Exam 2 Slow Study Deck Flashcards
1
Q
Smallest unit of life
A
Cell
2
Q
Cells perform many functions to maintain?
A
Homeostasis
3
Q
First person to discover cells using a microscope.
A
Robert Hooke
4
Q
What are the three parts of cell theory?
A
- All living things are made of cells
- The cell performs all the functions necessary for life
- All cells come from preexisting cells.
5
Q
Human cells are ___________, meaning they have a membrane-bound nucleus
A
Eukaryotic
6
Q
Human cells are eukaryotic, meaning they have a membrane-bound __________
A
Nucleus
7
Q
Most cells have _____ nucleus
A
One
8
Q
The ________ is the control center of the cell
A
Nucleus
9
Q
_________ holds the genetic material of the cell (DNA)
A
Nucleus
10
Q
The cell nucleus is surrounded by a _____________ with pores
A
Nuclear membrane
11
Q
The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane with __________
A
Pores
12
Q
Inside the nucleus is a __________ where rRNA is made
A
Nucleolus
13
Q
Inside the nucleus is a nucleolus where _______ is made
A
rRNA
14
Q
What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?
A
Rough and smooth
15
Q
Which endoplasmic reticulum is connected to the nuclear membrane?
A
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
16
Q
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with _________
A
Ribosomes
17
Q
The _______ ER is responsible for the synthesis and modification of proteins that are for export
A
Rough
18
Q
Which ER is responsible for the synthesis and modification of proteins that are for export?
A
Rough
19
Q
Which ER lacks ribosomes?
A
Smooth ER
20
Q
Which ER is responsible for making phospholipids for the cell membrane or steroid lipids for hormones?
A
Smooth
21
Q
In some cells (muscle), the smooth ER can store __________
A
Calcium
22
Q
What is the difference between rough and smooth ER functionally?
A
Rough ER is responsible for the synthesis and modification of proteins that are for export, and smooth ER is responsible for making phospholipids for the cell membrane or steroid lipids for hormones.
23
Q
Site of protein synthesis?
A
Ribosomes
24
Q
Ribosomes are made of a small and large ribosomal subunit made in the __________
A
Nucleolus
25
Ribosomes are made of a ________ and _________ ribosomal subunit made in the nucleolus
Small; large
26
Proteins made by fixed ribosomes are usually exported as part of a _________
Membrane
27
Proteins made by free ribosomes usually stay in the _________
Cytoplasm
28
Receives products from the endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
29
How many sides does the golgi apparatus have?
Two; incoming and exiting
30
What is the purpose of the golgi apparatus?
Modifies, sorts, and ships products from the ER.
31
Exported products from the golgi apparatus will travel by vesicles to the _________ and fuse with it, releasing their products.
Cell membrane
32
Where do lysosomes come from?
The golgi
33
Lysosomes contain digestive ______ for ridding the cell of old organelles or pathogens
Enzymes
34
Lysosomes can also be used for _________ under some conditions
Apoptosis
35
Programmed cell death, sometimes called "cell suicide" that occurs when a cell is damaged, infected with a virus, or becoming cancerous.
Apoptosis
36
Mitochondrion are used for ________ production
Energy
37
Site of cellular respiration in a cell
Mitochondrion
38
The process of burning carbohydrates to make energy for the cell
Cellular respiration
39
Makes 95% of the ATP a cell uses
Mitochondrion
40
What part of the mitochondria performs an oxidative phosphorylation (making ATP with the electron transport chain.
Inner membrane
41
Process of making ATP with the electron transport chain
Oxidative phosphorylation
42
Mitochondria are self-_________
Replicating
43
Mitochondria have their own ______ and their own _________ to make needed proteins
DNA; ribosomes
44
Mitochondria are present in cells that have a high _______ need
Energy
45
The higher the energy need of the cell, the more ________ it will contain
Mitochondria
46
Peroxisomes perform ______ functions in the cells
Many
47
Peroxisomes have a ______ metabolism
Lipid
48
What kind of metabolism do peroxisomes have?
