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Anthropology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of subsistence systems?

A
  • Hunting & gathering/foraging
  • Horticulture/gardening
  • Pastoral/herding
  • Agriculture/Peasant Farming
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2
Q

What are the top 5 pastoralist groups, and what do they herd?

A
  • Africa: cattle
  • North Africa & Middle East: sheep, goats & camel
  • Mediterranean: Sheep & goat
  • Central Asia: horse, cattle, yak
  • Siberian Tundra: reindeer
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3
Q

What is the role of each gender in a foraging subsistence system?

A

Men hunt, Women gather

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4
Q

What is the role of each gender in a horticultural subsistence system?

A

Men fell trees, clean underbrush, women are gardeners

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5
Q

What is the role of each gender in a pastoral subsistence system?

A

Women milk and prepare the dairy foods

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6
Q

What is the role of each gender in an agricultural subsistence system?

A

domestic focus, minimal involvement in food production

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7
Q

What is involved with a reciprocity economic exchange?

A
  • gift exchange
  • essential element: balance
  • receiving obligates one to give
  • hunters distribute catch to other group members (clan)
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8
Q

What is involved with a redistribution economic exchange?

A
  • goods brought to a central place-dispended in terms of political, economic, and family relations
    ex) payment of taxes dispensed in school’s, and social security
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9
Q

What is involved in a market exchange-economic exchange?

A
  • based on supply and demand
  • buyer & seller attempt to get best buy (agree upon mutual exchange value)
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10
Q

What are the types environments that have distinctive vegetation and surface features?

A
  • Dry lands
  • Tropical forest lands
  • Mediterranean scrub forest lands
  • Mid-latitude mixed forest lands
  • grasslands
  • Boreal forest lands
  • Polar lands
  • Mountain lands
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11
Q

What constitutes dry lands?

A
  • 18% of world’s land space, 4% or world’s population
  • arid regions/deserts on west coasts of continents
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12
Q

What constitutes tropical forest lands?

A
  • 15% of worlds land, 28% of population
  • within 20 degrees latitude of equator
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13
Q

What constitutes Mediterranean scrub forest lands?

A
  • 1% of worlds land space, 4% of world’s population
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14
Q

What constitutes mid-latitude mixed forest lands?

A
  • 7% of worlds land space, 43% of world’s population
  • largest portion of worlds population, areas such as; most of China, Eastern U. S., Korea, and Japan
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15
Q

What constitutes grasslands?

A
  • 19% of world’s land space, 6% of world’s population
  • land between deserts and forests.
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16
Q

What constitutes boreal forest lands?

A
  • 10% of land space, 1% of worlds population
  • stretched across northern hemisphere
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17
Q

What constitutes Polar lands?

A
  • 16% of land space, handful of population
  • northern and southern axis’ of Earth
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18
Q

What constitutes mountain lands?

A
  • 12% of land space, 12% of population
  • main criteria: surface configuration
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19
Q

What is demography?

A

The study of the determinates and consequences of population change

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20
Q

What is true about fertility?

A
  • it’s been high for most of human history
  • developing countries are dying
  • sex selective abortion assures the birth of a boy
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21
Q

What are ways to deal with unwanted children?

A
  • abortion
  • orphanage
  • sex-trafficking
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22
Q

What is true about migration?

A
  • It is any permanent change of residence
  • 240 million people are living in another country (3% of the world’s population)
  • mostly for economic reasons
  • migration might be perpetuated by institutions
  • guest worker programs
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23
Q

What are the types of migrants?

A
  • legal migrants
  • illegal or undocumented
  • refugees
  • asylees
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24
Q

Ways to migrate?

A
  • step migration–internal migration
  • chain migration–international migration
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25
Q

What is involved with forced migration?

A
  • fleeing a perceived threat to one’s’ well being
  • refugee problem
  • slavery-80 million slaves
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26
Q

What is true about sex-ratios?

A

-it’s the ratio of males to females in a population (near 100)
- slightly more males than females are born: 105-106
- there’s been recent increases in the sex ratio around the world

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27
Q

What is true about population pyramids?

A
  • in the U.S. birth rates and death rates are very low
  • Italy is a dying country, 1.2 fertility rate
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28
Q

Is the World becoming more urban? (true/false)

A

True, (1 in 6 live in slums, 1 in 3 are urban residents)

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29
Q

What is monogamy?

A

marriage between one husband, and one wife

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30
Q

What is polygyny?

A

marriage between one husband, and more than one wife

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31
Q

What is polyandry?

A

marriage between one wife, and more than one husband

32
Q

What’s the difference between nuclear and extended families?

A

Nuclear: not more than 2 generations, more than 2 generations live together

33
Q

What is a matrilineal lineage?

A

descent is traced through females

34
Q

What is patrilineal lineage?

A

descent is traced through the males

35
Q

What is bilateral lineage?

A

descent is traced through both males and females

36
Q

What is a patrilocal residence?

A

couples live with the man’s parents

37
Q

What is a matrilocal residence?

A

couples live with the woman’s parents

38
Q

What’s a neolocal residence?

A

couples establish a new residence

39
Q

What’s the difference between matriarchal and patriarchal power?

