Exam 1 review Flashcards
The study of humankind which seeks to understand people and their behaviors in order to better communicate with and relate to other human groups in an increasingly interdependent world.
Anthropology
What are the 4 fields of anthropology?
Cultural Anthropology-social anthropology (1)
Physical Anthropology-chemistry, biology, physics (3)
What involves Linguistics, archaeology?
Cultural anthropology
What is the complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by men as a number of societies.
Culture
What is a self-perpetuating group who share a geographical territory and a culture.
Society
What are the levels that lay the foundation for culture (in order of importance)?
Sanctions (enforcement, penalties to violate norms) (4th)
Norms (3rd)
Values (2nd)
Beliefs (1)
What are optional behavior (having 3 meals a day in our country)?
Customs
What are unwritten expectations (positive-thou shalt)?
Folkways
What are prohibitions including taboos (negative thou shalt not) (ex. burning American flags, cannibalism)
Mores
What are legalized requirements?
Laws
What is the idea that one’s’ own culture is superior to others
Inevitable for everyone?
Ethnocentrism
What is notion that standards and practices of other societies are to be evaluated in terms of their values and not ours?
Cultural relativism
What types can cultural relativism be broken into?
Empirical standards: immigration, and emigration
Biblical standards: law of God, (ten commandments-first 4 are vertical relationships, last 6 deal with horizontal relationships)
What is the notion that no beliefs or actions right or wrong in and of themselves?
Ethical relativism
What consists of a main faith, ideas-gov’t covered in news
Dominant culture
What are these examples of: Civil rights movement, feminist movement, lgbtq?
Counter culture
What is a set culture that maintains a faith or ideas-way of life that is different to that of main culture, but is within the mainstream culture of the area, ( ex: Amish).
Sub culture
What is a socially organized body of people, who putatively share ethnicity-a common origin, language and cultural heritage. (ex: Kurds)?
Nation
What is a politically organized territories that are internationally organized. (Kurdistan-broken among several states: Iran, Iraq, Turkey)?
State
What has rule governed relationships-with all rights and obligations that hold members of society together. (Ex: households, families, associations, power relations-politics)
Social structure
What is the economic foundation of society, including its subsistence practices and the tools and other material equipment used to make a living.
Infrastructure
Society’s shared sense of identity and worldview. Collective body of ideas, beliefs, and values by which a group of people make sense of the world. (religion, national identity)
Superstructure
The systematic description of a culture based upon firsthand observation
Ethnography
What are the 2 types of cultural studies?
1) Ethnographic
2) Cross-cultural
Incorporates contextual, qualitative, emic, ideographic studying
Ethnographic
Incorporates comparative, quantitative, etic, nomothetic (rules or laws that are variety across cultures)
Cross-cultural
Structural Anthropology
Cognitive anthropology
Founder-Claude Levi-Strauss
idea-binary contrasts
Biocultural theory
(sociobiology)
Advances in genetic and fossil finds
A) Preparing for the field
Training & familiarity
Funding
Orientation of research
B) Contact person
C) Informants (tribal chiefs, midwifes)
D) Language and time
E) Participant observation
Establish social relationships
Role playing (malinowskian ideal)
Steps for field work
A) Originally, pencil & notebook
B) Census & maps
C) Genealogies & life histories
D) Camera: visual ethnography
E) Audio recorder: language, music, folklore, mythology, interviews, field notes
F) Computer
G) Diary/diary log:chronological record of events
H) Field notebook
Research techniques and tools
A) Living arrangements
B) Food supplies
C) Currency
D) Lack of privacy
E) Sanitation and health
Human aspects of fieldwork:
