Exam 3 Flashcards
In order to pack all of a eukaryotic cell’s DNA into the nucleus, the DNA is packed around _______, resulting in the structure known as ________
histone proteins ; chromatin
In the central dogma of biology, genetic information goes from ________ to _______ in the nucleus before being converted into _______ in the cytoplasm.
DNA ; RNA ; protein
DNA and RNA differ in all the following ways EXCEPT…:
a. DNA contains deoxyribose while RNA contains ribose
b. DNA is made of nucleotides while RNA is made of amino acids
c. DNA contains thymine while RNA contains uracil
d. DNA is double stranded while RNAA is single stranded
e. DNA cannot catalyze chemical reactions whereas RNA can
DNA is made of nucleotides while RNA is made of amino acids
_______ is the enzyme that makes RNA from a DNA template during transcription.
RNA polymerase
Which of the following does NOT happen inside of the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell?
a. translation of the mRNA
b. DNA replication
c. RNA polymerase
d. helicase
e.ligase
translation of the mRNA
Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds and added to the growing chain during the _______ stage of __________
elongation ; translation
In the lac operon, the protein that binds to the operator to prevent transcription is ___________.
the repressor
Sickle cell anemia usually results from a single nucleotide change in the hemoglobin gene. This is called a ________.
substitution mutation
A cold sore flare up on a person’s lip is due to the herpes simplex virus type I moving from the _______ stage to the ________ stage.
lysogenic ; lytic
The genome of an organism is all of its ________.
genetic material
Cellular division is necessary for ______?
replacing cells that have reached their lifespan;
replacing injured cells;
organism growth and development
The feet of embryonic birds have webbing between the toes.
What process occurs in the developing chicken. foot, but NOT in the developing duck. foot? The functional result of this process is that ducks can swim, but chickens cannot.
apoptosis
What is the correct order of enzyme function during DNA replication?
a. helicase, ligase, DNA polymerase
b. ligase, dna polymerase, helicase
c. helicase, rna polymerase, ligase
d. helicase, ligase, rna polymerase
e. helicase, dna polymerase, ligase
e. helicaase , DNA polymerase, ligase
This process replicates and divides a prokaryotic cell DNA into two daughter cells.
binary fission
What statement is TRUE of prokaryotic cells?
a. prokaryotic cells can acquire new genes material through meiosis
b. “ through prophase. I
c. “ genes through mitosis
d. “genes through horizontal gene transfer and mutations
e. prokaryotic cells cannot acquire new genes
prokaryotic cells can. acquire new genes through horizontal gene transfer and mutations
The structures described contain the same order of genes down the length, and come from parents during sexual reproduction, is known as ______________.
homologous chromosomes
The picture shows a cell in what stage of mitosis?
( all alleles in the middle but separated. Two sides)
anaphase
Mistakes in the cell cycle and failed cell cycle checkpoints typically result in ___________.
apoptosis
When a diploid germ cell in a human female ovary gene goes through MEIOSISm it will generate what?
4 haploid cells
_________ produces identical diploid daughter cells and _____________ produces haploid. gamete. cells ; sperm and eggs
mitosis ; meiosis
A a haploid cell of a koala (phascularctos cinereous) contains 8 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would be in a somatic cell of a koala?
16
Sperm and egg cells are ________ cells that unite in fertilization to create a single _________ zygote cell. This zygote cell then undergoes millions of rounds of ________, eventually leading to all the cells in your adult body.
diploid ; haploid ; meiosis
DNA is synthesized during _______ of the cell.
interphase
By creating new combinations of alleles, meiosis generates variety among offspring from just two parents. Which diversity generating mechanism does the following scenario describe?
