Exam 3 Flashcards
Articulation
Where two bones meet (aka a joint)
Synarthrosis
A joint with no movement
Amphiarthrosis
A joint with some/partial movement
Diarthrosis
A joint with free movement
Syndesmosis
A type of joint where two adjacent bones (tibia + fibula) are joined by a membrane or ligament
What are the different types of joints?
Suture
Gomphosis
Synchondrosis
Syndesmosis
Symphysis
Synarthrosis joints (no movement) can be both _______ or ________
Fibrous; cartilaginous
Amphiarthrosis joints (little movement) can be both _______ or ________
Fibrous; cartilaginous
Diarthrosis joints (free movement) are classified in what structural category?
Synovial
What are the types of synarthrosis joints?
Suture, gomphosis, synchondrosis
What are the types of fibrous synarthrosis joints?
Suture, gomphosis
What are the types of cartilaginous synarthrosis joints?
Synchondrosis
Which type of joint is classified as a fibrous connection plus interlocked surfaces?
Suture
What is an example of where a suture joint can be found?
Between the bones of the skull
Which type of joint is classified as fibrous connections plus an insertion in a bony socket (alveolus)?
Gomphosis
What is an example of where a gomphosis joint can be found?
Between the teeth and bony sockets in the maxillae and mandible
What type of joint is classified as an interposition of cartilage bridge or plate?
Synchondrosis
What is an example of a place where a synchondrosis joint could be found?
Between the first pair of ribs and sternum
What are the two types of amphiarthrosis joints?
Syndesmosis and symphysis
What type of joint is classified as a ligamentous connection?
A syndesmosis joint
What type of joint is classified as a connection by a fibrocartilage pad?
Symphysis
What is an example of where a syndesmosis joint could be found?
Between the tibia and fibula
What is an example of where a symphysis joint could be found?
Between the two pubic bones
What type of joint is classified as a complex joint bounded by a joint capsule and containing synovial fluid?
Synovial joint (diarthrosis)
What is an example of where a synovial joint could be found?
The knee, between the femur and tibia
Which type of joint offers no movement?
Synarthrosis
Which type of joint offers little movement?
Amphiarthrosis
Which type of joint offers the freedom of movement?
Diarthrosis
What is an example of a synarthrosis joint?
The sutures of the skull
What is an example of an amphiarthrosis joint?
The vertebrae
What is an example of a diarthrosis joint?
The knee
Joined by a connective fibrous sheath of some kind, no joint cavity.
Fibrous joint
Skull sutures are held by _______ between the bones.
Fibers
Roots of teeth into the bones are anchored by the ___________ ligament.
Periodontal
some bones are held together by a ligament (____________ membrane) like the radius and ulna.
Interosseous
Two bones joined by a joint capsule and filled with synovial fluid.
Synovial joint
Most of the larger joints are _________ like the shoulder, elbow, hip and knee.
Synovial
All diarthroses are categorized structurally as ________ joints
Synovial
A slightly movable joint is called _______
An amphiarthrosis
A syndesmosis is an example of ____________
An amphiarthrosis
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of a diarthrosis?
a) Articular cartilages reduce friction between articulating bones
b) It may be located between the bones of the cranium
c) It may be affected by rheumatic diseases collectively called arthritis.
d) It is surrounded by a fibrous joint capule
B
the connective tissue that holds a tooth to a bony socket in a gomphosis is called the?
Periodontal ligament
Hyaline cartilage covering the end of a bone
Articular cartilage
Articular (joint) capsule fibrous connective tissue structure that is attached to each bone
Articular capsule
Fibrocartilage pads absorbing forces
Menisci
Sacs of connective tissue filled with synovial fluid; reduce friction around a ligament or tendon
Bursae
All synovial joints have an ____________ that lines the joint cavity.
Articular capsule
In a synovial joint, each bone is covered by _____________ made of hyaline cartilage to reduce friction and ease movement.
Articular cartilgae
In a synovial joint, _________ reduces friction and nourishes the articular cartilage.
Synovial fluid
In a synovial joint, lining the articular capsule is a _____________ that produces the synovial fluid.
Synovial membrane
A _________ is a fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone, and usually serves to hold structures together and keep them stable.
Ligament
A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue that attaches _______ to ________, and usually serves to hold structures together and keep them stable.
