Interventions

A PHN may use any or all of the interventions.

Question 25

Changes community norms, community attitudes, community awareness, community practices, and community behaviors. It is directed toward entire populations within the community or occasionally toward populations at risk or populations of interest. An example of community-level practice is a social marketing campaign to promote a community norm that serving alcohol to under-aged youth at high school graduation parties is unacceptable. This is a community-level primary prevention strategy.

Answer 25

Community level practice

The goal of community-level practice is to increase the knowledge and attitude of the entire community about the importance of immunization and the consequences of not being immunized. These strategies will lead to an increase in the percentage of people who obtain recommended immunizations for themselves and their children.

Question 26

Changes organizations, policies, laws, and power structures within communities. The focus is on the systems that impact health, not directly on individuals and communities. Conducting compliance checks to ensure that bars and liquor stores do not serve minors or sell to individuals who supply alcohol to minors is an example of a systems-level secondary prevention strategy practice

Answer 26

Systems level practice

The goal of systems-level practice is to change the laws, policies, and practices that influence immunization rates, such as promoting population-based immunization registries and improving clinic and provider practices.

Question 27

Changes knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, practices, and behaviors of individuals. This practice level is directed at individuals, alone or as part of a family, class, or group. Even though families, classes, and groups are comprised of more than one individual, the focus is still on individual change. Teaching effective refusal skills to groups of adolescents is an example of individual secondary prevention strategy level of practice.

Answer 27

Individual level practice

The goal of individual/family-level strategies is to identify individuals who are not appropriately immunized, identify the barriers to immunization, and ensure that the individual’s immunizations are brought up to date.

Question 28

True or False?

No one level of practice is more important than another; in fact, many public health priorities are addressed simultaneously at all three levels.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

· Define the three Levels of Prevention

Answer 29

o Primary (well populations)
o Secondary (early stages)
o Tertiary (seeks to prevent worsening of crisis)

Question 30

True or False?

The nursing process is used at all levels of practice: Assessment, Diagnosis’, Planning, Implementation, evaluation.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Describes and monitors health events through ongoing and systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data for the purpose of planning, implementing, and evaluating public health interventions.

Answer 31

Surveillance

Question 32

Systematically gathers and analyzes data regarding threats to the health of populations, ascertains the source of the threat, identifies cases and others at risk, and determines control measures.

Answer 32

Disease and other health event investigation

Question 33

Locates populations of interest or populations at risk and provides information about the nature of the concern, what can be done about it, and how services can be obtained.

Answer 33

Outreach

Question 34

Identifies individuals with unrecognized health risk factors or asymptomatic disease conditions in populations.

Answer 34

Screening

Question 35

Locates individuals and families with identified risk factors and connects them with resources.

Answer 35

Case finding

Question 36

Assists individuals, families, groups, organizations, and/or communities to identify and access necessary resources in order to prevent or resolve problems or concerns.

Answer 36

Referral & follow up

Question 37

Optimizes self-care capabilities of individuals and families and the capacity of systems and communities to coordinate and provide services.

Answer 37

Case management

Question 38

Are direct care tasks a registered professional nurse carries out under the authority of a health care practitioner as allowed by law. Delegated functions also include any direct care tasks a registered professional nurse entrusts to other appropriate personnel to perform.

Answer 38

Delegated functions

Question 39

Communicates facts, ideas, and skills that change knowledge, attitudes, values, beliefs, behaviors, and practices of individuals, families, systems, and/or communities

Answer 39

Health teaching

Question 40

Establishes an interpersonal relationship with a community, system, family, or individual intended to increase or enhance his or her capacity for self-care and coping. Engages the community, system, family, or individual at an emotional level.

Answer 40

Counseling

Question 41

Seeks information and generates optional solutions to perceived problems or issues through interactive problem solving with a community, system, family, or individual. The community, system, family, or individual selects and acts on the option best meeting the circumstances.

Answer 41

Consultation

Question 42

Commits two or more persons or organizations to achieve a common goal through enhancing the capacity of one or more of the members to promote and protect health.

Answer 42

Collaboration

Question 43

Promotes and develops alliances among organizations or constituencies for a common purpose. It builds linkages, solves problems, and/or enhances local leadership to address health concerns.

Answer 43

Coalition building

Question 44

Helps community groups to identify common problems or goals, mobilize resources, and develop and implement strategies for reaching the goals they collectively have set.

Answer 44

Community organizing

Question 45

Pleads someone’s cause or acts on someone’s behalf, with a focus on developing the capacity of the community, system, individual, or family to plead their own cause or act on their own behalf.

Answer 45

Advocacy

Question 46

Uses commercial marketing principles and technologies for programs designed to influence the knowledge, attitudes, values, beliefs, behaviors, and practices of the population of interest.

Answer 46

Social marketing

Question 47

Places health issues on decision-makers’ agendas, acquires a plan of resolution, and determines needed resources. Policy development results in laws, rules, regulations, ordinances, and policies.

Answer 47

Policy development

Question 48

Compels others to comply with the laws, rules, regulations, ordinances, and policies created in conjunction with policy development.

Answer 48

Policy enforcement

Question 49

Identify the steps and principles that guide community health education.

Answer 49

o Conduct a thorough needs assessment:
§ Prioritize the needs. Consider the learner’s knowledge, skill, motivation, and available resources.

o Develop goals and objectives
§ Goals: broad, long-term expected outcomes.
§ Objectives: Specific, short term criteria to be met.

Question 50

Learning strategies for children and individuals with little knowledge about a health-related topic

Answer 50

Pedagogy

Question 51

Learning strategies for adults, older adults, and individuals with some health-related knowledge about a topic

Answer 51

Andragogy

Question 52

Essential in presenting written, audio, or visual information.

Answer 52

Cultural competence

Question 53

Barriers to learning

Answer 53

Low health literacy and lack of motivation to learn

Question 54

Adults are motivated to learn when:

Answer 54

§ They think they need to know something.
§ The new information is compatible with their prior life experiences.
§ They value the person(s) providing the information.
§ They believe they can make any necessary changes that are implied by the new information.

Question 55

Have a defined membership and a specific purpose. They may or may not have an official place in the community’s organization.

Answer 55

formal groups

Question 56

The ties between members are multiple, and the purposes are unwritten yet understood by members. These groups often form spontaneously when participants have a common interest or need.

Answer 56

informal groups