During prophase I, the homologs align themselves precisely gene by gene. The homologs exchange chromosomal material.
crossing over/recombination shuffles maternal and paternal alleles
______ reproduction results in genetic diversity, while ________ reproduction produces identical clones.
sexual ; asexual
A gamete containing two of the same chromosome can be produced when the chromatids of a replicated chromosome fail to separate during Anaphase of Meiosis I or II. This error is called ________.
nondisjunction
Patu syndrome results in a human baby with 47 chromosomes. Based on this information, you could correctly say that :
a. This child is displaying aneuploidy.
b. this child is displaying polyploidy
c. this child is displaying a normal chromosome number
d. this child is displaying recombination
e. this child is displaying both aneuploidy and polyploidy
this child is displaying aneuploidy
Based on this karyotype, what. can be concluded about this human?
- 2 X chromosomes, 48 chromosomes
this is female and has the typical number of chromosomes
When Mendel crossed tall pea plants (TT) with short pea plants (tt), the offspring were ________.
all tall
Complete the Punnet Square below if needed. How many genotypes and phenotypes are possible in the offspring if A-allele is dominant to the a-allele.
(Aa) to (Aa)
3 genotypes and 2 phenotypes
- know how to fill and read punnet square
Aa BbRr is going to be crossed with a BBrr organism. What type(s) of gametes would the BbRr organism be expected to produce?
BR, Br, bR, br
Inheritance patterns and phenotypic ratios in dihybrid crosses that DO NOT follow Mender’s expected ratios aware believed to be the result of ________.
genetic linkage
Fur color is a trait in rabbits. When black rabbits state with white rabbits, their offspring are all brown rabbits, an intermediate trait between the two. This would be an example of __________.
incomplete dominance
X-inactivation occurs in ________ due to the presence of ___________ X chromosomes.
females ; two
What information does the pedigree shown provide?
the disease its X-linked dominant
Skin and hair color phenotypes in humans are determined by the expression of multiple genes. These traits are considered __________.
polygenic
Evolution occurs at what level?
at the population level
Charles Darwin and ______ both independently developed almost identical theories evolution through natural selection.
Alfred Russel Wallace
In evolution, natural selection ________.
a. neither preserves nor rejects harmful variations in a population
b. preserves harmful variations and rejects favorable variations in a population
c. preserves both favorable and harmful variations in a population.
d. perseveres favorable variation and rejects harmful variations in a population
e. is random in a generation
d. preserves favorable variations and rejects harmful variations in a population
Which of the following. explain why natural selection impacts adults rather than embryos?
a. embryos do not need to compete for environmental resources
b. embryos do not need to compete for reproductive partners
c. adults determine the current allele frequencies/ gene pool in a population
d. answers A & B are correct
e. answers A, B, & C are correct
e. answers A, B, & C are correct.
embryos do not need to compete for environmental resources;
embryos do not need to compete for reproductive partners ;
adults determine the current allele frequencies/ gene pool in a population
Look aaa the information below that illustrates data from the original (ancestral) population of meerkats and the population 10 generations later (current population). Scientists were examining the fur color gene, which has 5 alleles (f,q,r,b,y)
Original population frequencies:
f= 0.25 q= 0.13 r= 0.0 b = 0.25 y= 0.37
Current population allele frequencies:
f=0.24 q=0.12 r= 0.02 b= 0.25 y= 0.37
What can you conclude about the current population based on the requirements of Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium?
The population has evolved
Over time, the ground around Las Vegas became darker due to highways and pollution. This favored darker colored insects in the area and haas caused. populations to. move towards a darker pigmentation over time.
This could be an example of what kind of selection?
directional selection
The male bird of paradise performs a dance to attract potential female mates. This would be considered aa type of what?
intersexual selection
What type of genetic drift occurs when many members of a population suddenly die, resulting in a great loss of genetic diversity?
the bottleneck effect
Through modern human history, farmers and horticulturalists selectively bred broccoli, cauliflower, kale, and cabbage from the. wild mustard plant through ___________.
artificial selection
What is the complementary strand of DNA to the one
written below?
GTCATCGTATCGATA
CAGTAGCATAGCTAT
Describe how fraternal twins are formed/produced.
Fraternal twins are forms/produced when there are 2 sperm and 2 eggs. 2 zygotes are then created and 2. embryos are made. The process is dizygotic
