Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the key components necessary for life?
A
Responsiveness
Growth
Reproduction
Homeostasis
Metabolism
Anabolism
Catabolism
2
Q
The ability of an organism or system to adjust to changes in conditions
A
Responsiveness
3
Q
Process of increasing in size
A
Growth
4
Q
Process by which new organisms are generated
A
Reproduction
5
Q
Steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain
A
Homeostasis
6
Q
The sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body
A
Metabolism
7
Q
Assembly of more complex molecules from simpler molecules
A
Anabolism
8
Q
Breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler molecules
A
Catabolism
9
Q
What are the four requirements for human life?
A
Oxygen
Nutrients
Temperature
Atmospheric pressure
10
Q
What is the correct level of oxygen for human life?
A
20%
11
Q
Atmospheric air is only about ____ oxygen
A
20%
12
Q
Oxygen is a key component of the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that produce ____.
A
ATP
13
Q
_____ cells are especially sensitive to lack of oxygen because of their requirement for a high-and-steady production of ATP.
A
Brain
14
Q
Brain cells are especially sensitive to lack of ______ because of their requirement for a high-and-steady production of ATP.
A
Oxygen
15
Q
Brain death is likely within ____ minutes without oxygen
A
5
16
Q
Death is likely within ___ minutes without oxygen
A
10
17
Q
A ________ is a substance in foods and beverages that is essential to human survival.
A
Nutrient
18
Q
What are the three basic classes of nutrients?
A
Water
Macro
Micro
19
Q
What is the most critical nutrient?
A
Water
20
Q
Depending on the environmental temperature and our state of health, we may only be able to survive for a few ____ without water
A
Days
21
Q
The body’s functional chemicals are dissolved and transported in water, and the _______ reactions of life take place in water
A
Chemical
22
Q
What is the largest component of cells, blood, and the fluid between cells?
A
Water
23
Q
What is the largest component of cells?
A
Water
24
Q
What is the largest component of blood?
A
Water
25
What is the largest component of the fluid between cells?
Water
26
Water makes up about ____ percent of an adult's body mass
70
27
Water also helps regulate our internal _________
Temperature
28
Water cushions, protects, and lubricates _____ and many other body structure?
Joints
29
____nutrients are needed in great amounts
Macro
30
What are the three macronutrients?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
31
______nutrients are needed in smaller amounts
Micro
32
What are the two micronutrients?
Vitamins and minerals
33
What is the narrow range of acceptable body temperature?
Just below to just above 37C (98.6F)
34
When body temperature rises well above or drops well below normal, certain proteins (enzymes) that facilitate chemical reactions lose their normal _______ and ability to _____ and the chemical reactions of metabolism cannot proceed
Structure; function
35
The body can respond effectively to ______-term exposure to heat or cold
Short
36
As sweat evaporates from skin, it removes some ______ energy from the body, cooling it.
Thermal
37
A force exerted by a substance that is in contact with another substance
Pressure
38
Pressure exerted by a mixture of gases (primarily nitrogen and oxygen) in the earth's atmosphere.
Atmospheric pressure
39
What two gases is atmospheric pressure mainly composed of?
Nitrogen and oxygen
40
_______ pressure is constantly pressing down on your body.
Atmospheric
41
Atmospheric pressure keeps ______ within your body; such as the gaseous nitrogen in body fluids, dissolved.
gases
42
What keeps blood gases dissolved in our bodies?
Atmospheric pressure
43
Our ability to _____ depends on a precise atmospheric pressure
Breathe
44
To take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide
Breathing
45
Altitude sickness occurs in part because the atmosphere at high altitudes exerts _____ pressure, reducing the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Less
46
What are some of the symptoms of altitude sickness?
Shortness of breath, confusion, headache, lethargy, and nausea.
47
______ is the process whereby smaller, simpler molecules are combined into larger more complex substances, while _______ is the process by which larger more complex substances are broken down into smaller simpler molecules.
Anabolism; catabolism
48
__________ is the force exerted by a substance that is in contact with another substance.
Pressure
49
______ requires energy; _______ releases energy
Anabolism; catabolism
50
The consumption of food and the subsequent conversion into energy.
Metabolism
51
Ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environment.
Responsiveness
52
Formation of new organisms from parent organisms.
Reproduction
53
Actions of joints and muscles to propel a body as well as those of individual organs and individual cells.