A

matriarchal-women are predominant in the family
patriarchal-men are predominant in the family

40
Q

What is an egalitarian share of power?

A

Both men and women share power in the family

41
Q

What’s the preferred type of marriage in a hunting and gathering society?

A

group marriage-multiple partners

42
Q

What’s the preferred type of marriage in a horticultural society?

A

polyandry

43
Q

What’s the preferred type of marriage in a pastoral society?

A

polygyny

44
Q

What’s the preferred type of marriage in an agricultural society?

A

monogamy

45
Q

What’s the definition of marriage?

A

The socially recognized union of two or more individuals who are of the opposite sex.

46
Q

What’s the difference between endogamy and exogamy?

A

endogamy-within one’s’ family, exogamy-without

47
Q

What are the 2 preferred forms of cousin marriage?

A
  • cross cousins (children of opposite sex siblings)
  • parallel cousins ( children of same sex siblings)
48
Q

What is true about divorce?

A
  • it’s rare for common people
  • more common in matrilineal family systems
49
Q

What is levirate marriage?

A

when one’s husband dies, the husband’s brother marries his brothers widow.

50
Q

What is sororate marriage?

A

When one’s wife dies, the husband marries his wife’s sister

51
Q

What is true about Kosovo?

A
  • it’s surrounded by Serbia, Albania, and North Macedonia
  • it’s capital is Pristina
  • Kosovo means field of black birds
52
Q

What is true about Kosovo’s family identity?

A
  • there are 50 family tribes-known as Fis
    -governed by the Kanun-like the Old testament (eye for an eye)
  • patriarchal society
  • proud of family’s last name (tells social status)
53
Q

What is a Besa (in Kosovo society)?

A

it’s a faithful promise/pact
–a great/easy way to share the gospel with muslims in kosovo

54
Q

What’s the importance of lace coverings on couches/chairs in Kosovo society?

A

these are made by the wife, it acts like a dowry

55
Q

What’s true about men and women in Kosovo society?

A
  • the men are supposed to be perfect hosts
  • the women are expected to remain in the kitchen for a lot of the time, cleaning house.
56
Q

What’s the difference between a matrilineal and patrilineal form of descent?

A
  • matrilineal form-unilineal form, descent is traced through mother’s line.
  • Patrilineal-unilineal, where descent is traced through fathers line.
57
Q

What is bilateral form of descent?

A

-a non-unilateral descent-descent traced through both parents

58
Q

What are types of clans/lineages?

A
  • moieties
  • phratries (12 phratries of Israel)
59
Q

What’s an example of corporate unit?

A

Henry Ford family; Henry Ford I, II, III, etc.

60
Q

What is nepotism?

A

the favoring of one family member (form of corruption)
ex: Chinese restaurants

61
Q

What’s true of bi-lateral kindred system?

A
  • tied together by single individual related to every other individual
  • ego centered group-“live and die with us”
62
Q

What’s true about ambilineal ramage?

A

-descent is traced through either or both male and female lines
- group boundaries based upon residence

63
Q

What’s true of bilineal descent?

A
  • very few in number
  • fixed property (inherited from father’s side) vs. movable property (inherited from mother’s side)
64
Q

What’s true of the Sudanese kinship system?

A

-unilineal patrilineal system (very specific)

65
Q

What’s true of the Hawaiian kinship system?

A

-only distinction is between generation and sexes (mother, father, brother, sister)
- non-unilineal (very general)
- ambilineal ramage

66
Q

What’s true about the Iroquois kinship system?

A
  • cousins are brother and sister (parallel cousins are siblings)
  • unilineal
67
Q

What’s true about the Omaha kinship system?

A
  • unilineal, patrilineal system (mother’s family married in)
  • parallel cousins are siblings
68
Q

What’s true about the Crow kinship system?

A
  • matrilineal system (father’s family married in)
  • parallel cousins are siblings
69
Q

What’s true about the Eskimo kinship system?

A
  • non-unlineal system
  • merged the sexes (term: “cousins” is gender neutral)
    THIS IS OUR FAMILY SYSTEM
70
Q

What is true about different parts of India?

A
  • the people look very different; South-darker, Eastern-more Chinese looking
71
Q

What’s the purpose of the dots on Indian women’s heads?

A

to show that they are married

72
Q

What’s true of Indian families?

A

the parents make the decisions for their children-but not every family is made up of one family unit

73
Q

What are 2 types of kinship behavior?

A
  • avoidance
  • joking relations
74
Q

What are 2 connections between psychology and anthropology?

A
  • the relationship between culture and personality
  • national personality tellers-(see differences in personality from diff. nations)
75
Q

What’s true about childrearing practices across groups of people’s?

A

Within each culture-broad variation of personality types–even though training techniques are similar within the group
- evidence doesn’t support a national or village personality types

76
Q

What are the contrasting views that Ruth Benedict and Jane Murphy had in relation to the Anthropology vs. Psychology conflict?

A
  • Benedict had a psychiatric relativism view
  • Murphy’s psychiatric labeling in cross-cultural perspective
77
Q

What did George Foster think of?

A

-came up with the image of limited goods
- worldview: world composed of finite and limited resources

Anthropology (4 decks)

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