Lipid
49
Peroxisomes are responsible for ________ detoxification, like alcohol
Chemical
50
Enzymes in peroxisomes are used for making ________ and then reducing it to water
H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)
51
How do peroxisomes make H2O2 and then reduce it to water?
Enzymes
52
Why do peroxisomes make H2O2 and then reduce it to water?
To reduce oxidative stress on the cell from free radicals
53
What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?
Cell support
Cell movement
Cell division
Transportation inside the cells
54
What are the three fibrous proteins of the cytoskeleton?
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments
55
Purpose of microtubules in the cytoskeleton?
Support and maintain organelle position
56
Purpose of intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton?
Cell shape and support
57
Purpose of microfilaments in the cytoskeleton?
Movement
58
What are microvilli made of?
Microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
59
Purpose of microvilli?
Increase absorptive area of a cell
60
What are flagellum made of?
Microtubules of the cytoskeleton
61
The only human cell that uses flagella are?
Sperm
62
What is used to propel sperm?
Flagellum
63
Are flagellum longer or shorter than cilia?
Longer
64
What are cilia made of?
Microtubules of the skeleton
65
Cilia have ______ to move substances across cell surfaces
Motility
66
Which is longer? Microvilli or cilia?
Cilia
67
What makes microtubules?
Centrioles
68
What helps separate chromosomes during mitosis?
Microtubules
69
Makes proteins
Ribosome
70
Increases surface area/absorptive area of the cell
Microvilli
71
Digestive sacs
Lysosomes
72
Modifies and packages material for export
Golgi apparatus
73
Makes cell membrane lipids
Smooth ER
74
Moves particles across the cell surface
Cilia
75
Liquid-like portion of the cytoplasm absent the organelles
Cytosol
76
Allows sperm to swim
Flagellum
77
Makes protein within a membrane for export
Rough ER
78
Holds the genome of the cell
Nucleus
79
Site of energy production
Mitochondrion
80
Helps maintain cell shape
Cytoskeleton
81
Guides DNA during mitosis
Centrioles
82
Large fibrous proteins of the cytoskeleton
Microtubules
83
Important in cell detoxification of free radicals
Peroxisomes
84
What organelle would we need to "gum up" to prevent proteins synthesis?
Ribosomes
85
A child suffers from a disease where their food molecules are not completely broken down and do not release full energy. The child grows slowly, has muscle weakness, and has developmental delays. What organelle is not functioning properly?
Mitochondria
86
A power plant worker has been exposed to atoms with a higher than normal atomic mass. These isotopes have irradiated him. Now he has mutations in his DNA that have damaged his genes. What organelle is damaged?
Nucleus
87
Organelle responsible for sorting, modifying, and shipping off the products that come from the rough ER.
Golgi apparatus
88
Organelle which contains enzymes that break down and digest unneeded cellular components.
Lysosomes
89
Organelle which serves as the site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
90
Organelle which serves as the cellular origin point for microtubules extending outward as cilia or flagella or can assist with the separation of DNA during cell division
Centrioles
91
Cell's central organelle, which contains the cell's DNA
Nucleus
92
Organelle responsible for the synthesis and modification of proteins destined for the cell membrane or for export from the cell
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
93
Organelle specialized for cell locomotion
Flagella
94
A membranous, bean-shaped organelle that is the "energy transformer" of the cell
Mitochondria
95
Synthesizes phospholipids, the main component of biological membranes, as well as steroid hormones
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
96
Organelle which moves rhythmically; they beat constantly, moving waste materials such as dust, mucus, and bacteria upward through the airways, away from the lungs and toward the mouth.
Cilia
97
Organelle responsible for lipid metabolism and chemical detoxification
Peroxisomes
98
The _________ is a group of fibrous proteins that provide structural support for cells, are critical for cell motility, cell reproduction, and transportation of substances within the cell.
Cytoskeleton
99
True or false? The endoplasmic reticulum is called rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) if mitochondria are associated with the membrane.
