Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 202 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
GRE® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Stress

A

physical and psychological response to internal or external stressors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Internal stressor example

A

stressful thoughts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

External stressor ex.

A

job/school

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Stressors

A

events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threatens their well being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

HPA

A

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland;
fight or flight emotional and physiological response to react to emergency by increasing readiness to take action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

general adaptation syndrome (GAS); Selye’s 3 phase stress response

A
  1. alarm phase
    “fight-or-flight” response
  2. resistance phase
    longest phase coping with stress/ recovery phase
  3. exhaustion
    reserves depleted; burnout after dealing with chorinic stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What stress inducing factor increases risk of heart health

A

hostility
-used to think it was type A personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What can stressors due to hormone levels?

A

increase hormone levels, flooding the brain and wearing down immune system, making it less able to fight invaders
**hormones: glucocorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Stress management: cognitive stress interpretation

A

-primary appraisal: interpretation of whether stimuli is stressful or not
-secondary appraisal: decide whether or no it is in your control (more stress when out of control)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Stress management: coping

A

-repressive/avoidant coping: avoid situation/stressor; artificially positive feeling
-rational coping: facing stressor and working/planning to get through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Stress management: Reframing

A

finding a new way to think about the stressor to reduce its threat;
-Stress Inoculation Training (SIT): therapy that helps people cope with stress by developing positive thinking/ reframing skills (ex. mindfulness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Stress management: body stress management (3)

A

-relaxation therapy: consciously relaxing muscles
-> relaxation response (relaxed muscles, slower heart rate and breath, blood pressure regulation)

-Biofeedback: use of external device to obtain feedback about body (breathing, blood pressure, etc) and gain physical control

-aerobic exercise: increase serotonin and endorphins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stress management: situation management

A

-social support: aid from others

*tend and befriend response (seek support from others under stress; women more likely)

-Humor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Personality and Stress response: health promoting factors

A

-low stress reactivity
-dispositional optimism
-high hardiness (bounce back/resilience)
-High self efficacy
-high emotional stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Personality and Stress response: health inhibiting factors

A

-high stress reactivity
-low self efficacy
-low emotional stability
-low hardiness
-negative affective style/neural circulity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Optimism

A

notice the good in the bad; more likely to rebound from a stressor more quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hardiness

A

ability to bounce back/ more relient; better at handling stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Health psychology

A

psychological factors influence causes and treatment of physical illness and maintenance of health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Oxytocin

A

stress hormone released in stress response that makes people seek support/ connection to deal with stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Positive Psychology; positive psychotherapy

A

treatment of depression/mental illness that focuses on increasing positive emotions, engagement and meaning instead of targeting negative symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

positive psychotherapy methods

A

-write your own obituary/biography to set goals and find what your desired meaning is
-savoring; slowing down and appreciating mundane
-gratitude; journal, write letter, thank someone you appreciate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Gratitude

A

a warm sense of appreciation; sense of goodwill; *disposition to act positivity from appreciation and goodwill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

GQ-6

A

-test to measure gratitude by asking true or false questions;
ex. i have so much in my life to be grateful for
-high sores: more positive emotion, life satisfaction, vitality, optimism and lower depression and stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Social Psychology

A

branch of psychology concerned with how other influence the way a person thinks, feels and behaves; how people are influenced by social structures and environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Social Psychology: key 2 points

A

1) we vastly underestimate power of situation in shaping behavior of ourselves and others
2)a great deal of mental activity occurs implicitly/ automatically outside of conscious awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

idea that personality matters more than situation regarding a person’s behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Actor-observer discrepancy

A

forgiving ourselves for a behavior (being aware of situational factors that influence) that we would not forgive others for (blame on their person)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Just World Hypothesis

A

justify something that happens to someone by saying they deserved it/ in some way something they did prompted it
*victim blaming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Stereotypes

A

cognitive schemas that organize info about people based on certain group membership

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Confirmation Bias and steroytypes