Movement
54
The increase in body size.
Growth
55
the scientific study of the body’s structures.
Anatomy
56
The word “________” comes from a Greek root that means, "cut apart" or to "cut open.”
Anatomy
57
Human anatomy was first studied by observing the exterior of the body and and by observing injuries, such as the wounds of ________
Soldiers
58
When a body is _________, its structures are cut apart in order to observe their physical attributes and their relationships to one another.
Dissected
59
Gross anatomy, also called __________ anatomy, is the study of larger structures of the body that are visible without the aid of magnification.
Macroscopic
60
_______ anatomy, also called macroscopic anatomy, is the study of larger structures of the body that are visible without the aid of magnification.
Gross
61
________ anatomy is the study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region, such as the abdomen.
Regional
62
_________ anatomy is the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system—that is, a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function.
Systemic
63
Study of general form and superficial markings
Surface anatomy
64
The study of the structural changes of an individual from fertilization to adulthood
Developmental anatomy
65
________ anatomy studies structures that cannot be seen without magnification.
Microscopic
66
Micro- means “______,” and microscopic anatomy is the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices.
Small
67
The study of cells
Cytology
68
The study of tissues
Histology
69
As the technology of __________ has advanced, anatomists have been able to observe smaller and smaller structures of the body, from slices of large structures like the heart, to the three-dimensional structures of large molecules in the body.
Microscopes
70
Science that studies the chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the body's functions
Human physiology
71
The term “___________,” comes from Ancient Greek, meaning “study of nature, origins.”
Physiology
72
Whereas anatomy is about ________, physiology is about _________.
Structure; function
73
Human _________ is the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life
Physiology
74
Much of the study of physiology centers on the body’s tendency toward __________
Homeostasis
75
The functions of living cells (including the chemical and molecular levels)
Cell physiology
76
All aspects of the function of specific organ systems
Systemic physiology
77
The effects of diseases on organ or system functions
Pathological physiology or pathology
78
The heart is a contractile organ that pumps blood (_________) but it needs the vessels to transport blood (________ anatomy).
Physiology; systemic
79
the study of structures too small to be seen without a microscope
Microscopic anatomy
80
The study of cells
Cytology/cell physiology
81
the study of tissues, which make up organs
Histology
82
the study of anatomical structures that are visible to the naked eye
Gross anatomy
83
the study of external features that do not require dissection to see
Surface anatomy
84
the study of external and internal anatomy of one specific area of the body
Regional anatomy
85
the study of the structures that contribute to specific body systems
systemic anatomy/physiology
86
the study of embryos and the changes they undergo as they mature
Developmental anatomy
87
the study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions
Pathological physiology
88
__________ anatomy is the study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region, such as the abdomen.
Regional
89
_________ anatomy is the study of the larger structures of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification.
Gross
90
_______ is the branch of biology concerned with the structure and function of plant and animal cells.
Cytology
91
_______ is the study of the disordered physiological processes that cause, result from, or are otherwise associated with a disease or injury
Pathophysiology
92
Study of general form and superficial markings
Surface anatomy
93
Study of all the superficial and internal features of a specific region of the body
Regional anatomy
94
Study of internal structure of individual cells
Cytology
95
Study of the structure of major organ systems
Systemic anatomy
96
Study of tissues, groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions
Histology
97
What are the four components of the chemical level of organization?
Protons, neutrons, electrons
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
98
What are the subatomic particles that make up an atom?
Protons, neutrons, and electrons
99
What is the smallest unit of any element?
An atom
100
Atoms are made up of _______ particles
Subatomic
101
What are the chemical building blocks of all body structures?
Molecules
102
Two or more _____ combine to form a molecule via chemical bonds, such as water molecules, proteins, and sugars found in living things.
Atoms
103
What are the two components at the cellular level of organization?
Organelle
cells
104
Functioning units within a cell
Organelles
105
Smallest living unit
Cells
106
What are the four primary types of tissue?
Connective
Epithelial
Muscle
Nerve
107
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Cardiac
Skeletal
Smooth
108
What are the three types of nervous tissue?
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
109
What are the types of epithelial tissue?
Lining of gastrointestinal tract and other hollow organs, skin surface
110
What are the three types of connective tissue?