False
100
Allows some molecules to pass through and inhibits others
Semipermeable
101
Non-polar, fearing water
Hydrophobic
102
Polar, likes water
Hydrophilic
103
Contains both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic part, i.e., phospholipid
Amphipathic
104
The molecules that dissolve in the solvent
Solute
105
The substance that can dissolve molecules (usually water)
Solvent
106
A molecule that binds to a protein on the cell membrane
Ligand
107
Difference in concentration of substances across the membrane
Concentration gradient
108
Components of the cell membrane?
Glycocalyx
Phospholipid bilayer
Glycolipid
Cholesterol
Peripheral protein
Integral protein
109
The dense, gel-like meshwork that surrounds the cell, constituting a physical barrier for any object to enter the cell.
Glycocalyx
110
A thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules in the cell wall.
Phospholipid bilayer
111
a carbohydrate that is covalently linked to a lipid.
Glycolipid
112
a waxy substance found in your blood.
Cholesterol
113
Membrane-spanning proteins which reside within the bilayer membranes that surround cells and organelles.
Integral proteins
114
Proteins which form temporary bonds with the cell membrane, allowing them to detach and reattach at specific times, with specific signals.
Peripheral proteins
115
Part of cell membrane made of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and other sugars.
Glycocalyx
116
Membrane structure which helps protect and lubricate cells
Glycocalyx
117
Cell membrane structure which helps with cell binding to other cells.
Glycocalyx
118
Cell membrane structure, can have receptors or enzymes
Glycocalyx
119
Cell membrane structure whose big role is self-identity
Glycocalyx
120
In the phospholipid bilayer, phospholipids move in which direction?
Laterally
121
The phospholipid bilayer is __________ permeable
Selectively
122
Part of cell membrane that contains carbohydrates for cell identity and act as identifiers and part of the glycocalyx
Glycolipids
123
Glycolipids contain ________ for cell identity and act as identifiers and part of the glycocalyx
Carbohydrates
124
A ringed lipid made by the body that helps to stabilize the plasma membrane and maintain fluidity
Cholesterol
125
Proteins which pass all the way through the membrane
Integral proteins
126
Channel proteins in the cell membrane
Integral proteins
127
Proteins in the cell membrane that can act as receptors to bind ligands
Integral proteins
128
Proteins which are only on one side of the membrane
Peripheral proteins
129
Proteins in the cell membrane which can aid in cell signaling or act as enzymes
Peripheral proteins
130
Peripheral proteins can aid in cell _________ or act as __________
Signaling; enzymes
131
Functions of the cell membrane?
Acts as barrier
Used as self-identifier
Contains receptors for hormones
132
The phosphate heads of the cell membrane are hydro_______
hydrophilic
133
The fatty acid tails of the cell membrane are hydro_______
hydrophobic
134
Glycolipids are made of?
Lipids + carbohydrates
135
Cell membrane component that stabilizes
Cholesterol
136
________ transport uses the concentration gradient of a substance, so no energy or ATP is required.
Passive
137
Passive transport uses the ____________ of a substance, so no energy or ATP is required
Concentration gradient
138
In _______ transport, substances flow uphill or are pumped
Active
139
________ transport moves substances against the concentration gradient or must expend energy to perform the transport, so it will need energy or ATP.
Active
140
In passive transport, substances move from an area of _______ concentration to an area of ________ concentration
Higher; lower
141
What are the types of passive transport?
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
142
Diffusion can happen with or without a __________ membrane
Semi-permeable
143
When particles move from an area of high concentration to low concentration
Diffusion (a type of passive transport)
144
Is energy required for osmosis?
No, it is passive transport
145
Movement of water molecules from a high concentration to low concentration
Osmosis
146
Selective process involving the passive movement of molecules along the concentration gradient.
Facilitated diffusion
147
Do passive transport mechanisms need energy to perform?
No
148
_______ move from high concentration to low concentration
Solutes
149
In _______ diffusion, substances move with the concentration gradient across the cell membrane via the protein channel.
facilitated
150
In _______ transport, substances move from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration
Active
151
Which mode of transport requires energy?
