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Psych 202 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Descriptive Research Methods

A

descriptions based on repeated observations (case studies, naturalistic observation, survey)

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2
Q

Naturalistic Observation Research Method

A

observing behavior in a certain environment; ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY

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3
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think they should

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4
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

Behavior of subject impacted because they know they are being observed

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5
Q

Observer Bias

A

expectations influence interpretations of observations and influence perception of reality

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6
Q

Implicit Association Test

A

test to see hidden bias based on association and reaction time; exposes biases people don’t know they have.

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7
Q

Sampling Bias

A

biases about sample group that may impact how observations are interpreted

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8
Q

Expectancy Bias

A

the subconscious influence that a researcher can have on the subjects of a research study.

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9
Q

How to minimize sampling bias?

A

-random sampling (randomly assign to experimental conditions)
-large, diverse sample representative of the population.

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10
Q

Survey Sampling: pros and cons?

A

Pros: anonymous, quick, quantifiable
Cons: limited answer choices, relies on self report

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11
Q

Placebo Effect

A

When a person’s expectations/beliefs about the experiment determine their experience (controlling for expectancy bias)

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12
Q

Maximum Validity Experimental Conditions

A

double blind experiment (both experimental and research groups blind)

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13
Q

Correlation Method

A

how 2 variables influence each other; r value from -1 to 1

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14
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

a logical approach where you progress from general ideas to specific conclusions

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15
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

a method of drawing conclusions by going from the specific to the general

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16
Q

Hypothesis

A

educated guess based on a theory; must be falsifiable!!!

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17
Q

Experimental Design Elements (6)

A
  • controlled extraneous variables
  • independent variable
  • dependent variable
    -control group
  • experimental group
    -falsifiable hypothesis
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18
Q

Reliabilty

A

ability to consistently produce the same result

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19
Q

Validity

A

the extent to which the given instrument/ tool accurately measures.

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20
Q

IRB (ethics)

A

Instructional Review Board: ethics for human studies

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21
Q

IACUC (ethics)

A

Institutional Animal Core and Use Committee: ethics for Animal studies

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22
Q

Internal Validity vs External Validity

A

Internal validity examines whether the study design, conduct, and analysis answer the research questions without bias. External validity examines whether the study findings can be generalized to other contexts.

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23
Q

External Validity

A

the property of an experiment in which the variables have been operationally defined (able to measure) in a normal, typical realist way

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24
Q

Mindfulness Research

A

Hypothesis: meditation can change brain plasticity and functioning and can rewire pathways
-right PFC neg emotions and left PFC positive emotions

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25
Q

Mindfulness Research; Dr. Davidson

A

Emotions and mood are trainable mental skills
-neuroplasticity, epigenetics, bidirectional pathways connecting mind and body, concept of innate basic goodness

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26
Q

Mindfulness Research; Buddha Brain

A

Study looked at brains of long term Buddhist pro meditators, intermediate mediators and people who have never meditated
-IV: focuses attention vs rest vs emotional state
-DV: amygdala activation (emotion center)
Findings: less amygdala activity/emotional reactivity in expert meditators.

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27
Q

Epigenetics

A

study of how genotypes can be expressed in different ways/ result in different phenotypes

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28
Q

Neuron

A

communicative cells in the nervous system that communicate through electrical impulses and chemical signals.

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29
Q

Dendrites

A

part of neuron where information is collected

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30
Q

Soma

A

neuron cell body where information is integrated

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31
Q

Axon

A

transfer information from cell body to axon terminal

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32
Q

Synapse

A

small space between neurons where communication occurs

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33
Q

Sensory Neuron

A

neurons that receive info from external world; convey to brain through spinal cord

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34
Q

Motor Neuron

A

neurons that carry signals from spinal cord to muscle to provide movement

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35
Q

Interneurons

A

neurons that connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, or other interneurons.

