Exam 3 Flashcards
What are the types of subsistence systems?
- Hunting & gathering/foraging
- Horticulture/gardening
- Pastoral/herding
- Agriculture/Peasant Farming
What are the top 5 pastoralist groups, and what do they herd?
- Africa: cattle
- North Africa & Middle East: sheep, goats & camel
- Mediterranean: Sheep & goat
- Central Asia: horse, cattle, yak
- Siberian Tundra: reindeer
What is the role of each gender in a foraging subsistence system?
Men hunt, Women gather
What is the role of each gender in a horticultural subsistence system?
Men fell trees, clean underbrush, women are gardeners
What is the role of each gender in a pastoral subsistence system?
Women milk and prepare the dairy foods
What is the role of each gender in an agricultural subsistence system?
domestic focus, minimal involvement in food production
What is involved with a reciprocity economic exchange?
- gift exchange
- essential element: balance
- receiving obligates one to give
- hunters distribute catch to other group members (clan)
What is involved with a redistribution economic exchange?
- goods brought to a central place-dispended in terms of political, economic, and family relations
ex) payment of taxes dispensed in school’s, and social security
What is involved in a market exchange-economic exchange?
- based on supply and demand
- buyer & seller attempt to get best buy (agree upon mutual exchange value)
What are the types environments that have distinctive vegetation and surface features?
- Dry lands
- Tropical forest lands
- Mediterranean scrub forest lands
- Mid-latitude mixed forest lands
- grasslands
- Boreal forest lands
- Polar lands
- Mountain lands
What constitutes dry lands?
- 18% of world’s land space, 4% or world’s population
- arid regions/deserts on west coasts of continents
What constitutes tropical forest lands?
- 15% of worlds land, 28% of population
- within 20 degrees latitude of equator
What constitutes Mediterranean scrub forest lands?
- 1% of worlds land space, 4% of world’s population
What constitutes mid-latitude mixed forest lands?
- 7% of worlds land space, 43% of world’s population
- largest portion of worlds population, areas such as; most of China, Eastern U. S., Korea, and Japan
What constitutes grasslands?
- 19% of world’s land space, 6% of world’s population
- land between deserts and forests.
What constitutes boreal forest lands?
- 10% of land space, 1% of worlds population
- stretched across northern hemisphere
What constitutes Polar lands?
- 16% of land space, handful of population
- northern and southern axis’ of Earth
What constitutes mountain lands?
- 12% of land space, 12% of population
- main criteria: surface configuration
What is demography?
The study of the determinates and consequences of population change
What is true about fertility?
- it’s been high for most of human history
- developing countries are dying
- sex selective abortion assures the birth of a boy
What are ways to deal with unwanted children?
- abortion
- orphanage
- sex-trafficking
What is true about migration?
- It is any permanent change of residence
- 240 million people are living in another country (3% of the world’s population)
- mostly for economic reasons
- migration might be perpetuated by institutions
- guest worker programs
What are the types of migrants?
- legal migrants
- illegal or undocumented
- refugees
- asylees
Ways to migrate?
- step migration–internal migration
- chain migration–international migration
What is involved with forced migration?
- fleeing a perceived threat to one’s’ well being
- refugee problem
- slavery-80 million slaves
What is true about sex-ratios?
-it’s the ratio of males to females in a population (near 100)
- slightly more males than females are born: 105-106
- there’s been recent increases in the sex ratio around the world
What is true about population pyramids?
- in the U.S. birth rates and death rates are very low
- Italy is a dying country, 1.2 fertility rate
Is the World becoming more urban? (true/false)
True, (1 in 6 live in slums, 1 in 3 are urban residents)
What is monogamy?
marriage between one husband, and one wife
What is polygyny?
marriage between one husband, and more than one wife
What is polyandry?
marriage between one wife, and more than one husband
What’s the difference between nuclear and extended families?
Nuclear: not more than 2 generations, more than 2 generations live together
What is a matrilineal lineage?
descent is traced through females
What is patrilineal lineage?
descent is traced through the males
What is bilateral lineage?
descent is traced through both males and females
What is a patrilocal residence?
couples live with the man’s parents
What is a matrilocal residence?
couples live with the woman’s parents
What’s a neolocal residence?
couples establish a new residence
What’s the difference between matriarchal and patriarchal power?
matriarchal-women are predominant in the family
patriarchal-men are predominant in the family
What is an egalitarian share of power?