Active
152
What are the types of active transport?
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Protein pumps
153
What are some types of endocytosis?
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
154
The process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle, giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome.
Phagocytosis
155
The ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane.
Pinocytosis
156
What kind of energy does active transport require?
ATP
157
What mode of transport moves substances against the concentration gradient?
Active transport
158
Active transport proteins are often called ________.
Pumps
159
The mechanisms of active transport include?
Pumps
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
160
What is an example of an active transport pump?
The sodium/potassium pump
161
The sodium potassium pump moves sodium ______ the cell and potassium ______ the cell.
Out of; into
162
Type of active transport generally used for larger molecules or pathogens
Phagocytosis
163
White blood cells removing bacteria would be considered _______ transport
Active
164
The movement of glucose into the cell would be considered _________ transport
Passive
165
Is phagocytosis active or passive transport?
Active
166
Is pinocytosis active or passive transport?
Active
167
Is the movement of gases through the cell membrane considered active or passive transport?
Passive
168
Is exocytosis considered active or passive transport?
Active
169
Is the sodium-potassium pump considered active or passive transport?
Active
170
Is diffusion considered active or passive transport?
Passive
171
Is endocytosis considered active or passive transport?
Active
172
Is facilitated diffusion considered active or passive transport?
Passive
173
Is osmosis considered active or passive transport?
Passive
174
A _____________ molecule (or region of a molecule) is one that is attracted to water, while a __________ molecule (or region of a molecule) repels and is repelled by water.
Hydrophilic; hydrophobic
175
An ___________ molecule is one that contains both a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic region.
Amphipathic
176
A channel protein is an example of a __________ protein that selectively allows particular materials, such as certain ions, to pass into or out of the cell.
Integral
177
A _________ is the specific molecule that binds to and activates a receptor.
Ligand
178
__________ helps to contribute to the fluidity of the cell membrane.
Cholesterol
179
During __________, ATP is required to move a substance across a membrane, often with the help of protein carriers, and usually against its concentration gradient.
Active transport
180
A membrane that has __________ permeability allows only substances meeting certain criteria to pass through it unaided.
Selective
181
____________ diffusion is the diffusion process used for those substances that cannot cross the lipid bilayer due to their size, charge, and/or polarity.
Facilitated
182
A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than another solution is said to be _____________, while a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than another solution is said to be __________
Hypertonic; hypotonic.
183
__________ has a lower concentration of fluid, sugars and salt than blood.
Hypotonic
184
_________ has a higher concentration of fluid, sugars and salt than blood
Hypertonic
185
Any external solution that has a high solute concentration and low water concentration compared to body fluids.
Hypertonic solution
186
Any external solution that has a low solute concentration and high water concentration compared to body fluids
Hypotonic solution
187
Sequence of DNA that codes for a single protein
Gene
188
Loose strand of DNA
Chromatin
189
Condensed structure of DNA and proteins formed during cell division; in humans arranged in 23 pairs
Chromosome
190
____ is a nucleic acid made of nucleotides containing nitreogenous bases.
DNA
191
DNA is a _________ made of nucleotides containing nitreogenous bases.
Nucleic acid
192
DNA is a nucleic acid made of _________ containing nitreogenous bases.
Nucleotides
193
DNA is a nucleic acid made of nucleotides containing ___________ bases.
Nitrogenous
194
The bases of DNA are arranged in ___________ base pairs
Complementary
195
Two stands of DNA form a ?
Double helix
196
What are the four nitrogenous bases of DNA?
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
197
DNA contains the sugar ______________ and phosphate groups
Deoxyribose
198
DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose and __________ groups
Phosphate
199
Complentary bases of DNA?
A-T and C-G
200
The bases in DNA are held together by _________ bonds
Hydrogen
201
Complimentary strand to ATA-GTG
TAT-CAC
202
Complimentary strand to TTT-CCG
AAA-GGC
203
DNA is usually found in loose strands called ?
