Exam 2 Flashcards
What is a system of communication using sounds or gestures that are put together in meaningful ways according to a set of rules?
Language
What is an instinctive sound or gesture that has a natural or self evident meaning?
Signal (ex: cough, sigh, scream)
What is Project Chantek?
The project that studied how Chantek the orangutan communicated
What is the modern scientific study of all aspects of language?
Linguistics
What are the three branches of linguistics?
descriptive linguistics, historical linguistics, sociolinguistics
What is the systematic identification and description of distinctive speech sounds in language?
Phonetics
What is the study of language sounds?
Phonology
What is the smallest unit of sound that makes a difference in meaning in a language?
Phoneme
What is the study of patterns or rules of word formation in a language (including such things as rules concerning verb tense, pluralization, and compound words)?
Morphology
What is the smallest unit of sound that carries a meaning in language. It is distinct from a Phoneme, which can alter meaning but has no meaning by itself?
Morpheme
What is the patterns or rules by which morphemes are arranged into phrases and sentences?
syntax
What is the entire formal structure of a language, including morphology and syntax?
grammar
What is a group of languages descended from a single ancestral language?
Language family
What is the development of different languages from a single ancestral language?
Ex. English is from the Germanic subgroup of Indoeuropean family
Linguistic Divergence
What is the method of identifying the approximate time that languages branched off from a common ancestor-based on analyzing core vocabularies?
Glottochronology
What is the most basic and long lasting words in any language-pronouns lower numerals, and names for body parts and natural objects?
Core vocabularies
What is the discovery and interpretation of both artifacts and natural objects with a view of the reconstruction of history and culture?
Archaeology
What is the purpose of Archaeology?
A) To clarify and describe objects found
B) To chronologically arrange the date
C) To synthesize the data with known historical events and cultures
How is an archaeological site selected?
A) Mounds (Tel)
Israel is the country with most archaeological dig sites
B) Erosions
1) Blasting
2) Digging
C) Contrasts in vegetation:
1) Detected from air
2) Soil analysis
D) Surface finds
E) Underwater archaeology
What is used to determine the precision for a “site”?
A) Electrical resistance
B) Magnetometer (mine detector)
C) Probes
D) Flashgun camera
What are the types of sites?
A) Living site (ex. food, streets, walls storage rooms)
B) Burial Site (ex. grave goods/clothing)
C) Workshop sites (ex. tools, weapons, knives)
D) Quarry sites (ex. technology)
E) Ceremonial sites (ex. altars)
What goes into an excavation point?
A) Datum point
B) Test
C) Artifact recording
1) Position recorded (depth)
2) Numbered
3) Catalogued
4) Listed in a database
5) Placed in cloth or paper bag
6) Labeled with ID number
What is a man made object?
Artifact
What is man-made but not removable?
Feature
Ex. storage pit, cistern, Hezekiah’s pool
What is not man made?
Object
Ex. animal bones, plant seeds, shells, ashes
What are the dead sea scrolls?
They are hundreds of animal skin scrolls that contain writings from numerous Biblical texts/writings (only Old testament writings)
- Discovered in 1947
- Stored in pottery jars in the caves of Qumran
- They predated the previous Old Testament writings by hundreds of years
What does descriptive linguistics involve?
A) Study of sound
B) Structure of language
C) Categories of sound
A) phonetics
i) physical attributes of sound
ii) international phonetic alphabet
iii) [p] in pen vs. sheep
B)Phonemics
i) study of sounds in language-recognized and
distinguished by its speakers
ii) Phonemic: smallest unit of sound-can be altered to
change meaning of a word
iii) pin/p/
iv) tin/t/
v) sin/s/
When brackets ([ ]) are around a letter it is…..?
phonetic sounds
When slashes (//) are around a letter it is….?
phonemic sounds
What is one relationship between language and thinking?
Thought—>language
1) Noam Chomsky (a naturalist-language is human
produced)
2) Transformational grammar theory
A) There is a universal grammar underlying every
human language
3) All languages reflect structure of human mind
4) Basic language components constitute deep structure which generates transformational rules
Deep Structure: underlying grammatical form of the sentence-transformed by set of rules (transformational rules) into surface structure (actual utterance)
3) As we think, so we speak
What is the other relationship between language and thinking?
Language—->thought
1) Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (linguistic relations)
2) Members of different language communities think about
their world in particular and unique ways
3) Each language conveys a particular worldview and
perspective
English and Navajos statements about death:
i) English: John is dying (active)
ii) Navajo: Dying is taking place with John (passive)
English and Chinese
i) Relationship b/w linguistic categories and abstract thought
ii) coperfactual statements or nonfactual situations or hypothetical bold situations
iii) if John were to have gone to the library, he would have seen mary
iv) Chinese have difficulty driving logical implications from such statements (John didn’t go to library)
4) As we speak so we think
What is the study of relationship between languages & social structure?
Sociolinguistics
- social and class dialects
What are forms of communication that do not depend upon sound?
Non-verbal communication (ex. sign language)
What involves the study of how people use gestures, facial expressions, posture, and proxemics to communicate?
Kinesics
What are the four distinguishable types of space zone?
Intimate
Personal
Social
Public
How many language family types are there?
9
-Indo-European
- Finno-Ugric
- Altaic
- Afro-Asiatic
- Niger-Congo
- Malayo-Polynesian
- Sino-Tibetan
- Dravidian
- Austro-Asiatic
What languages are in the Indo-European family?
(English, German, Spanish) Western European
Slavic (Russia, Polish)
Indo-Iranian (Persian, Hindi)
What languages are in the Finno-Ugric family?
Finnish, Hungarian
- located in Eastern and Northern Russian
What languages are in the Altaic family?
Turkic, Mongol, Manchu
- located in central Asia
What languages are in the Afro-Asiatic family?
Chad, Cushitic
- located in Northern Africa, and Middle East
What languages are in the Niger-Congo family?
Swahili
- located in central Africa
What languages are in the Malayo-Polynesian family?
Indonesian, Polynesian
- located in South Pacific
What languages are in the Sino-Tibetan family?
Burmen, Sinitic
- located in Myanmar, Tibet, Thailand, China
What languages are in the Dravidian family?
Tamil, Malayalam
- located in southern and central India, Pakistan
What languages are in the Austro-Asiatic family?
Vietnamese, Muda
- located in southeast Asia, eastern India
What are the 5 stages of revitalization movements?
- Steady stage
- Period of increased stress
- period of cultural distortion
- period of revitalization
- the new steady state
What involves the slow process of change, no major cultural organization or individual change?
the Steady Stage
What is the growing period of disorganization marked by influence in social deviance and individual pathology?
period of increased stress
What involves the major disorganization of the system and increased individual alienation and despair?
period of cultural distortion
What involves the emergence of a prophet and new utopian image of good society major behavioral and organizational changes occur as utopian image gains broad acceptance?
Period of revitalization
In what stage is a new equilibrium attained as the new region develops into a conservative and organized institution?
The new steady stage
What is Diffusion?
- the process of cultural borrowing
- the spreading of cultural items from their place of origin to other cultures
What are systems that have boundary maintaining mechanisms and rigid internal structures-less susceptible to change (ex. Amish)?
Hard Shelled vertebrate cultural systems
What are systems that are more flexible and open (ex. Mennonite)?
Soft-shelled vertebrate cultural systems
What are 2 types of agents of change?
- Government administrators
- missionaries
What is the uneasiness or panic we sense when we move out of our culture into another one?
culture shock