Bone; bone
What type of tissue are ligaments made of?
Dense regular connective tissue
Ligaments both support and limit joint ______
Motion
__________ ligaments are outside of the articular capsule
Extrinsic
_________ ligaments are found within the articular capsule
Intrinsic
A ________ is a fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
tendon
A tendon is a fibrous connective tissue that attaches _______ to _______
Muscle; bone
What type of tissue are tendons made of?
Dense regular connective tissue
Tendons _______ the muscles to the joints they move and help support the stability of the joint
Anchor
Tendons anchor the muscles to the joints they move and help support the _________ of the joint
Stability
Fibrocartilage pieces that aid in joint stability by giving protection of compressive forces and guide the joint movement
Menisci
What are some examples of menisci?
The meniscus of the knee and the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
The menisci are ___________ pieces that aid in joint stability by giving protection of compressive forces and guide the joint movement
Fibrocartilage
Synovial fluid sacs around tendons, ligaments or skin that decreases friction and direct contact at the joint.
Bursae
Bursae are Synovial fluid sacs around tendons, ligaments or skin that decreases ________ and direct contact at the joint.
Friction
Where are bursae found?
Between skin and bones, muscle and bone, between two muscles, or between tendon and bone.
_________bursae are found between skin and bone
Subcutaneous
What is an example of a subcutaneous bursae?
Achilles tendon
________ bursae are found between skin and bone
Submuscular
What is an example of a submuscular bursae?
Hip (trochanter bursa)
______ bursae are found between a tendon and bone
Subtendinous
A tendon ______ surrounds tendons when they cross a joint
Sheath
What is an example of a subtendinous bursae?
Subscapularis of the shoulder blade
Found around articular cartilages and filling spaces in the body; Helps to fill in spaces when joints move.
Fat pads
The ____________ is a joint structure that increases surface area for attachment of the humeral head at the shoulder joint
Glenoid labrum
A labrum is made up of ___________
Fibrocartilage
What are the features that make the elbow stable?
Olecranon process contacting the humerus
Ligaments around the joint.
Muscles crossing the joint.
It is non weight bearing.
What features make the shoulder stable?
Ligaments around the joint, muscles crossing the joint, it is non-weight bearing
What are the different shapes of joints?
Multiaxial
Biaxial
Uniaxial
Movement in three anatomical planes
Multiaxial
Movement in two anatomical planes
Biaxial
Movement in one anatomical plane
Uniaxial
What type of joint is classified by a rounded head of a bone (ball) into a depressed cavity of another (socket)
Ball and socket joint
Ball and socket joints are _________ joints, most moveable of all joints in the body
Multiaxial
What are some examples of ball and socket joints?
Hip and shoulder
What type of joint is uniaxial diarthrosis (movement in one plane)?
Pivot joint
What type of joint allows rotation around a single point?
Pivot joint
What are some examples of a pivot joint?
C1 and C2, proximal radioulnar joint
Hinge joints are ________ joints (movement)
Uniaxail
_______ joints allow for just movement in one plane, flexion and extension
Hinge
In a _______ joint, one bone has a concave surface where the other bone is convex and they fit together
Hinge
What are some examples of hinge joints?
Knee, interphalangeal joints (fingers), elbow
In ________ joints, both bones have a saddle shape. One with a concave surface and one with a convex surface
Saddle
saddle joints are _______ joints
Biaxial
What are some examples of saddle joints?
Trapezium and first metacarpal (thumb)
In a ________ joint, one bone has a depression where the other bone or bones have a rounded end.
Condyloid
Condyloid joints are ________ joints (where a hinge is only one plane)
Biaxial
What are some examples of condyloid joints?
Metacarpophalangeal joint (knuckle)
In a _______ joint, both bones have a relatively flat surface
Plane
Plane joints are _______ joints
Multiaxial
What are some examples of plane joints?
