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BIO1210 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are proteins?

A

macromolecules that perform majority of cell’s function

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2
Q

What are amino acids?

A

monomers of proteins

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3
Q

How many amino acid groups are there?

A

20 different side groups and 20 different amino acids

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4
Q

What types of side groups are there for amino acids

A

Nonpolar (hydrophobic, no oxygen) polar (hydrophilic) charged (hydrophilic)

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5
Q

What forms dipeptides

A

2 amino acids linked together

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6
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

Bond holding amino acids together within dipeptide

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7
Q

What is a polypeptide

A

long polymer chains formed by linking hundreds of amino acid monomers

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8
Q

What are the 4 levels of protein structure?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

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9
Q

What is primary structure?

A

polypeptides’ linear sequence of amino acids

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10
Q

What is secondary structure?

A

local patterns formed in polypeptide chains

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11
Q

What is tertiary structure?

A

entire polypeptide chain folded into its functional conformation

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12
Q

What is the tertiary structure reinforced by

A

Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, van der Waals interactions.

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13
Q

What are fibrous proteins?

A

Structural proteins

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14
Q

What are globular proteins?

A

enzymes and other proteins

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15
Q

What is quaternary structure?

A

when proteins consists of 2 or more polypeptide chains

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16
Q

What can alter tertiary structure?

A

extreme of temp, pH, salinity or other environmental factors will lead to protein denaturing.

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17
Q

What determines primary structure?

A

Nucleic acids

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18
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

inherited information that functions as a cell’s genetic material

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19
Q

Examples of nucleic acids?

A

DNA, RNA

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20
Q

What do nucleic acids do?

A

Store instructions for protein synthesis

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21
Q

What does DNA do?

A

serve as temple for synthesizing RNA- transcription

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22
Q

What does RNA do?

A

Serve as template for synthesizing proteins- translation

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23
Q
A
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24
Q

What are nucleotides held together with?

A

Nucleic acids by phosphodiester linkages

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25
Q

RNA nucleotides 3 components?

A

Sugar (deoxyribose) phosphate group (negatively charged) one of 4 possible nitrogenous bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, Uracil)

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26
Q

DNA nucleotides 3 components?

A

Sugar (deoxyribose) phosphate group (negatively charged) one of 4 possible nitrogenous bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine)

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27
Q

Example of nitrogenous base single-ring?

A

Cytosine, thymine, uracil

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28
Q

Example of nitrogenous base double-ring?

A

Adenine, guanine

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29
Q

DNA consists of what?

A

2 nucleic acid strands coiled around each other

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30
Q

RNA consists of what?

A

Single nucleic acid strand

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31
Q

What is cell theory?

A

Cell is the fundamental unit of life

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32
Q

What is a light microscope?

A

beam of light is passed thru specimens for living cells to be observed.

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33
Q

What is a scanning electron microscope?

A

beam of electrons is passed thru specimen, cells must be dead for details of cell’s outer surface

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34
Q

What is Transmission electron microscope?

A

cells must be dead, with beam of electrons used for cell’s internal structure

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35
Q

Why are cells so small?

A

As cell size increases surface area-to-volume ratio decreases

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36
Q

What are all organisms possessing prokaryotic cells?

A

Unicellular

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37
Q

Prokaryotic cells lack what?

A

Nucleus and other membrane- enclosed organelles

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38
Q

What is the nucleoid region?

A

region of cell where DNA is located

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39
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Synthesize proteins using info stored in DNA

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40
Q

What does plasma membrane do?

A

Regulates transport of materials into and out of the cell

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41
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

Provides structural support

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42
Q

What do capsules do?

A

Provide protections

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43
Q

What does pili do?

A

Allow bacteria to attach to surfaces

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44
Q

What does the flagella do?

A

Enable movement

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45
Q

Most organisms possessing Eukaryotic cells are?

A

Multicellular

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46
Q

Examples of multicellular eukaryotes?

A

Animals, plants, fungi and some protists

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47
Q

What do eukaryotic cells possess?

A

Nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles

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48
Q

Organelles found in animal cells but not plant cells?

A

Centrioles, lysosomes, flagella and cilia

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49
Q

Organelles found in plant cells but not animal cells?

A

Cell wall, chloroplasts, cell wall with plasmodesmata

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50
Q

2 major Plasma membrane molecules?

A

Phospholipids and proteins

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51
Q

What do short carbohydrate chains attached to phospholipids form?

A

Glycolipids or glycoproteins

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52
Q

Plasma membrane phospholipids contain?

A

Hydrophobic tail (2 fatty acids) hydrophobic head (phosphate group)

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53
Q

What do plasma membranes exist as?

A

Phospholipid bilayers

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54
Q

Peripheral proteins attach to what?

