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BIO1210 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The process utilized by autotrophs to manufacture organic food molecules

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2
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

6CO2+6H2O+Sunlight= C6H12O6+6O2

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3
Q

What is the equation for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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4
Q

What produces glucose and O2

A

Photosynthesis

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5
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The process utilized by autotrophs and heterotrophs to harvest the chemical energy of organic food molecules

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6
Q

What requires the use of glucose and O2?

A

Cellular respiration

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7
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 →→→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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8
Q

What happens within an ecosystem?

A

Nutrients cycle and energy flows

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9
Q

Are cellular respiration reactions exergonic or endergonic?

A

Exergonic

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10
Q

What happens during redox reactions?

A

Hydrogens are transferred from glucose to oxygen

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11
Q

What is oxidation?

A

The loss of electrons

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12
Q

What is reduction?

A

The gain of electrons

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13
Q

When glucose loses hydrogens what happens?

A

Glucose is oxidized into carbon dioxide

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14
Q

When oxygen gains hydrogens what happens?

A

Oxygen is reduced into water

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15
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytosol of a cell

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16
Q

What does glycolysis produce?

A

2 molecules of ATP, 2 NADH

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17
Q

How many molecules of ATP does glycolysis require?

A

2

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18
Q

What happens to G3P and NAD+ in glycolysis?

A

G3P molecules are oxidized and NAD+ is reduced into NADH

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19
Q

Does glycolysis require oxygen?

A

No

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20
Q

How is ATP formed during glycolysis?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

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21
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

A

In the matrix of of a cell’s mitochondria

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22
Q

What does pyruvate oxidation produce?

A

2 molecules of ATP, 8 of NADH, 2 of FADH

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23
Q

What happens to acetic acid in pyruvate oxidation?

A

It is oxidized

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24
Q

What happens to NAD+ in pyruvate oxidation?

A

NAD+ is reduced to NADH

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25
Q

What does pyruvate oxidation reaction produce?

A

2 CO2, 2 NADH, 2 acetyl CoA

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26
Q

What does the citric cycle produce?

A

4 Co2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2FADH

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27
Q

What molecule is regenerated to accept other acetic acid molecules and start the cycle over?

A

Oxaloacetate

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28
Q

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

A

Cristae of cell’s mitochondria

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29
Q

What does the electron transport chain produce?

A

32 molecules of ATP

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30
Q

What is the function of the electron transport chain?

A

Energy is released by the transfer of electrons during a redox reaction involving oxygen

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31
Q

Water has ____ potential energy when held behind a dam, just as glucose molecules have _____ potential (chemical) energy

A

High; high

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32
Q

What type of process is cellular respiration?

A

Aerobic

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33
Q

What is produced at the bottom of the electron transport chain?

A

Water

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34
Q

What is produced as electrons move down the electron transport chain?

A

ATP

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35
Q

What happens to NADH and FADH2 in the electron transport chain?

A

They lose their electrons, oxidized to NAD+ and FAD and recycled back to glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

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36
Q

What happens during chemiosmosis?

A

A large concentration of H+ on one side results in high potential energy, then converted to kinetic energy

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37
Q

What happens during oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Spinning of ATP synthase adds a phosphate group to ADP forming ATP

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38
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The anaerobic conversion of food’s chemical energy into ATP energy

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39
Q

What is a modified glycolysis stage?

A

Fermentation

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40
Q

What does lactic acid fermentation produce?

A

2 ATP

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41
Q

Is fermentation more or less efficient than cellular respiration and why?

A

Less due to the presence or absence of oxygen

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42
Q

What is very similar to lactic acid fermentation?

A

Alcohol fermentation, instead of arctic acid its ethanol and carbon dioxide being produced

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43
Q

What does photosynthesis do?

A

Converts solar energy into chemical energy of food molecules

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44
Q

What happens to carbon dioxide in photosynthesis?

A

It gains hydrogens and electrons and is reduced into glucose

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45
Q

Leaves are the what of photosynthesis?

A

Sites

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46
Q

What allows Co2 to enter a leaf and O2 to exit?

A

Pores called stomata

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47
Q

What cells are within the leaves containing abundant chloroplasts for photosynthesis?

A

Mesophyll

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48
Q

What form of energy is sunlight?

A

Electromagnetic

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49
Q

The _____ the wavelength, the _____ the energy

A

Shorter; greater

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50
Q

The color of an object is the wavelength of visible light _____ by the object

A

Reflect

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51
Q

What are chlorophyll molecules?

A

Pigments within chloroplasts that capture sunlight energy

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52
Q

What colors does chlorophyll absorb?

A

Violet, blue, yellow/orange/red

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53
Q

What are carotenoids?

A

Pigment molecules that absorb violet/blue/green wavelengths

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54
Q

What happens when a discrete quantity of light energy contacts a chlorophyll molecule?

A

One of the chlorophyll’s electrons absorbs this light energy

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55
Q

How can energy be used to produce ATP and NADPH?

A

If an electron is “captured” in its high energy excited state

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56
Q

What is NADPH?