A

because of this bias, people will think of something they see as being outside of their stereotype as an exception instead of reforming their stereotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

prejudice

A

emotional/attitudinal response associated with a stereotype; stereotypes influence perception implicitly or explicitly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Ingroup/outgroup bias

A

development of negative associations between a negative event and members of an outgroup; ingroup favoritism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Outgroup homogeneity effect

A

idea that everyone in an outgroup is the same
ex. maine Shooting (don’t by someone with schizophrenia)
-idea that everyone with major mental illness is dangerous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Conformation Bias

A

disregard things that contradict what we “know” to be true; reinforces prejudice and stereotypes

35
Q

How to minimize in/out group bias?

A

through cooperation and working together for a common goal

ex. Sherraf et al: summer camp study
ex. jigsaw classrooms

36
Q

Perceptual confirmation

A

when observer percives what they expect to

37
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

tendency for people to cause what they expect to see

38
Q

subtyping

A

tendency to modify stereotype rather than abandon them when encounter an exception

39
Q

elaboration likelihood model

A

a theory of persuasion through the peripheral route that explains how people make decisions and form attitudes
*two routes to persuasion: the central route (facts) and the peripheral route (positive association cues)

40
Q

what are methods that help persuade people

A

-emotional arguments; things like sounds, sights, etc that convey strong emotions (political commercials)
-repetition: repeat a lie enough -> people believe it

41
Q

Group think

A

decisions made by a group that individuals would not make under certain conditions
-group under pressure (combat context), perception of threat, bias, dissent to discourage (devils advocate), member/peer reassurance

42
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

tension between one’s behavior and attitude
-either will change behavior or attitude
ex. boring study, people bribed with $0, $1, or $20 to lie and say study was interesting; people in $1 group lied most (justify lying, attitude change)

43
Q

Postdecisional dissonance

A

look at all factors as positive after the decision has been made
ex. love everything about your school only after college division

44
Q

Justifying Effort

A

if something is really hard/ you put a lot into it -> fully commit and create loyalty
ex. hazing, cults, military bootcamp

45
Q

Rosenthal Study

A

kids assigned randomly whether a fake test showed they were late bloomers/ high achieving vs. normal
-teachers treated them differently; more favorable positive expectations (pygmalion effect)
-leads to better performance for “gifted” group

46
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

when aware that people have a stereotype about you, performance is impacted; stereotypes are self fulfilling
ex. study of black vs white athletes being tested
-told test was for athletic ability: black kids better
-told test was for sport strategic thinking: white kids better

47
Q

Ache Confomrity Study

A

Line length test; participant in group of people all saying the wrong line matched the control line length and tested conformity

-some did not trust their judgement so conformed
-some knew they were right but didn’t want to create discomfort; anxiety about non conforming

48
Q

What conditions make it more likely for someone to conform?

A

large group size, pressure, unanimous group decision

49
Q

Norm

A

customary standard for behavior that is widely shared by members of a culture

50
Q

normative influence

A

occurs when another person’s behavior provides information about what is appropriate

51
Q

norm of reciprocity

A

unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them

52
Q

Backfire effect

A

set up a new norm when trying to to change behavior
ex. UW madison binge drinking problem announced -> binge drinking norm created

53
Q

Social Loafing

A

people work less hard in a group when individual efforts are not identified

54
Q

deindividualization

A

people lose individuality when they become part of a group
ex. military or prison uniform

55
Q

Risky shift effect

A

risky decision more likely to be made by a group

56
Q

group polarization

A

group decision most likely to be one of 2 extremes (all or nothing)

57
Q

How do you keep group decisions balanced and reasonable

A

small group with balanced opinions

58
Q

compliance

A

tendency to agree

59
Q

foot in the door technique

A

enter a situation small and set up a norm
ex. asking someone to sign a petition saying all their neighbors did
*lots of small steps -> coercion-> escalates