Chromatin
204
Chromatin is wound around proteins (________) for packaging and called a nucleosome.
Histones
205
Chromatin is wound around ________ (histones) for packaging and called a nucleosome.
Protein
206
Chromatin is wound around proteins (histones) for packaging and called a ________
Nucleosome
207
During cell division, the chromatin will _________ and become visible.
Condense
208
During ___________, the chromatin will condense and become visible.
Cell division
209
During cell division, the chromatin will condense and become visible. This is known as a ?
Chromosome
210
Humans have ___ pairs of chromosomes, to a total of ___ chromosomes.
23; 46
211
Both forms of DNA, loose __________ and densely-coiled _________, still hold the genes each cell needs to operate.
Chromatin; chromosomes
212
Both forms of DNA, loose chromatin and densely-coiled chromosomes, still hold the _____ each cell needs to operate.
Genes
213
A segment of DNA that codes for a product, usually a protein.
Gene
214
A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a product, usually a ?
Protein
215
The sequence of _______ found on DNA is the genetic code that is read to make a protein.
Bases
216
The sequence of bases found on DNA is the genetic ______ that is read to make a protein.
Code
217
The sequence of bases found on DNA is the genetic code that is read to make a ________
Protein
218
Before a cell can divide, the DNA in the cell needs to __________ so each new cell gets all the DNA needed to function properly.
Replicate
219
Before a cell can _________, the DNA in the cell needs to replicate so each new cell gets all the DNA needed to function properly.
Divide
220
An enzyme needed for replication, _______separates the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs
Helicase
221
An enzyme needed for replication, ____________ brings in the complimentary base to build a new strand.
DNA polymerase
222
During replication, what happens once the two new strands are built?
The process stops
223
DNA replication can take place in ________ and results in two identical strands.
Interphase
224
After DNA replication, what is the result?
Two identical strands; each with one new strand and one old strand.
225
DNA replication results in ?
Two identical daughter cells
226
What unwinds the DNA during replication?
DNA helicase
227
What creates the two new identical strands in DNA replication?
DNA polymerase
228
What phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
"S" phase
229
What is necessary to produce identical daughter cells during mitotic cell division?
DNA replication
230
How does DNA helicase unwind DNA?
By breaking hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases
231
The unwound DNA strands serve as ________ for new, complementary strands
Templates
232
What are the three steps to DNA replication?
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
233
During which step in DNA replication are the two complementary strands separated?
Initiation
234
During which step in DNA replication do special enzymes, including helicase, untwist and separate the two strands of DNA?
Initiation
235
If one strand of DNA has a region with the sequence AGTGCC, then the sequence of the complementary strand would be
TCACGG
236
the copying of DNA that occurs before cell division can take place.
DNA replication
237
A cell with two copies of a chromosome
Diploid
238
A pair of chromosomes, one from each parent
Homologous
239
Exact copies of DNA molecules found during mitosis
Sister chromatid
240
Attaches two sister chromatids together
Centromere
241
Normal body cells (Does not include sex cells: eggs or sperm)
Somatic cell
242
Cells containing one half (haploid) of the somatic cells
Sex cell
243
All cells have a _____ cycle, and the time that is spent in different phases of the cell cycle varies by cell type.
Cell
244
All cells have a cell cycle, and the time that is spent in different phases of the cell cycle ______ by cell type.
Varies
245
Neurons ______ divide
Do not
246
Neurons do not divide and spend much of their cell cycle in the ___ phase
G0
247
Epithelial cells divide ________ and will go through interphase and mitosis every few days.
Frequently
248
Epithelial cells divide frequently and will go through _________ and ________ every few days.
Interphase; mitosis
249
Epithelial cells divide frequently and will go through interphase and mitosis every few days. The result is two new _________ cells to the original parent cell.
Identical
250
Before cells can ________, their DNA must be copied.
Divide
251
Before cells can divide, their DNA must be ________
Copied
252
Before cells can divide, their DNA must be copied. The resulting DNA is arranged in _____________, and in homologous pairs.
