Exam 1 Flashcards
What is Public Health’s Role Vision?
healthy people in healthy communities
What is Public Health’s Mission?
Promote physical and mental health, and prevent disease, injury and disability.
Public health involves
sanitation, control of communicable infections, early diagnosis and tx, education of patients in personal health, social system to ensure adequate standards of living to maintain health.
This person correlated living conditions with diseases. “Health of the unity is the health of the community”.
“Sick nursing” versus “health nursing”. One duty of every nurse certainly is prevention, through proper nutrition, rest, sanitation, and hygiene
Florence Nightingale
Established visiting nurse service
Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster
This person emerged as the established leader of PH nursing during its early decades. Visiting nurses became the key to the prevention of communicable disease education campaigns.
Lillian Wald
What are tenements? Settlement houses?
Tenements were low-rise apartment buildings, known for cramped spaces and poor living conditions. Settlement houses were established. These were neighborhood centers that became hubs for health care, education, and social welfare programs.
National Organization for PHN Timeline
1914: first post-training school course in PHN.
1920-1930: many newly hired PHNs had to verify completion in a certificate program in PHN.
Lillian Wald was elected as first president.
Membership included both nurses and their lay supporters.
1872: Promoted “practical application of public hygiene.” Sought interprofessional teamwork.
American Public Health Association
-Funded opportunities for education and employment if PHNs
-Funded assistance to states, counties, and medical districts in establishing adequate health services
-Provided funds for research and investigation of disease
Social Security Act of 1935
Three core functions of public health
Assessment : systematically collect, analyze, and make available information on healthy communities. FIRST FUNCTION
Policy: promote the use of scientific knowledge base in policy and decision making. Second function
Assurance: ensure provision of services to those in need. Third function
What PH Core function?
-Assess communities, health status of populations and environment and behavioral.
-Look at trends and Identify priority health needs.
-Determine the adequacy of existing resources and engage in policy-development efforts.
Assessment
What PH Core function?
-Promote the use of scientific knowledge base in policy and decision making.
-Core function and core intervention strategy.
-Build constituencies for change in public policy.
Ex: healthy people 2030, and anti-smoking ordinances.
Policy
What PH Core function?
-Ensure provision of services to those in need.
-Ensure that activities meet public health goals
-Develop partnership between public and private agencies.
-Promote knowledge and behaviors that support and improve public health.
Assurance
Minimum education requirement for PH nurses
BSN
What communicable diseases are responsible for more than 1/3 of infectious disease deaths worldwide?
TB, HIV/AIDS, malaria: responsible for more than ⅓ of infectious disease deaths worldwide.
TB: Largest cause of death from one infectious agent. Leading killer of people with HIV. Two threats to TB control – HIV & Multidrug resistance
HIV/AIDS: Rise in children, young adults, and heterosexuals
Malaria: Affects more than 50% of the world. Advent of DDT-resistant mosquitoes
Mission of PHN
Promote physical and mental health & prevent disease, injury and disability
Ten essentials of PH
- Monitor health
- Diagnose and investigate
- Inform, educate, empower
- Mobilize community partnership
- Develop policies
- Enforce laws
- Link to/Provide care
- Assure a competent workforce
- Evaluate
- Research
PH Core functions- from bottom to the top of the pyramid
The pyramid shows that population based PH programs support the goals of providing a foundation for clinical preventive services.
-Population based health care services
-Clinical preventive services
-Primary health care
-Secondary health care
-Tertiary health care
Identify barriers within health systems that contribute to poor health outcomes.
Despite the gains that have been made in improving the health of so many around the globe, the increasing population, decreasing food and water sources, and increasing poverty related to a global economic crisis all contribute to a critical demise in health.
Healthy People proposed a national strategy to significantly improve the health of Americans by preventing or delaying the onset of major chronic illnesses, injuries, and infectious diseases.
Healthy People goals include:
Attain healthy, thriving lives and well being. Eliminate health disparities, achieve health equity, and attain health literacy to improve health & well-being of all. Create social, physical and economic environments that promote attaining full potential for health. Promote wellbeing across all life stages.
Aims to eliminate health disparities + meeting consumers in communities to promote health and well being before disease development.
Affordable Care Act
Public health nursing is the practice of
promoting and protecting the health of populations using knowledge from nursing, social, and public health sciences.
Primary, secondary, or tertiary prevention?
The public health nurse develops a health education program for a population of school-age children that teaches them about the effects of smoking on health.
Primary prevention
Primary, secondary, or tertiary prevention?
The public health nurse provides a diabetes clinic for a defined adult population in a low-income housing unit of the community.
Tertiary prevention
Primary, secondary, or tertiary prevention?
The public health nurse provides an influenza vaccination program in a community retirement village.
Secondary prevention
Healthy People recognizes 5 key areas of Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
-Healthcare access and quality: access to PCP, insurance coverage, health literacy
-Education access and quality : education level, language literacy
-Social and community context: cohesion within a community, civic participation
-Economic stability: poverty, employment, food security, housing
-Neighborhood and built environment: housing, access to transportation, violence rates
SDOH are non-medical factors that influence health outcomes. They are the condition in which people are
born, grow, work, live, and age and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life
Systematic collecting and interpretation of data related to occurrence of disease and health status of a population.
Surveillance
Surveillance gathers the “who, when, where, and what”; these elements are then used to answer
“why”.
A good surveillance system systematically collects, organizes, and analyzes current, accurate, and complete data for a defined disease condition.
The resulting information is promptly released to those who need it for
effective planning, implementation, and evaluation of disease prevention and control programs.
What is the purpose of surveillance?
Generate knowledge about disease or event outbreak. Define population health priorities. Develop & evaluate programs.
Surveillance that incorporates factors such as temporal and geographic clustering and unusual age distributions with groups of disease symptoms or syndromes (e.g., flaccid paralysis, respiratory signs, skin rashes, gastrointestinal symptoms) with the goal of detecting early signs of diseases that could result from a bioterrorism-related attack
For example, tracking emergency room visits, school absenteeism, sales of over-the-counter medications
Syndromic surveillance