A

The coenzyme that accepts and carries electrons during photosynthesis

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57
Q

What are photosystems?

A

Protein complexes embedded in the thylakoid membranes of chlorplasts

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58
Q

Where do light reactions occur?

A

On thylakoid membranes of chlorplasts

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59
Q

What do light reactions require?

A

Sunlight and water

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60
Q

What do light reactions produce?

A

Oxygen, ATP, NADPH

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61
Q

Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?

A

In the stroma of chloroplasts

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62
Q

What does the Calvin Cycle require?

A

Carbon dioxide, ATP and NADPH produced during the light reactions

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63
Q

What does the Calvin Cycle produce?

A

Glucose

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64
Q

What is the Photosystem II?

A

Water-splitting photosystem

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65
Q

What is resoname?

A

Term for when sunlight is absorbed by a chlorophyll molecule causing its excited electron to “jump” from one chlorophyll molecule to another

66
Q

Name for reaction center chlorophylls in photosystem II?

A

P680

67
Q

What replaces the lost electron in light reactions?

A

Oxidation of water

68
Q

What is released in light reactions?

A

Oxygen

69
Q

What connects Photosystem II to Photosystem I?

A

Electron transport chain

70
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

When large concentration gradients move across membranes

71
Q

What causes kinetic energy to spin the ATP synthase enzyme synthesizing ATP?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

72
Q

What is Photosystem I?

A

NADH- producing photosystem

73
Q

What is the reaction center chlorophylls called in Photosystem I?

A

P700

74
Q

What happens to NADP+ in light reaction Photosystem I?

A

It is reduced to NADPH

75
Q

What happens in a Calvin cycle?

A

Carbon enters the Calvin cycle as 3 molecules of CO2

76
Q

What catalyzes the binding of 5-carbon acceptor molecules

A

Rubisco

77
Q

How many carbons are formed by the Calvin cycle?

A

15

78
Q

Glucose produced by photosynthesis is used as fuel during ______

A

Cellular respiration

79
Q

Glucose produced by photosynthesis is stored as___

A

Starch

80
Q

Glucose produced by photosynthesis is formed into ____ to build cell walls

A

Cellulose

81
Q

Glucose produced by photosynthesis is consumed by ____

A

Heterotrophs

82
Q

What happens in Water Use Efficiency?

A

Carbon dioxide is taken into a plant’s leaves and oxygen exits a plant’s leaves through stomata

83
Q

What is the enzyme that brings CO2 into the Calvin cycle?

A

Rubsisco

84
Q

What is photorespiration?

A

WUE being lowered due to rubisco not being efficient

85
Q

What do plants in very dry hot environment do to increase WUE?

A

C4 Pathway, CAM Pathway

86
Q

What happens in the C4 pathway?

A

CO2 is bound to PEPcase, transported to bundle sheath cells, undloaded undergoing Calvin cycle like normal but concentrated to where any effect of O2 is swamped out.

87
Q

How does the C4 strategy increase WUE?

A

Efficiently utilizing all of the CO2

88
Q

What does the CAM Pathway do?

A

Opens the stomata at night, less loss of H2O, storing PEPcase in central vacuole then going in the Calvin cycle

89
Q

How does the CAM Pathway increase WUE?

A

By minimizing the amount of H2O lost

90
Q

Why are most plants C3?

A

More energy is required for alt. pathways and benefits outweigh the costs for plants in hot dry environments

91
Q

What is the chemical energy of food molecules generated by autotrophs during photosynthesis?

A

Primary Production

92
Q

What is the energy source for all organisms in all ecosystems?

A

Primary production

93
Q

NPP represents the biomass gained by an autotroph

A

Growth and Production

94
Q

NPP is the energy left over for _____ by herbivores and decomposers

A

Consumption

95
Q

What is NPP?

A

Net Primary Production

96
Q

What is the dominant measure of productivity in an ecosystem?

A

NPP

97
Q

What is controlled by climate in terrestrial ecosystems?

A

NPP

98
Q

As temperature increases, NPP ____

A

Increases

99
Q

As precipitation increases, NPP _____

A

Increases

100
Q

NPP is controlled by _____ in aquatic ecosystems?

A

Nutrient availability

101
Q

What limits NPP in lakes and ponds?

A

Phosphorus

102
Q

The majority of energy in rivers and streams is derived from?

A

Terrestrial organic matter

103
Q

What limits NPP in the open ocean?

A

Nitrogen and Iron

104
Q

What is responsible for 54% of global NPP?

A

Terrestrial Ecosystems

105
Q

What is responsible for 46% of global NPP?

A

Aquatic ecosystems

106
Q

The highest rates of NPP on land occur in the _____

A

Tropics

107
Q

____ have high temperatures and precipitation, leading to high rates of NPP

A

Tropical regions

108
Q

_____ account for high levels of oceanic NPP relative to their limited areas

A

Coastal zones

109
Q

What is home to a community of worms, clams, crabs, and sea stars?