Carpal bones, tarsal bones, acromioclavicular joint
The glenohumeral joint is a ________ joint
Ball and socket
The Atlantoaxial joint is a ______ joint
Pivot
The hip joint is a ________ joint
Ball and socket
The elbow joint is a _______ joint
Hinge
The knee is a _______ joint
Hinge
The intercarpal joints are _________ joints
Plane
The radioulnar joint is a _________ joint
Pivot
The intertarsal joints are ______ joints
Plane
A hinge joint is a ________ joint
Uniaxial
A ball-and-socket joint is a __________ joint
Multiaxial
A gliding (plane) joint is a _________ joint
multiaxial
A condyloid (ellipsoidal) joint is a ________ joint
Biaxial
A pivot joint is _______
Uniaxial
A saddle joint is ________
Biaxial
True or false? The pubic symphysis and the articulations between vertebral bodies are examples of two synovial joints.
False. Both are examples of slightly movable, or amphiarthrotic, joints.
True or false? The only true saddle joint in the body is the thumb.
False. The sternoclavicular joint is the other.
Which of the following statements about synovial fluid is/are/ true?
- Synovial fluid acts as a lubricant within the joint
- Synovial fluid provides a medium for nutrient distribution in the joint.
- Synovial fluid contains proteoglycans
All of the listed statements are true
protects articular cartilage and acts as packing material for the joint
Fat pad
interconnects articulating bones and passes outside capsule
Extracapsular ligaments
although not part of the articulation, pass around the capsule and limit the range of motion
Tendons
pad of fibrocartilage that may channel the flow of synovial fluid
Mensicus
support the wall of the joint from inside the capsule
Intracapsular ligaments
reduce friction and act as shock absorbers
Bursae
A bursa is __________ that decreases friction within a synovial joint.
a sac of synovial fluid
Closing an angle or movement in and anterior direction
Flexion
Closing a joint angle or movement in a posterior direction
Extension
Side bending
Lateral flexion
Moving posterior on a horizontal plane
Retraction
Moving anterior on a horizontal plane
Protraction
Moving superiorly
Elevation
Moving inferiorly
Depression
Flexion of the ankle or lifting the toes upward
Dorsiflexion
An extension of the ankle or pointing the toes downward
Plantar flexion
Uniaxial joint that allows for rotational movement
Pivot
Uniaxial joint that allows for flexion/extension movements
Hinge
Biaxial joint that allows for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction movements
Condyloid and saddle
Multiaxial joint that allows inversion and eversion of foot, or flexion, extension, and lateral flexion of the vertebral column
Plane
Multiaxial joint tha tallows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, and medial/lateral rotation movements.
Ball-and-socket
What are the different types of joints?
Pivot
Hinge
Condyloid
Saddle
Plane
Ball-and-socket
What are the spinal joints?
Intervertebral disc and facet joints (articular process of the vertebrae).
Flexion ________ an angle and extension _________ an angle
Decreases; increases
Flexion movement occurs in the _________ plane and extension movement occurs in the ________ plane
Anterior; posterior
Typically, a ____________ or ______________ is movement beyond the normal physiological plane allowed by the joint.
Hyperflexion; hyperextension
_________ forces applied to the joint can stretch the supporting ligaments, muscles and tendons resulting in injury or an unstable joint.
Abnormal
Abduction and adduction occurs in the?
Extremities, fingers and toes
Abduction is movement _____ from the midline
Away
Adduction is movement _______ the midline
Toward
Combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction at a joint – circular motion
Circumduction
Joints that allow for abduction and adduction, and circumduction
Condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket
Pivot joints only allow ________
Rotation
Which joint has a special rotation movement?
Radioulnar
What are the special rotation movements of the radioulnar joint?
Supination and pronation
_________ rotation - toward the midline
Internal
__________ rotation - away from the midline
External
A type of flexion - a movement that pulls the toes “up” towards the body or lets a person stand on the heels
Dorsiflexion
(a form of extension) is toes down or on the toes
Plantarflexion
_______ turns the sole of the foot in towards the midline. It allows the person to walk on the outer side of the foot.
Inversion
_________ turns the sole of the foot out from the midline. It allows a person to walk on the inside of the foot (in a way similar to being flat-footed)
Eversion
Occurs at the ankle joint (hinge between tibia and talus).
Dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
Occurs at the intertarsal joints (plant joints) not at the tibia and tarsal bone.
Inversion/eversion
touching the thumb to the other fingers (like making an OK sign).
Opposition
Putting the thumb back into the anatomical position.
Reposition
move the bone forward
Protraction
Move the bone backward
Retraction
Moves the bone upward
Elevation
Moves the bone back down
Depression
What motion is allowed at the ankle?