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36
Q

Glial Cells

A

nervous system white matter cells (neurons are grey matter); help supply nutrients and support to neurons

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37
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

insulated coding on axon that speeds up neural transmission and adds a protective layer; made of glial cells.

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38
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

demyelinating diseases where the myelin sheath breaks down; slows neural sensory communication leading to lower motor and cognitive function.

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39
Q

Action Potential

A

nerve impulse flowing down axon that causes neural communication

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40
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

resting state of readiness
electrical difference between inside and outside of neuron cell; onside neuron slightly more negative

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41
Q

Action Potential/ Depolarization

A

gates of neuron open and let Na+ in making the inside of the cell more positive; causes action potential (neuron is active and firing)

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42
Q

Agonist

A

drug that enhances the effect of neurotransmitter

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43
Q

Antagonist

A

drug that blocks/ diminishes the effect of neurotransmitter

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44
Q

Reuptake

A

when neurotransmitter in synapse is pumped back into the neuron that released it

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45
Q

SSRI

A

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; common anti depressant (serotonin agonist) that block reuptake of serotonin so it stays in synapse longer.

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46
Q

MAO inhibitor

A

Monoamine oxidase inhibitor; inhibits the enzyme that cleans serotonin out of the synapse (anti depressant)

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47
Q

Acetylcholine (ach)

A

-neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory
-causes muscle contractions
-regulates attention, memory and sleep

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48
Q

Acetylcholine Imbalance

A

Excess: muscle spasms
Shortage: memory loss (Alzheimer’s if the ach neurons are damaged)

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49
Q

Acetylcholine Antagonist

A

Scopolamine; prevents neural communication and can impact memory

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50
Q

Monoamines

A

emotionally bases neurotransmitters (arousal and motivation)
-serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine

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51
Q

Chemical Imbalance Theory

A

depression is caused by an imbalance of monoamines

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52
Q

Norepinephrine

A

neurotransmitter involved in increased arousal and fight or flight

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53
Q

Norepinephrine Imbalance

A

excess: mania
shortage: depression

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54
Q

Norepinephrine Agonist and Antagonist

A

Agonist: Tricyclic antidepressants (too much can cause mania)
Antagonist: Lithium (mania treatment)

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55
Q

Serotonin

A

neurotransmitter that is involved in sleep-wake regulation and positive mood
-can cause dreamlike state

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56
Q

Serotonin Imbalance

A

shortage: depression

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57
Q

Serotonin Agonist

A

agonist: SSRI and MAO inhibitors

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58
Q

Dopamine

A

Neurotransmitter influencing motivation, reward, movement and pleasure

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59
Q

Dopamine Imbalance

A

excess: schizophrenia, psychosis
shortage: depression and parkinson’s (dopamine neurons degenerate/ break down)

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60
Q

Dopamine Agonist and Antagonist

A

agonist: cocaine, amphetamines
antagonist: antipsychotic meds

61
Q

Endorphins

A

-natural pain relievers, self soothing properties, mood elevation
-“runners high”
-adaptation “survival of the fittest”
-binds to same sites as heroin and morphine

62
Q

Endorphin Imbalance

A

shortage: chronic pain

63
Q

GABA

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter that relaxes (similar to depressant drugs like alcohol and drugs for anxiety and insomnia)

64
Q

GABA Imbalance

A

shortage: epilepsi, anxiety, huntington’s disease
excess: lack of motivation and energy

65
Q

Glutamate

A

excitatory neurotransmitter; helps in learning/memory and increasing speed of synaptic connections

66
Q

Psilocybin Mushrooms/ LSD

A

drug with a similar structure to seritionin that induces a dream like/euphoric state and increases dendritic fields, increasing connectivity between neurons

67
Q

Ketamine

A

drug that acts on glutamate receptors and helps increase speed of neural communication (quickly can help treat depression/ horse tranquilizer)