A

Hydrothermal vents

110
Q

What is detritus?

A

Dead organic matter

111
Q

How do hydrothermal vent organisms obtain energy?

A

During chemosynthesis

112
Q

What is chemosynthesis?

A

When prokaryotes use chemicals as high-energy electron donors to reduce CO2 into glucose

113
Q

Food chains are _____ of trophic interactions

A

diagrammatic representations

114
Q

Term for feeding relationships that link organisms in an ecosystem based on what they eat and what eats them?

A

Trophic interactions

115
Q

What is consumed by decomposers during the process of decomposition?

A

Organic matter (detritus) and wastes (feces)

116
Q

What flows through an exosystem?

A

Energy

117
Q

What is the measure of how much chemical energy at one trophic level makes it to the next trophic level?

A

Trophic efficiency

118
Q

Trophic efficiency consists of____, _____,_____

A

Consumption efficiency, assimilation efficiency, production efficiency

119
Q

What measures how much energy at one trophic level is consumed by the next trophic level?

A

Consumption efficiency

120
Q

All autotrophic energy may not be consumed by herbivores why?

A

The autotroph’s chemical and physical defense

121
Q

What is considered a nutrient-poor component?

A

Wood

122
Q

What is considered a nutrient-rich component?

A

Leaves

123
Q

What measured how much energy from one trophic level is incorporated into the next trophic level to be used for maintenance and defense?

A

Assimilation efficiency

124
Q

Consumed energy that is not assimilated is lost as ____

A

Wastes (feces)

125
Q

What efficiency is greater in carnivores than herbivores?

A

Assimilation efficiency

126
Q

What does plant matter contain much of?

A

Indigestible material (cellulose and lignin)

127
Q

What measures how much energy from one trophic level goes into the production of new biomass at the next trophic level?

A

Production efficiency

128
Q

The assimilated energy that does not go toward production is lost as ____ during cellular respiration

A

Heat

129
Q

What is greater in ectotherms than in endotherms?

A

Production efficiency

130
Q

Why is production efficiency greater in ectotherms than in endotherms?

A

Endotherms generate much more metabolic heat

131
Q

What does trophic efficiency consist of?

A

Consumption, assimilation, and production efficiency

132
Q

What is the energy pyramid?

A

The amount of energy available to the organisms at each trophic level in a food chain

133
Q

How much energy is lost at each trophic level?

A

90%

134
Q

What are food webs?

A

Diagrams of the trophic interactions of an ecosystem?W

135
Q

Which is more realistic, food webs or food chains?

A

Food webs

136
Q

What increases alongside realism?

A

Complexity

137
Q

Do organisms fit conveniently in one single trophic level but at multiple levels?

A

Not all of them fit into just one level

138
Q

What is recycled within ecosystems?

A

Nutrients

139
Q

What is the study of cycling nutrients?

A

Biogeochemistry

140
Q

What are the 2 largest pools of water?

A

Oceans and water vapor in the atmosphere

141
Q

How does water flux between oceans and water vapor?

A

By evaporation and precipitation

142
Q

Water vapor above the ocean is transported above the land by way of?

A

Wind

143
Q

Precipitation over land is balanced by?

A

Evaporation and transpiration

144
Q

What transports water from the land back to the ocean?

A

Rivers, streams, and groundwater

145
Q

What are the 2 largest pools of nitrogen?

A

Atmospheric nitrogen gas N2, and nitrogen within organisms (amino acids, nucleic acids, ATP)

146
Q

How does Nitrogen flux between pools?

A

Nitrogen fixation

147
Q

What type of cycle does nitrogen have?

A

Internal cycle

148
Q

What are the 2 largest pools for phosphorus?

A

Rock and soi, and phosphorus within organisms (nucleic acids, ATP, plasma membranes, bones)

149
Q

How is phosphorus supplies to the soil?

A

Decomposition

150
Q

What are the 2 largest pools of carbon?

A

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and the organic carbon within organisms

151
Q

How does Carbon flux between pools? Photosynthesis and cellular respiration

A

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration

152
Q

How does trapped carbon return to the atmosphere as CO2?

A

Coal, oil, and natural gas

153
Q

What is reflected by Earth’s surface?

A

Solar radiation

154
Q

What is the main greenhouse gas?

A

CO2

155
Q

What keeps Earth warm enough to support life?

A

Greenhouse effect

156
Q

Excessive burning of what is adding to increased amounts of CO2 to the atmosphere?

A

Burning of fossil fuels and wood

157
Q

What is reducing the number of plants that would remove atmospheric CO2 by way of photosynthesis?

A

Deforestation

158
Q

What are the potential implications of global warming?

A

Melting polar ice- leads to rising sea levels- leads to flooding coastal areas

159
Q

What will alter the distribution of ecosystems?

A

Climate change

160
Q

How can global warming be mitigated in small scale?

A

Recycling, public transportation, planting a tree

161
Q

How can global warming be mitigated on large scale?

A

Solar polar, hydrogen and nuclear power, geothermal energy

BIO1210 (5 decks)

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