Dorsiflexion and inversion
A pivot joint allows what motion?
Rotation
You want to reach behind to grab something from your back seat.
What motions must be allowed at the shoulder?
Extension, external rotation, and abduction
movement away from the longitudinal axis of the body
Abduction
movement in a loop (circular motion)
Circumduction
moving toward the longitudinal axis of the body, restoring anatomical position
Adduction
extension past anatomical position
Hyperextension
increasing the angle between articulating elements
Extension
reducing the angle between articulating elements
Flexion
True or false? The only joint in the human body that allows for complete, 360-degree rotational movement is the articulation between C1 and C2.
False. Rotational movement is never complete.
Abduction and adduction are movements that _________.
involve only the appendicular skeleton
Which joints will allow rotation?
- Articulation between C1 and C2
- Ankle
- Shoulder
- Carpometacarpal joint
- Radioulnar joint
Radioulnar joint
Articulation between C1 and C2
Shoulder
The saddle joint of the thumb allows for ___________
Opposition
Abnormal fusion between two bones that make up a joint
Ankylosis
Inflammation of a joint
Arthritis
Ligaments stretched beyond, tearing the collagen fibers
Sprain
Overstretching of muscle tearing muscle fibers or tendons
Strain
Inflammation of a bursa
Bursitis
Abnormal spinal curvature
Scoliosis
_________ is a general term indicating inflammation of the joint that can cause stiffness, joint pain and limited mobility.
Arthritis
___________ typically affects synovial joints. According to the CDC (2021) 1 in 4 adults have been diagnosed with arthritis. The causes of it vary depending on the type.
Arthritis
What are the three major types of arthritis?
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Gout
Osteoarthritis is often referred to as “____________________” arthritis since it often is associate with injury to the articular cartilage
Wear and tear
In osteoarthritis, damage or wear to the ________ cartilage leaves the bones in closer contact, increases production of synovial fluid and leads to swelling of the affected joint.
Articular
In osteoarthritis, bones can respond with increase _________ under the articular cartilage which in turn can lead to irregular bone surfaces causing a decrease in range of motion and inflammation.
Thickening
What are the risk factors with osteoarthritis?
Age
Joint injury
Overuse
Obesity
Genetics
Early treatment for osteoarthritis?
Mobility and muscle strengthening and anti-inflammatory medication
With osteoarthritis, later treatment can involve ________ to clean up the joint or a joint replacement.
Surgery
Autoimmune disease in which the body attacks the synovial joints
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
With rheumatoid arthritis, usually ______ side(s) of the body are affected - hands, knees, etc.
Both
The _______ spine is a common site for rheumatoid arthritis, at the atlas and axis
Cervical
In rheumatoid arthritis, the actual ____________ and bone underneath cause deformity
Synovial membrane
In rheumatoid arthritis, the joints and other tissues like ______, _____, and _____ can be affected also.
Lungs, heart, and eyes
In rheumatoid arthritis pain and stiffness are common but more swelling and deformity occur than in ___________
Osteoarthritis
Risk factors with rheumatoid arthritis?
Age (while not associated with wear and tear, the incidence increases with age)
Women are more often affected than men
Genetics
Smoking
Obesity
Other autoimmune diseases
What are DMARDs?
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs
Common treatments for rheumatoid arthritis?
DMARDs
Biologicals, both reduce disease progression. Surgery (including joint replacement), self care
A drug that stops or slows damage caused by inflammation (used for rheumatoid arthritis often)
Biologicals
What kind of self-care can help treat rheumatoid arthritis?
Healthy diet
Keep weight in normal BMI range
Exercise
Arthritis caused by uric acid crystals deposited in joints
Gout
Uric acid comes from the breakdown of?
Nucleic acids
What causes gout?
The kidneys do not eliminate enough uric acid causing a build-up in tissues.
In _________, Usually only one joint at a time is affected and it tends to occur in the big toe, the knee or ankle but any joint could be affected.
Gout
What joints does gout affect?
Usually only one joint at a time ( most often the big toe, knee, or ankle)
______ often comes and goes and may affect different joints at different times.
Gout
Unlike other arthritis types, _______ is very painful; the joint is swollen and red.
Gout
Risk factors for gout?