68
Q

Amphetamines/ Cocaine

A

-blocks reuptake and increases release of norepinephrine and dopamine (alertness and pleasure);

-activates sympathetic NS (increased heart rate and blood pressure)

-can lead to psychotic episode

69
Q

Nicotine

A

Acts on same sites as acetylcholine (learning and memory) and increases GABA response (relaxing)
very addictive and can cause anxiety and hard time thinking (cloudy)

70
Q

Opiates

A

pain reliever drugs like morphine, heroin and codeine that activate receptors that activate endorphins

71
Q

Marijuana

A

-bind to cannabinoid receptors in hippocampus (concerns about memory loss due to use)
-relaxed mental state

72
Q

Molly/Ecstasy

A

-Serotonin agonist (intense seriotin levels)
-found to damage serotonin receptors

73
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

74
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

contains the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

75
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

allows you to move and control muscles throughout your body

76
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

-sympathetic NS: activation; fight or flight
-parasympathetic NS: deactivation; rest and digest
panic attacks: unnecessary activation of the sympathetic NS

77
Q

Brainstem

A

connects brain to spinal cord; our life support

78
Q

Medulla

A

controls vital, involuntary functions (breathing, heartbeat, etc)

79
Q

Pons

A

controls movement; connecting to cerebellum

80
Q

Reticular Formation

A

controls sleep, arousal, attention

81
Q

Cerebellum

A

controls balance, movement, motor control, motor learning; called the “little brain”

82
Q

Forebrain

A

highest level of the brain underneath cerebral cortex; controls complex emotional, cognitive, sensory and motor functions

83
Q

CTE

A

degenerative neurological disorder; damaged cerebral cortex that cases changed in personality (antisocial and aggressive behavior)

case study: phineas gage

84
Q

Limbic System

A

subcortical structures (under cerebral cortex) critical to motivation, emotion and memory

85
Q

Thalamus

A

sensory relay station ; senses and inputs pass through thalamus-> go to respective parts of the brain

86
Q

Amagdala

A

emotion, fear, disgust, aggression

87
Q

Hippocampus

A

memory and memory formation

88
Q

Hypothalamus

A

regulates temperature, hunger, automatic NS, manage hormones; keep body at homeostasis

89
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

movement, motor control, motor learning
Parkinson’s disease: impairment or death of nerve cells in basal ganglia

90
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

personality, moral decision making, thought

91
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

spatial relations, touch

92
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

vision

93
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

hearing and memory

94
Q

Motor Cortex

A

generate signals to direct the movement of the body; in the frontal lobe

95
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

receives tactile information from the body, including sensations such as touch, pressure, temperature, and pain; parital lobe

96
Q

Brocas Area

A

producing language; frontal lobe

97
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

understanding language; frontal lobe

98
Q

Auditory Cortex

A

simple detection of sound and for the discrimination of frequency; temporal lobe

99
Q

Visual Cortex

A

to receive, segment, and integrate visual information; occipital lobe

100
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

class of neurons that activate when individual executes motor movement while observing the same movement

101
Q

Brain Plasticity and Phantom Limb

A

Somatosensory cortex; still feel sensation in phantom limb

-rubber hand illusion: brain plasticity allows brain to recognise rubber hand as own

102
Q

Corpus collosum

A

bundle of fibers (no neurons) that connect left and right brain

103
Q

Split Brain

A

often done to treat severe epilepsy to minimize damage to both sides of brain; contralateral processing

104
Q

Right Brain

A

spatial and perceptual task; face recognition region

105
Q

Left Brain

A

most language regions, speech articulation of visual sensory input

106
Q

Damage to parietal cortex

A

Hemineglect; loss of spatial awareness on opposite side that is damaged

draw clock example

107
Q

hemispheric balance

A

the idea that both brain hemispheres are functionally different and that specific mental processes and behaviors are mainly controlled by one hemisphere rather than the other

108
Q

Brain Plasticity/ Neuroplasticity

A

the ability of the brain to form and reorganize synaptic connections, especially in response to learning or experience or following injury.

