CH 23 PreLecture Flashcards
_____ is the liquid part of blood and consists of water and dissolved substances.
plasma
Red blood cells are packed with an oxygen-carrying pigment protein called ______.
hemoglobin
A component of blood called _________ blood cells are called leukocytes and participate in immune responses.
white blood cells ; OR white, leukocyte
Blood clotting is initiated by : what?
platelets
The heart, ______, and vessels are the three main components of a circulatory system
blood
Plasma is the … ?
liquid portion of the blood and is composed of about 90% water.
In an open circulatory system, such as that found in insects, a heart pumps fluid through what?
through short vessels that lead to open spaces in the body cavity
Hemoglobin is the protein found in ______ blood cells that transports ______ throughout the circulatory system.
red ; oxygen
Vertebrates have _______ circulatory systems in which blood remains within vessels that exchange materials with the interstitial fluid.
closed ; OR enclosed
Leukocytes are ______, which originate in the red bone marrow, have nuclei, and lack hemoglobin.
white blood cells
Select all the correct choices that accurately compare the advantages and disadvantages of open and closed circulatory systems. :
A. A closed circulatory system has the flexibility to direct blood to or from specific areas, while an open system cannot.
B. In an open circulatory system, the blood moves at a higher pressure than in a closed system; however, more energy is required to do this.
C. An open circulatory system has fewer vessels than a closed system and has less energetic costs.
D. In a closed circulatory system, waste removal and nutrient delivery are more efficient because of the higher blood pressure.
Options A, C, and D
Small, colorless cell fragments that initiate blood clotting are called _____
platelets
In fishes, blood moves from the ventricle of the heart directly to the ______ to load oxygen and unload carbon dioxide, then circulates to the rest of the body and back to the heart.
gills
What are all the components of the vertebrate circulatory system?
heart, vessels, blood
The ______ is the chamber of the heart that the blood enters when returning from the body or lungs.
atrium
In a(n) __________ circulatory system, a heart pumps fluid through vessels that open into the body cavity. Within the body cavity, the fluid exchanges materials with the body’s cells before flowing back into the heart through pores.
open
What describes a closed circulatory system?
The blood remains in vessels and exchanges materials with interstitial fluid.
What type of circulatory system is the most efficient in terms of nutrient delivery, waste removal, and meeting metabolic needs of organs?
closed circulatory system
Blood enters the heart at a chamber called a(n) ______, while blood exits the heart from a chamber called a(n) ______.
atrium ; ventricle
In what animals does blood flow directly from the gas exchange organs to the rest of the body before returning to the heart?
fishes
In fish, blood enters the heart through a chamber called the
atrium
In an open circulatory system, such as that found in insects, a heart pumps fluid _____.
through short vessels that lead to open spaces in the body cavity
The ______ is the chamber of the heart that pumps blood away from the heart, to the gas exchange organs or to the rest of the body.
ventricle
The atrium is the part of the heart _____, whereas the ventricle is the part of the heart _____.
where blood enters ; where blood exits
Rank the following blood vessels from largest at the top to smallest at the bottom.
capillaries , arterioles, and arteries
- arteries
- arterioles
- capillaries
Rank the following blood vessels from largest at the top to smallest at the bottom.
capillaries , arterioles, and arteries
- arteries
- arterioles
- capillaries
What is the name of the type of muscle that makes up the walls of the heart?
cardiac muscle
Name the structures in the order that blood flows through them, starting at the top with the right atrium :
- right atrium
- right ventricle
- pulmonary arteries
- pulmonary veins
- left atrium
- left ventricle
In fish, blood exits the heart from the
ventricle
What region of specialized cardiac muscle cells causes the atria to contract and sets the tempo of the heartbeat?
sinoatrial node
Rank the blood vessels that return blood to the heart from the largest (at the top) to smallest (at the bottom).
venues, capillaries, and veins
- veins
- venules
- capillaries
The wall of the heart consists mostly of a thick layer of ______ muscle.
cardiac
As a result of regular exercise, the heart will strengthen and the ______ will increase, such that the heart can beat less times per minute and still pump the same amount of blood.
stroke volume
In humans, oxygen-depleted blood leaves the ______ side of the heart and travels to the lungs to pick up oxygen. Oxygenated blood enters the _______ side of the heart and travels to the rest of the body.
blank 1: right ventricle
blank 2: left atrium
The ______ node of the heart is a region of specialized muscle cells in the upper wall of the right atrium, which is sometimes called the pacemaker because it sets the tempo of the beat.
sinoatrial
Networks of tiny blood vessels that connect arterioles to venules are called _______ beds.
capillary beds
The force that blood exerts on ______ is referred to as blood pressure.
vessel walls
List all the long term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system :
- reduced cholesterol in blood
- lowered blood pressure
- production of more red blood cells.