A

Either the inside or outside of the membrane

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55
Q

Integral proteins span across what?

A

The entire membrane from the inside to the outside of the cell

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56
Q
A
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57
Q

The Nucleus is the cell’s what?

A

Control center

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58
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A

Nuclear envelope, DNA, nucleolus

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59
Q

Function of nucleus?

A

Ribosomes are manufacturer in nucleolus, translation, transcription

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60
Q

Ribosomes function where?

A

Protein synthesis

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61
Q

Cytoplasm includes what?

A

All of cell inside plasma membrane and outside the nucleus

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62
Q

What is the endomembrane system?

A

Many organelles surrounded and connected to each other by membranes

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63
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum is what?

A

A manufacturing organelle

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64
Q

What are many attached ribosomes called?

A

Rough ER

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65
Q

What is a smooth ER important for?

A

Manufacturing of lipids

66
Q

Golgi apparatus is a ?

A

processing organelles

67
Q

Vacuoles are?

A

Storage organelles

68
Q

Central vacuole is a?

A

Large membrane organelle that stores nutrients, wastes, pigments and toxins etc

69
Q

Where are central vacuoles found?

A

Plant cells

70
Q

What are contractile vacuoles?

A

Small membranous organelles that store and expel excess water

71
Q

What are food vacuoles?

A

Small membranous organelles that store food items the cell has ingested

72
Q

What are Lysosomes?

A

Breakdown organelles filled with digestive enzymes and acids

73
Q

Peroxisomes are what?

A

Breakdown organelles that contain enzyme catalase

74
Q

What 2 organelles are responsible for converting energy from one form to another within the cell?

A

Chloroplasts, mitochondria

75
Q

Chloroplasts function?

A

Organelles that convert solar energy into chemical energy of food- photosynthesis

76
Q

Structure of chloroplasts?

A

Surrounded by double membrane filled with fluid Stroma

77
Q

Mitochondria does what?

A

Converts the chemical energy of food into chemical energy of ATP powering cell’s activities

78
Q

What is mitochondria surrounded by?

A

Double membrane filled with matrix fluid

79
Q

Cytoskeleton is what?

A

Internal framework of proteins that provides shape and structure to the cell

80
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

Support cell shape

81
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Serve as tracks on which organelles are able to move

82
Q

The Flagella and cilia function in what?

A

Movement

83
Q

What motion propels flagella?

A

Undulating

84
Q

What motion propels cilia?

A

Beat-like

85
Q

What does the cell wall provide?

A

Structure, support and protection

86
Q

What does the extracellular matrix do?

A

Connect neighboring cells within tissues

87
Q

Who conducted experiments that refuted the idea of spontaneous generation?

A

Francesco Redi and Louis Pasteur

88
Q

Spontaneous generation is the?

A

Formation of life from nonliving matter

89
Q

Who hypothesized that organic monomers could form from inorganic molecules under the conditions of earth’s early atmosphere?

A

Oparin and Haldane

90
Q

Miller and Urey constructed what?

A

An experimental apparatus to simulate early Earth and test Oparin and Haldane’s hypothesis.

91
Q

What are protocells?

A

Membranous droplets that maintain an internal composition different from that of their surrounding environment

92
Q

Which comes first DNA or proteins?

A

DNA

93
Q

RNA molecules are called what?

A

Ribozymes

94
Q

What do membrane proteins do?

A

Maintain membrane shape, serve as receptors, bind cells together, act as enzymes, transport materials across the membrane

95
Q

What is selectively permeable?

A

Plasma membranes

96
Q

Passive transport says?

A

No energy is required and occurs spontaneously

97
Q

Diffusion is the?

A

Spreading out of molecules into the available space

98
Q

What is reached once molecules are equally distributed everywhere?

A

Dynamic equilibrium

99
Q

Molecules move what region of what concentration to what concentration?

A

Higher; lower

100
Q

Facilitated diffusion is when?

A

molecules move down their concentration gradient with no energy required

101
Q

Channel proteins allow what?

A

The passage of ions and small polar molecules such as water

102
Q

Carrier proteins allow what?

A

The passage of large polar molecules such as glucose and amino acids

103
Q

What two types of transport proteins are involved with facilitated diffusion?

A

Channel and carrier

104
Q

Osmosis is the diffusion of what?

A

Water molecules across the plasma membrane

105
Q

Isotonic solutions have what solute concentration and therefore water concentrations?

A

Equal;equal

106
Q

Hypotonic has what solute concentration and therefore water concentrations?

A

Lower; higher

107
Q

Hypertonic solutions have what solute concentration and therefore water concentration?

A

Higher; lower

108
Q

What happens if 2 aqueous solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane?