109
Q

Plasticity and environment

A

more neural connections from interacting with enhanced environment

110
Q

plasticity critical period

A

the time window when each sensory brain region is more sensitive to changes and adaptations
ex. babies born with cataracts with no source to fix -> fix automatically by placidity

111
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

A

activate different regions of the brain; can be used to treat depression

112
Q

Sensation

A

sensory information detected by sensory receptors from environment via accessory structures (eyes, ears, etc)

113
Q

transduction

A

converting energy into neural activity; occurs at sensory receptors (rods and cones)

114
Q

encoding

A

representation of sensory input in visual corex

115
Q

perception

A

constructive process of organizing, identifying and interpreting sensory information to form a mental representation

116
Q

perception pathway

A

sensory info sent to thalamus which is sent to auditory/visual context (depending on type of input)

117
Q

Eye system pathway

A

light passes through cornea-> pupil-> lens (accommodation) -> retina (phototransduction)

118
Q

lens

A

curved transparent structure; provides additional focus.

119
Q

pupil

A

small opening in which light passes (changes in size according to light and arousal)

120
Q

retina

A

light sensitive lining

121
Q

cornea

A

covering of the eye (barrier) involved in focusing incoming light waves

122
Q

photoreceptor cells

A

neuron cells containing light sensitive pigments that turns light to neural impulses. (rods and cones)

123
Q

cones

A

photoreceptor cells that detect color, work in normal day light conditions, and focus on fine detail

124
Q

fovea

A

area of retina containing only cones (no rods); clearest vision

125
Q

rods

A

photoreceptor cells that work under low light conditions, active during low light/ dark conditions, black and white, peripheral

126
Q

blind spots

A

location in visual field that produces no sensation on retina; no photoreceptor cells so no mechanism to sense light

127
Q

transduction structures

A

Photoreceptor layer of rods and cones on retina that receive light signals

128
Q

encoding structure

A

output from bipolar cells and ganglion cells that further refine info and come together to form optic nerve.

129
Q

visual persistance

A

gap in neuron firing; brain fills in gaps

130
Q

change blindness

A

a perceptual phenomenon that occurs when a change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it.

ex. gorilla experiment

131
Q

Perception Construction

A

selection, organization and interpretation of sensory input ; influenced by attitudes, expectations, context, preferences, etc

132
Q

McGurk effect

A

Conflicting senses; When what we see overrides what we hear (ex. Ba vs Fa video)

133
Q

Mr P case

A

Visual Agnosia (visual cortex damage); failure to recognize faces, distinguish faces from objects, name objects

ex. described rose as convoluted red with linear green; vision working fine but couldn’t say it was a rose.

134
Q

synesthesia

A

crossing sensory signals; ex. color or smell associated with visual sense such as a letter of the alphabet

135
Q

propioception

A

understanding where one is in space; sensory neuron loss -> no sensory feedback regarding spatial awareness (could be caused by cerebellum problem)

136
Q

sleep

A

altered state of conciousness

137
Q

sleep stages

A

1-4 and REM sleep

138
Q

REM sleep

A

body immobilized but brain very active (EEG); dream stage; rapid eye moviement measured by EOG

139
Q

Sleep Deprivation

A

Loss of mostly REM sleep (most of it in last 4 hours of sleep); leads to memory deprivation and less cognitive function.

140
Q

beta waves

A

awake

141
Q

alpha waves

A

relaxed/ drowsy; meditative state

142
Q

theta waves

A

sleep stage 1

143
Q

delta waves

A

sleep stages 3 and 4; deepest sleep

144
Q

REM Sleep Waves

A

high brain activity; almost looks alike beta waves (awake)

145
Q
A
146
Q
A
147
Q
A
148
Q
A
149
Q
A

Psych 202 (4 decks)

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