Males are more at risk
Obesity
Diuretics
Alcohol
Diets high in red meat, organ meats, some seafood.
Other comorbidities can include: diabetes and metabolic syndrome, congestive heart disease and hypertension, and reduced kidney function
Treatments for gout?
Anti-inflammatory drugs, change in diet if that is a contributing factor
You have a 67-year-old male that worked construction most of his working years. He comes in complaining of hip and back pain.
Which condition is most likely?
Osteoarthritis
A female patient has a history of lupus presents with bilateral joint pain in both knees and wrists.
What condition is most likely?
Rheumatoid arthritis
________ are damage to ligaments.
Sprains
_______ are damage to muscles and tendons
Strains
Often occurring together, _________ and __________ usually occur due to an over stretching of the ligaments and muscle tendons surrounding a joint due to athletic activity, a fall, or overuse of a joint.
Strains; sprains
In ________ and _________, usually, the affected joint is painful when moved, swollen and sometimes bruised. Limited mobility may occur due to pain.
Strains; sprains
Treatment for strains and sprains?
RICE protocol, physical therapy
What is RICE protocol?
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
Exaggerated curve posteriorly
Kyphosis
What is an example of kyphosis?
Hunchback
Kyphosis is often caused by __________ of the interverbal disc, or a compression fracture
Degeneration
Exaggerated curve anteriorly
Lordosis
Example of lordosis?
Swayback
________ is often seen in people with larger bellies, like obesity or pregnancy
Lordosis
Abnormal lateral curvature of spine?
Scoliosis
Cause of scoliosis is usually _________ (idiopathic).
Unknown
Correction of ________ depends on the extent of the curve and can include bracing or surgery
Scoliosis
A dislocated joint
Luxation
Luxation most commonly occurs at the ___________
Shoulder
___________ is caused by abnormal forces on the joint in an accident or athletic injury.
Luxation
Once a joint ________, it is at risk for doing it again.
Luxates
__________ often requires medical intervention usually to reset and stabilize the joint
Luxation
Inflammation of the bursa close to a joint.
Bursitis
_________ is usually caused by overuse of the affected area, but can also be due to infection.
Bursitis
Symptoms of bursitis?
Area is painful, swollen, and tender
Most common joints to be affected by bursitis
Shoulder, knee, hip, and elbow
Treatment for bursitis?
RICE
Anti-inflammatories or antibiotics if there is an infection
The intervertebral disc is _______________ between vertebral bodies.
Fibrocartilage
The disc is comprised layers of fibrocartilage (__________) surrounding a jelly like middle (___________).
Annulus fibrosis
Nucleus puposus
In a ____________, overuse, injury, or many microtraumas can weaken the annular fibers allowing the nucleus pulposus to escape into the vertebral canal.
Herniated disc
A ___________ can press on nerve roots exiting the spinal cord causing symptoms.
Herniation
Although many __________ are symptomatic, many are not. Studies show that the symptoms do not always correspond to the size of the herniation.
Spinal hernias
Treatments for spinal hernias?
Conservative care, physical therapy, chiropractic or massage. Anti-inflammatories for pain. Surgery can be an option to remove the disc and clean up the vertebral canal
inflammatory arthritis that begins in early adulthood and generally worsens over time.
Ankylosing spondylitis
In ankylosing spondylitis, the __________ spine is first affected with stiffening of the __________ joints.
Vertebral; sacroiliac
In ankylosis spondylitis, eventually, the ligaments holding the vertebral bodies are ___________. This leads to lack of mobility of the vertebral joints.
Thickened
Who is more at risk for ankylosing spondylitis?
Men more so than women
A male patient has a history of alcohol use and diuretics for high blood pressure and diabetes. He had a red and painful swollen ring finger on the left hand.
Which condition is most likely?
Gout
A patient with a positive HLA-B27 gene have a greater risk for which of the following?
Ankylosing spondylitis
What is the term for rheumatic diseases that affect the synovial joints?
Arthritis
A ________ is the stretching or tearing of the supporting ligaments
Sprain
Kyphosis, also referred to as humpback or hunchback, is an excessive posterior curvature of the thoracic region.
True
Most common type of arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Which of the following has an autoimmune component?
- Gout
- Osteoarthritis
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Ankylosing spondylitis
Rheumatoid arthritis