A

Water will diffuse down its concentration gradient

109
Q

Osmosis results in both solutions becoming?

A

Isotonic

110
Q

Osmoregulation definition?

A

Maintaining a proper solute concentration balances water gain and loss by cell.

111
Q

Active transport needed?

A

Energy and occurs spontaneously

112
Q

Active transport moves molecules from the region of what concentration to the region of what concentration?

A

lower;higher

113
Q

Active transport protein important in nerve cells?

A

Sodium-potassium pump

114
Q

Bulk transport is the?

A

Exit or entrance of very large molecules or many smaller molecules all at once

115
Q

What does bulk transport require?

A

ATP energy

116
Q

What does exocytosis do?

A

Bulk transport out the cell

117
Q

What does endocytosis do?

A

Bulk transport into the cell

118
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Cellular eating engulfing large food particles

119
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Cellular drinking, engulfing large amounts of fluid plus any solutes dissolved in the fluid

120
Q

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

Plasma membrane will only fold inward to engulf select molecules that bind to receptor proteins on the membrane

121
Q

Energy is defined as?

A

Capacity to cause change or perform work

122
Q

Types of energy?

A

Kinetic, potential

123
Q

Kinetic energy is?

A

The energy of motion

124
Q

Potential energy is?

A

The stored energy of location or position

125
Q

What governs energy conversions?

A

Laws of thermodynamics

126
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Law of energy conservation- energy cannot be created or destroyed only converted from one form to another

127
Q

What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?

A

All energy conversions increase entropy of universe, during any conversion some energy is lost

128
Q

How do cells maintain order?

A

A decrease in cellular entropy results from an increase in surrounding entropy

129
Q

Chemical energy is the?

A

Potential energy of atoms bonded within molecules

130
Q

Exergonic reactions are?

A

Chemical reactions that release energy such as cellular respiration

131
Q

Endergonic reactions are?

A

Chemical reactions that require energy such as photosynthesis

132
Q

ATP is the?

A

Molecule directly used for all cellular work

133
Q

For continued cellular work ATP must be?

A

Restored

134
Q

Energy coupling is the use of energy released during?

A

Exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions

135
Q

Enzymes are?

A

Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions within cells

136
Q

Anabolism refers to what?

A

Chemical reactions that build larger molecules from smaller molecules

137
Q

Example of anabolism?

A

Dehydration Reactions

138
Q

Anabolic reactions are endergonic or exergonic?

A

Endergonic- they require an input of energy

139
Q

Catabolism refers to what?

A

Chemical reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller molecules

140
Q

Are catholic reactions exergonic or endergonic?

A

Exergonic

141
Q

Example of catabolism?

A

Hydrolysis reactions

142
Q

Activation energy is the?

A

Energy required by reactant molecules to start the reaction

143
Q

How do enzymes catalyze chemical reactions?

A

By lowering the amount of activation energy required

144
Q

What is the reactant molecule acted on by the enzyme called?

A

Enzyme’s substrate

145
Q

What happens to enzymes after the products are released?

A

They are recycled to catalyze reaction after reaction

146
Q

How are enzymes named?

A

For the substrate molecules on which they act

147
Q

What happens to enzyme activity as substrate concentration increases?

A

It increases

148
Q

What happens to enzyme activity as temperature increases?

A

It increases

149
Q

What does a low or high pH cause to enzymes?

A

denaturation

150
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

Non-protein organic molecules that aid enzyme function

151
Q

What is an example of a coenzyme?

A

Vitamins

152
Q

What are cofactors?

A

Inorganic ions that aid enzyme function

153
Q

What is an example of a cofactor?

A

Minerals

154
Q

Enzyme inhibitors are molecules that what?

A

Disrupt the function of enzymes

155
Q

What are types of enzyme inhibitors?

A

Competitive and noncompetitive

156
Q

Competitive inhibitors are?

A

Molecules that have shapes similar to the enzyme’s substrates

157
Q

What do competitive inhibitors do?

A

They bind to the active site and block the substrate from binding so no chemical reaction occurs

158
Q

What are noncompetitive inhibitors?

A

They may bind at active allosteric site which induces fit of enzyme before substrate can bind to active site and shape of enzyme and substrate don’t match so no chemical reaction occurs

159
Q

What are examples of enzyme inhibitors?

A

Antibiotics, pesticides, feedback inhibition

160
Q

Antibiotics are?

A

Inhibitors of enzymes that build bacterial cell walls

161
Q

What are pesticides?

A

Inhibitors of insect nervous system enzymes

162
Q

What is feedback inhibition?

A

If cell has enough product, product acts as inhibitor of enzyme for reaction that produced it

BIO1210 (5 decks)

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