Sister chromatids
253
Before cells can divide, their DNA must be copied. The resulting DNA is arranged in sister chromatids, and in _________________
Homologous pairs
254
The time when a cell is not dividing.
Interphase
255
The time when a cell is not dividing. During ___________, the cell will do normal cell functions and prepare for division.
Interphase
256
The time when a cell is not dividing. During interphase, the cell will do ________ cell functions and prepare for division.
Normal
257
The time when a cell is not dividing. During interphase, the cell will do normal cell functions and prepare for __________
Division
258
The sequence of cell growth and division
Cell cycle
259
What are the three phases of interphase?
G1, S, G2
260
The G1 phase is part of what cell cycle phase?
Interphase
261
The G1 phase of interphase is also called the __________
Growth/gap phase 1
262
The S phase is part of what cell cycle phase?
Interphase
263
The S phase of interphase is also called the ______ phase
Synthesis
264
The G2 phase is part of what cell cycle phase?
Interphase
265
The G2 phase of interphase is also called the?
Growth/gap phase 2
266
Cell division is also known as the ____ phase in the cell cycle
M
267
What are the phases of cell division?
Mitosis (nuclear division)
Cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division)
268
Which phase of cell division is nuclear division?
Mitosis
269
Which phase of cell division is cytoplasmic division?
Cytokinesis
270
How many phases are there of interphase?
3 - G1, s, and G2
271
How many phases are there of cell division (M phase)
1, which includes mitosis and cytokinesis
272
How many phases total are there in the cell cycle?
4. Interphase (G1, S, and G2), and M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis)
273
During which phase of interphase does cell growth occur?
G1
274
During which phase of interphase does DNA replication occur?
S
275
During which phase of interphase does additional cell division preparation occur?
G2
276
During which phase of the cell cycle does Mitosis and cytokinesis occur?
M
277
What is G0?
The resting phase of the cell cycle - the cell will not divide.
278
The first growth phase for cells that will divide again
G1
279
__ phase is the replication (synthesis) of DNA
S
280
____ phase is the second growth phase, and the cell prepares for mitosis.
G2
281
The phase where the cell is actively dividing
M phase
282
The longest phase of interphase?
S phase
283
the time when a cell is actively dividing
Mitosis
284
What are the four phases of mitosis?
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
285
What is visible in the cell during prophase (of mitosis)?
The nucleolus and chromatin
286
During what phase of mitosis does chromatin condense into chromosomes?
Prophase
287
The central part of a chromosome
Centromere
288
The two "bunny ears" of a chromosome are ?
Sister chromatids
289
During which phase of mitosis do centrioles line up chromosomes a the equator?
Metaphase
290
During which phase of mitosis do the chromatids break apart at the centromere and move to opposite poles?
Anaphase
291
During which phase of mitosis do Two nuclei form after nuclear envelopes reform around each group of chromosomes?
Telophase
292
Where are the centrioles located during anaphase?
At the poles
293
During which phase of mitosis are there two nucleoli
Telophase
294
During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes condense and become visible as homologous pairs and as sister chromatids?
Prophase
295
During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear membrane disappear?
Prophase
296
During which phase of mitosis do spindle fibers form from the centromere (centriole) and attach to the centromere?
Prophase
297
During which phase of mitosis do the centrioles move toward opposite poles?
Prophase
298
During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate or equator?
Metaphase
299
During which phase of mitosis do the spindle fibers attach to the centromeres, holding sister chromatids together?
Metaphase
300
During which phase of mitosis do the centromeres split and the sister chromatids are pulled towards each pole?
Anaphase
301
During which phase of mitosis do the spindle fibers shorten to pull the chromosomes toward the poles? Other fibers also elongate to begin separating the cell.
Anaphase
302
During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes at their new poles decondense into chromatin?
Telophase
303
During which phase of mitosis does a nuclear membrane start surrounding the chromosomes?
Telophase
304
During which phase of mitosis does the mitotic spindle break down?