60
Q

Obedience

A

doing what you are told

61
Q

door in the face technique

A

asking for something crazy to get something little in return rather than nothing
ex. asking for a 1000 dollar donation and getting 20 dollar rather than none

62
Q

Milgram Obedience study

A

participants told they have to help someone learn smth an if they get it wrong they have to shock them
-see how far people will go to obey orders
-found that humans can be coerced into hurting others

63
Q

Jonestown

A

-1978: members of the Peoples Temple church/cult committed mass suicide by order of cult leader

-used foot in the door techniques: invited people into welcoming community, suicide drills(drinking koolaid)
-big bother idea of always being monitored
-distanced people from others outside of the church
-distorting perception; cognitive dissonance
ex. making people thank cult leader for food when their as none

64
Q

Nazi Germany obedience

A

told people who didn’t confirm that they had lack of patriotism and said outside was dangerous -> bring together in compliance

65
Q

My lai Massacre

A

-high stress environment during the vietnam war (no one knew who was on their side)
-soldiers massacred town of innocent woman, children and elderly
-Hugh Thomson saw, stopped and reported incident; shamed for not conforming

66
Q

Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment

A

-students randomly assigned either prisoner or guard for simulation
-due to abuse and mental distress experiment ended early
-people fully assumed assigned roles

67
Q

Iraq tourtures

A
  • military guards dehumanization and torture of prisoners
    -environment creates this dynamic between groups
68
Q

Power of situation and Morals

A

-if part of group, less personal responsibility assumed
-minimize the negative of actions
-somehow the victim deserved it (just world hypothesis)

69
Q

Bystander Apathy

A

when one sees something and does nothing to help
*the more people around, the less likely an individual is to assume responsibility

ex. case of kitty genovese; murdered with 38 witnesses for over 30 mins and no one helped

70
Q

Cognitive process of moral engagement

A

1) notice something happening
2) interpret it as an emergency *
3) assume responsibility *
4) intervene

71
Q

The good samaritan study

A

-students on way to do a presentation about the good samaritan
-in rush to do presentation; on way encountered someone who needed help
-many did not stop and help even though good samaritan idea on their mind

72
Q

Criminal Justice System: interrogation tactics

A

-lie about evidence, threaten with jail time, gaslight and say they know they did it, draw map, feed person details
-authority figure insisting guilt

73
Q

Most vulnerable to False confession

A

-young, lower competency and experience with legal system
-details inconsistent/ being fed information
-intense atmosphere of interrogation

74
Q

False confession and biases

A

**confirmation bias!!; looking for a confession under a lot of pressure so ignore inconsistencies to get a confession

75
Q

False confession case: central park 5

A

-5 teens questioned and falsely confessed to rape of woman jogger in central park DNA evidence proved false

76
Q

Heuristic

A

fast and efficient ways to strategically facilitate decision making; simple strategies used to quickly form judgments, make decisions, and find solutions to complex problems.

77
Q

Rational Choice Theory

A

view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen and judging the value of the outcome; combining the 2 factors

78
Q

frequency format hypothesis

A

our minds evolved to notice how frequently things occur and not howl lilley they are to occur
** understand numbers more than percentages/ probabilities

79
Q

framing effect

A

when people give different answers to questions/ situations depending on how the problem is phrased
ex. medical risk: 70% live vs 30% die

80
Q

Sunk-cost fallacy

A

people make decisions about current situation based on previous investment in situation continuing something because of prior commitment

ex. staying in slow line at grocery store bc you already commited

81
Q

prefrontal damage impact on Decision making

A

no emotions shown during risky decision making;
*impacts moral decision making (ex. trolly problem moral dilemma)

82
Q

Utilitarian decisions

A

decisions not influenced by emotion (more likely to make these decision with prefrontal damage)

83
Q

impact of the amygdala on decision making

A

emotions facilitate decisions in good and bad ways; activation regarding IMPLICIT BIAS but not explicit

84
Q
A

Psych 202 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions