Exam 3 Flashcards
identity crisis
Erikson’s term for the intense period of struggle that adolescents may experience in the course of forming an identity.
identity diffusion
An identity status that combines no exploration with no commitment.
- Perceive parents as controlling
- Feel rejected and detached from parents
- External locus of control
- Shallow relationships
- High anxiety
- Chronic drug users
identity moratorium
An identity status that involves exploration but no commitment.
- Lack defined goals
- Family encourages exploration
- High anxiety
identity foreclosure
Commitment, but no exploration.
- Have not examined alternatives
- High on conformity
- High on authoritarianism
- Conservative
- High self-esteem
- Task-oriented
identity achievement
Have explored and commited.
- Reflective
- Self-confident
- Academically successful
- Realistic goals
hybrid identity
Integrating local culture with elements of global culture.
marginality
In the formation of ethnic identity, the option that involves rejecting one’s culture of orgin but also feeling rejected by the majority culture.
authoritative parenting
Parenting style in which parents are high in demandingness and high responsiveness.
They love their children but also set clear standards for behavior and explain and explain to their children the reasons for thise standards.
- Secure attachment
- More common in white familys
authoritarian parents
Parenting style in which parents are high in demandingness but low in responsiveness.
Yhey require obedoence from their children and punish disobedience without compromise, but show little warmpth or affection toward them.
- More common in minority families
permissive parents
Parenting style in which the parents are low in demandingness and high in responsiveness.
They show love and affection toward their children but are permissive with reguard to standard to standards for behavior.
- Indulgement
- Insecurley attatched
disengaged parents
Parenting style in which parents are low in both demandingness and responsiveness and are uninvolved in their children’s development.
- Neglectful
- Insecure attachment
secure attachment
- Mother is the “secure base”
- Seek physical comfort if frightened or threatened
insecure attachment
- Infants wary of exploring the enviorment
- Resist or avoid the mother when she attempts to offer comfort or consolation
biculturalism
In the formation of ethnic identity, the approach that involves developing a dual identity, one based in the ethnic group of orgin and one based on the majority culture.
demandingness
The degree to which parents set down rules and expectations for behavior and require their children to comply with them.
responsiveness
The degree to which parents are sensitive to their children’s needs and express love, warmpth, and concern for them.
What are the effects of secure attatchment on adolescents?
- High self esteem
- Better psychological and physical health
- Closer relationship with friends and romantic partners
- More autonomous and self-reliant
What are the effects of secure attachment on young adults?
- Higher educational and occupational attainment
- Lower psychological problems
- Lower drug use
autonomy
The quality of being independent and self-sufficent, capable of thinking for one’s self.
bidirectional / reciprocal effects
In relations between parents and children, the concept that children not ony are affected by their parents but affect their parents in return.
differential parenting
When parents’ behavior differs toward siblings within the same family.
nonshared enviormental influences
Influences experienced differently among siblings within the same family.
When parents behave differently with their different children.
traditional parenting style
- High in responsiveness and high in demandingness
- The kind that does not encourage discussion and debate
- Expects compliance
- Cultural beliefs; inherent authority of the parental role
- High educational achievement
- Lower rates of behavioral problems
Which parenting style is most common?
Indifferent
Which parenting style is the most rare in other cultures?
Authoritative
familismo
Concept of family life characteristic of Latino cultures that emphasizes the love, closeness, and mutual obligations of family life.
intimacy
The degree to which two people share personal knowledge, thoughts, and feelings.
selective association
The principle that most people tend to choose friends who are similar to themselves.
Why do adolescents become firends?
Similarity in;
- age & gender
- emotional orientation
- media and leisure preferences
- participating in risky behavior
- ethnicity
What functions do peers serve?
- Give feedback on acceptable behavior
- Practice new roles “safe setting”
- Encourage seperation from parents
- Important role in identity search
informational support
Between friends, advice on guidance in solving personal problems.
“What should I do? Should I ask Jim to go out with me?”
instrumental support
Between friends, help with tasks of various kinds.
“Thanks for helping me with my math homework.”
companionship support
Between friends, reliance on each other as companions in social activities.
“Let’s go to the game together- that way we can sit together. I dont know anyone at Riverdale High.”
esteem support
The support friends provide each other by providing congradulations for success and encouragement or consolation for failure.
“Don’t worry about it, you’re the best guitar player here. You’ll win the songwriters contest next time.”
rejected adolescents
Adolescents who are actively disliked by their peers.
neglected adolescents
Adolescens who have few or no friends and are largely unnoticed by their peers.
social skills
Skills for sucessfully handeling social social relations and getting along well with others.
peer conformity
- Has both positive and negative effects
- Highest during early adolescence
- Adolescence in the 9th grade have the highest rate of conformity
Peer popularity depends on…
- Social skills
- Personality
- Athletic ability
- Physical attractiveness
What do children focus on when it comes to friendship?
- Shared activities
- Superficial aspects
What do adolescents focus on when it comes to friendship?
- shared feelings
- trust
- emotional support
What do young adults focus on when it comes to friendship?
- leisure activities
- tend to spend less time together
During adolescents, what amount of time is typically spent with the family?
28 hours per day
( decreases )
During adolescence, what amount of time is typically spent with friends?
103 minutes per day
( increases )