Telophase
305
During which phase of mitosis do spindle fibers keep pushing the poles apart?
Telophase
306
The phase that overlaps at the end of telophase
Cytokinesis
307
During which phase of the cell cycle does the cytosplasm separate between the new cells?
Cytokinesis
308
During which phase of the cell cycle is a cleavage furrow made by microfilaments (actin filaments) which create a separation between the two new cells?
Cytokinesis
309
During the normal cell cycle, how many checkpoints are there where the cell either proceeds or stops?
3
310
What are the three checkpoints in the cell cycle?
G1 checkpoint (restriction
G2 checkpoint
M checkpoint
311
The ___ checkpoint is when the cell needs to be ready to replicate the DNA.
G1
312
The G1 checkpoint is when the cell needs to be ready to replicate the DNA. The cell is large enough has enough reserves for ___________
DNA replication
313
What is the first checkpoint in the cell cycle?
G1
314
What is the second checkpoint in the cell cycle?
G2
315
What is the third and final checkpoint in the cell cycle?
M checkpoint
316
The ___ checkpoint is when the cell needs to be ready for mitosis. The DNA must be properly replicated.
G2
317
The G2 checkpoint is when the cell needs to be ready for mitosis. The DNA must be properly ________
Replicated
318
What is necessary for a cell to pass the G2 checkpoint?
DNA must be properly replicated
319
What is necessary for a cell to pass the G2 checkpoint?
The cell must be large enough and have enough reserves for DNA replication
320
The ___ checkpoint occurs during metaphase of mitosis to make sure all sister chromatids are attached and in the proper places so each cell gets a complete set of chromosomes.
M
321
What must happen for a cell to pass the M checkpoint?
All sister chromatids must be attached and in the proper place so each cell gets a complete set of chromosomes.
322
Cell signals tell the cell to either ___ (divide) or _____ (don’t divide)
Go; stop
323
Cell signals tell the cell to either ______ or _______
Go (divide); stop (don't divide)
324
common cell signal regulating mitosis.
Cyclins
325
What are cyclins?
common cell signal regulating mitosis.
326
What tells the cell to divide?
Proto-oncogenes
327
__________ tell the cell to divide.
Proto-oncogenes
328
________ genes tell the cell to stop.
Tumor suppressor
329
What king of genes tell the cell to stop dividing?
Tumor suppressor genes
330
________ can make a proto-oncogene into an oncogene.
Mutations
331
Mutations can make a proto-oncogene into an _________
Oncogene
332
A change in the nucleotide sequence in a gene within a cell’s DNA, potentially altering the protein coded for that gene.
Mutation
333
A mutation is A change in the __________ sequence in a gene within a cell’s DNA, potentially altering the protein coded for that gene.
Nucleotide
334
A mutation is A change in the nucleotide sequence in a gene within a cell’s DNA, potentially altering the _______ coded for that gene.
Protein
335
What is an ROS?
Reactive oxygen species
336
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause permanent damage to:
Cellular lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
337
What is an example of a reactive oxygen species (ROS)?
Hydrogen peroxide
338
Damaged DNA can lead to genetic __________ and even _________
Mutations; cancer
339
Lack of cell regulation can allow cells to grow out of control
Cancer
340
Lack of cell ___________ can allow cells to grow out of control
Regulation
341
__________ cells lack contact inhibition, don’t resemble the cell of origin and often invade nearby tissues.
Cancerous
342
Cancerous cells lack contact ___________, don’t resemble the cell of origin and often invade nearby tissues.
Inhibition
343
Cancerous cells lack contact inhibition, don’t resemble the cell of _______ and often invade nearby tissues.
Origin
344
Cancerous cells lack contact inhibition, don’t resemble the cell of origin and often invade nearby ________
Tissues
345
Possible causes of cancer?
An abnormal oncogene with a continuous go signal; or a lack of a tumor suppressor gene that doesn't tell the cells to stop.
346
Cancerous cells that travel to new sites are ____________
Metastasizing
347
Chromosomes pear, the nucleoli disappear, and the nuclear envelope disappears.