- development of extra blood vessels
Systolic pressure reflects the contraction of the ______ of the heart.
ventricles
What feature of capillaries permits easy diffusion of gases into and out of them?
walls made of a single layer of endothelial cells
List all of the following that are true about systolic and diastolic pressure readings.
- Systolic pressure occurs during the contraction of the ventricles.
- Diastolic pressure occurs during the relaxation of the ventricles.
______ is the force that blood exerts on the walls of arteries.
blood pressure
In the ______, blood pressure is the lowest, but blood velocity is faster than it is in the capillaries.
veins
Organs of the ______ system, such as gills or lungs, allow gases from the environment to be exchanged with blood vessels from the circulatory system.
respiratory
The first number in a blood pressure reading represents the ______, which is generated by the contraction of the ventricles.
systolic pressure
In blood pressure readings, the ______ is the low point on a sphygmomanometer, when the ventricles relax.
diastolic pressure
List the characteristics of lungs in terrestrial vertebrates.
- kept moist by being located inside the body
- saclike organs in which capillary networks are exposed to air
Rank the following from the highest blood pressure (at the top) to the lowest blood pressure (at the bottom).
- blood flowing through the veins, blood entering capillaries, and blood leaving the heart
- blood leaving the heart
- blood entering capillaries
- blood flowing through the veins
The nose, pharynx, and ______ are parts of the upper respiratory tract in humans.
larynx
The organ system that exchanges gases with the environment in most animals is called the ________ system.
respiratory
List some of the main functions of the nose.
- breathing
- immunity
- sense of smell
What is secreted by the nose and traps airborne bacteria and dust particles?
mucus
Sac-like organs used by terrestrial vertebrates for gas exchange are called:
lungs
List all the components of the human upper respiratory tract.
larynx, nose, and pharynx
Breathing, immunity, and smelling are functions that the ______ performs for the body.
nose
List all the components of the nasal cavity that help to warm and humidify air that enters the upper respiratory tract.
mucus and blood vessels
The trachea and the lungs comprise the ______ respiratory tract.
lower
List all the characteristics of lungs in terrestrial vertebrates.
- kept moist by being located inside the body
- saclike organs in which capillary networks are exposed to air
Air flows into the lungs when the size of the chest cavity ______ and the air pressure inside the lungs is ______ than the pressure outside the body. Air flows out of the lungs when the diaphragm and chest muscles relax, and pressure inside the lungs is ______ than the air pressure outside the lungs.
increases ; lower ; greater
How does oxygen cross capillary walls?
diffusion
the lower respiratory tract is composed of the … :
trachea, bronchi, and lungs
List all of the following that describe inhalation in humans.
- air pressure in alveoli lowers
- volume of chest cavity increases
- diaphragm contracts
How does carbon dioxide move into the blood?
diffusion
What is the correct statement with respect to the role of blood in gas exchange?
Oxygen is delivered by the blood to the cells, and carbon dioxide is transported from the cells to the lungs.
What is the correct statement with respect to the role of blood in gas exchange?
Oxygen is delivered by the blood to the cells, and carbon dioxide is transported from the cells to the lungs.
What is true about gas concentrations in the blood, alveoli, and respiring cells?
- Air in the alveoli has a higher concentration of oxygen than blood in nearby capillaries.
- Blood arriving at the leg has a lower carbon dioxide concentration than a respiring muscle cell in the leg.
- Oxygen diffuses into blood cells at the lungs.
List some statements that are true about gas exchange during respiration.
- oxygen enters the capillaries from the alveoli
- carbon dioxide moves from the capillaries to the alveoli
red blood cells contain _____, which binds to ______ in the alveolar capillaries
hemoglobin ; oxygen
what are two ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the blood ?
- bound to hemoglobin
- as bicarbonate ions
whaat component of blood transport 99% of oxygen picked up in the lungs?
red blood cells
What gas is transported through the blood as bicarbonate ions?
carbon dioxide