Both men and women share power in the family
What’s the preferred type of marriage in a hunting and gathering society?
group marriage-multiple partners
What’s the preferred type of marriage in a horticultural society?
polyandry
What’s the preferred type of marriage in a pastoral society?
polygyny
What’s the preferred type of marriage in an agricultural society?
monogamy
What’s the definition of marriage?
The socially recognized union of two or more individuals who are of the opposite sex.
What’s the difference between endogamy and exogamy?
endogamy-within one’s’ family, exogamy-without
What are the 2 preferred forms of cousin marriage?
- cross cousins (children of opposite sex siblings)
- parallel cousins ( children of same sex siblings)
What is true about divorce?
- it’s rare for common people
- more common in matrilineal family systems
What is levirate marriage?
when one’s husband dies, the husband’s brother marries his brothers widow.
What is sororate marriage?
When one’s wife dies, the husband marries his wife’s sister
What is true about Kosovo?
- it’s surrounded by Serbia, Albania, and North Macedonia
- it’s capital is Pristina
- Kosovo means field of black birds
What is true about Kosovo’s family identity?
- there are 50 family tribes-known as Fis
-governed by the Kanun-like the Old testament (eye for an eye) - patriarchal society
- proud of family’s last name (tells social status)
What is a Besa (in Kosovo society)?
it’s a faithful promise/pact
–a great/easy way to share the gospel with muslims in kosovo
What’s the importance of lace coverings on couches/chairs in Kosovo society?
these are made by the wife, it acts like a dowry
What’s true about men and women in Kosovo society?
- the men are supposed to be perfect hosts
- the women are expected to remain in the kitchen for a lot of the time, cleaning house.
What’s the difference between a matrilineal and patrilineal form of descent?
- matrilineal form-unilineal form, descent is traced through mother’s line.
- Patrilineal-unilineal, where descent is traced through fathers line.
What is bilateral form of descent?
-a non-unilateral descent-descent traced through both parents
What are types of clans/lineages?
- moieties
- phratries (12 phratries of Israel)
What’s an example of corporate unit?
Henry Ford family; Henry Ford I, II, III, etc.
What is nepotism?
the favoring of one family member (form of corruption)
ex: Chinese restaurants
What’s true of bi-lateral kindred system?
- tied together by single individual related to every other individual
- ego centered group-“live and die with us”
What’s true about ambilineal ramage?
-descent is traced through either or both male and female lines
- group boundaries based upon residence
What’s true of bilineal descent?
- very few in number
- fixed property (inherited from father’s side) vs. movable property (inherited from mother’s side)
What’s true of the Sudanese kinship system?
-unilineal patrilineal system (very specific)
What’s true of the Hawaiian kinship system?
-only distinction is between generation and sexes (mother, father, brother, sister)
- non-unilineal (very general)
- ambilineal ramage
What’s true about the Iroquois kinship system?
- cousins are brother and sister (parallel cousins are siblings)
- unilineal
What’s true about the Omaha kinship system?
- unilineal, patrilineal system (mother’s family married in)
- parallel cousins are siblings
What’s true about the Crow kinship system?
- matrilineal system (father’s family married in)
- parallel cousins are siblings
What’s true about the Eskimo kinship system?
- non-unlineal system
- merged the sexes (term: “cousins” is gender neutral)
THIS IS OUR FAMILY SYSTEM
What is true about different parts of India?
- the people look very different; South-darker, Eastern-more Chinese looking
What’s the purpose of the dots on Indian women’s heads?
to show that they are married
What’s true of Indian families?
the parents make the decisions for their children-but not every family is made up of one family unit
What are 2 types of kinship behavior?
- avoidance
- joking relations
What are 2 connections between psychology and anthropology?
- the relationship between culture and personality
- national personality tellers-(see differences in personality from diff. nations)
What’s true about childrearing practices across groups of people’s?
Within each culture-broad variation of personality types–even though training techniques are similar within the group
- evidence doesn’t support a national or village personality types
What are the contrasting views that Ruth Benedict and Jane Murphy had in relation to the Anthropology vs. Psychology conflict?
- Benedict had a psychiatric relativism view
- Murphy’s psychiatric labeling in cross-cultural perspective
What did George Foster think of?
-came up with the image of limited goods
- worldview: world composed of finite and limited resources