Prophase
348
Spindle fibers break down and chromatin appears.
Telophase
349
Chromatid pairs separate and move toward opposite sides of the cell.
Anaphase
350
The cytoplasm splits to form daughter cells.
Cytokinesis
351
Chromosomes align down the center of the cell.
Metaphase
352
During this stage, the sister chromatids, with their attached microtubules, line up along a linear plane in the middle of the cell.
Metaphase
353
Characterized by the formation of two new daughter nuclei at either end of the dividing cell is this phase?
Telophase
354
_________ are changes in DNA that can be passed to a new generation of cells
Mutations
355
A lack of cell signaling during ________ can lead to cancer.
Mitosis
356
During which checkpoint is the cell getting ready to replicate DNA
G1
357
During which checkpoint is the DNA replicated correctly?
G2
358
During which checkpoint are chromosomes all attached and lined up?
M
359
The chemical that can signal a cell to divide or stop dividing is
Cyclins
360
Two bases bonded together making the rung of the DNA and used to create DNA or RNA. (A-T, C-G in DNA; A-U, C-G in RNA)
Base pairing
361
DNA to RNA
Transcription
362
RNA to protein
Translation
363
Codes for an amino acid
Sense codons
364
Stop signs for translation
Stop codons
365
Found on tRNA; complementary bases to the mRNA codon
Anticodon
366
Small proteins made with amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
Polypeptide
367
_____ has the genes needed to code for a particular protein.
DNA
368
DNA has the genes needed to code for a particular ________
Protein
369
DNA has the ______ needed to code for a particular protein.
Genes
370
The process of protein synthesis occurs is a series of steps starting in the _________ and ending at the __________
Nucleus; ribosome
371
DNA is in the ________ and is double stranded.
Nucleus
372
DNA is in the nucleus and is _________ stranded.
Double
373
__________ is the sugar on one strand and phosphate is on the other stand with the base pairs AT & CG connecting them.
Deoxyribose
374
Deoxyribose is the sugar on one strand and __________ is on the other strand with the base pairs AT & CG connecting them.
Phosphate
375
Proteins are ________ dependent and run many of the cells functions as enzymes.
Shape
376
The process of making protein is _____________, not all genes are expressed at all times.
Gene expression
377
____ > RNA > Protein
DNA
378
DNA > _____ > Protein
RNA
379
DNA > RNA > _________
Protein
380
________ > Codon > Amino Acid
Triplet
381
Triplet > ________ > Amino Acid
Codon
382
Triplet > Codon > ____________
Amino acid
383
RNA is important for building _______
Proteins
384
There are several different types of RNA, each having different ___________ in the cell.
Functions
385
The structure of RNA is similar to _____with a few small exceptions.
DNA
386
Most types of RNA, including mRNA, are _______-stranded and contain no complementary strand.
Single
387
Most types of RNA, including ______, are single-stranded and contain no complementary strand.
mRNA
388
Most types of RNA, including mRNA, are single-stranded and contain no ___________ strand.
Complementary
389
RNA contains ______, whereas DNA has _________
ribose; deoxyribose
390
Instead of the base ________, RNA contains the base _______.
Thymine; uracil
391
Instead of the base thymine, RNA contains the base uracil. This means that _________ will always pair up with uracil during the protein synthesis process.
Adenine
392
RNA is made of?
Ribose sugar
Phosphates
The bases A, U, C, G
393
The DNA strand is used to create?
RNA
mRNA (messenger)
tRNA (transfer)
rRNA (ribosomal)
394
What is mRNA?
Messenger RNA
395
What is tRNA
Transfer RNA
396
What is rRNA?
Ribosomal RNA
397
The gene of DNA is made into a ________ molecule that can be used to create a protein.
mRNA
398
The gene of DNA is made into a mRNA molecule that can be used to create a ________
Protein
399
DNA is written in three base groups called a _______
Triplet
400
RNA is written in three bases called _______
Codons