Tendon
Bone
Fat and other soft padding tissue
111
Two or more different tissues working together to perform specific functions form an _____
Organ
112
Organs interacting to perform specific functions form _________
Organ systems
113
What are the 11 organ systems?
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
114
What is included in the integumentary system?
Hair
Skin
Nails
115
The integumentary system's primary function is to protect against environmental ___________, control body ___________, and to provide us with _________ input-information.
Hazards; temperature; sensory
116
What are the components of the skeletal system?
Cartilage, bones, joints
117
The skeletal system's primary function is to provide ________, protect ________, store ________, and help in the formation of ______ cells.
Support; Tissues; Minerals; blood
118
What are the components of the muscular system?
Skeletal muscles and tendons
119
The muscular system's primary function is to provide _______, ________, and _________ for other tissues.
Movement; protection; support
120
The muscular system is composed of the ______, ______, and ________ muscles (both axial and appendicular).
Cardiac; smooth; skeletal
121
What are the components of the nervous system?
Brain; spinal cord; peripheral nerves
122
The nervous system's primary function is to direct immediate responses to ________, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems.
Simuli
123
The nervous system provides and interprets _______ information about internal and external conditions.
Sensory
124
What are the components of the endocrine system?
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Testes/Ovaries
125
The endocrine system's primary function is to direct the long-term changes in activities of other organ systems via the use of?
Hormones
126
The endocrine system is composed of the various endocrine ________ and _________ that are secreted from said glands
Glands; hormones
127
What are the components of the cardiovascular system?
Heart and blood vessels
128
The circulatory/cardiovascular system's primary function is to transport _____ and dissolved materials including ______, _______, _______ and _______ throughout the body.
Cells; Nutrients; wastes; oxygen; carbon dioxide
129
What are the components of the lymphatic system?
Thymus
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Lymph vessels
130
The lymphatic/immune system's primary function is to defend against _________ and to help return __________ to the bloodstream.
Infection; tissue fluid
131
What are the components of the respiratory system?
Nasal passage
Trachea
Lungs
132
The respiratory system's primary function is to deliver air to sites in the lungs where __________ occurs between the air and bloodstream, and it helps to produce ________ for communication.
Gas exchange; sound
133
What are the components of the digestive system?
Mouth
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Pharynx
Esophagus
Liver
Gallbladder
Stomach
Pancreas
Small and large intestine
Anus
134
The digestive system's primary function is to process ________ and absorb __________.
Food; nutrients
135
What are the components of the urinary system?
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
136
The urinary system's primary function is to excrete waste products from the _______; it also helps to control __________ by regulating the volume of urine produced
Blood; water balance
137
What are the components of the male reproductive system?
Testes
Penis
138
What are the components of the female reproductive system?
Ovaries
Uterus
Mammary glands
139
The reproductive system's primary function is to produce _____cells (sperm and egg cells) as well as sex hormones like __________, _________, and ___________.
Sex; Testosterone; estrogen; Progesterone
140
Which organ system protects against environmental hazards and controls body temperature?
Integumentary
141
which organ system Provides support, protect tissues, store minerals, and help in the formation of blood cells
Skeletal
142
which organ system Produces male and female sex cells as well as any related hormones.
Reproductive
143
Which organ system Excretes waste products from the blood, and help to control water balance
Urinary
144
Which organ system Provides movement, protection, and support for other tissues.
Muscular
145
Which organ system Directs immediate responses to stimuli, and provides and interprets sensory information
Nervous
146
Which organ system Processes food and absorb nutrients
Digestive
147
Which organ system Defends against infection and disease and helps to return tissue fluid to the bloodstream
Lymphatic
148
Which organ system Directs the long-term changes in activities of other organ systems via the use of hormones.
Endocrine
149
Which organ system Transports cells and dissolved materials including nutrients, wastes, oxygen, and more
Cardiovascular
150
The
__________ system delivers oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.
Cardiovascular
151
This system is responsible for secreting hormones that help to regulate various bodily processes.
Endocrine
152
The control of water balance and elimination of waste from blood is carried out by the
____________
system.
Urinary
153
This system detects and processes sensory information throughout the body.
Nervous
154
A state of internal balance or stable internal environment
Homeostasis
155
What is the normal range for human body temperature?
98.6-101F
156
Homeo means _______ as stasis means ________
Similar; standing
157
The physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates
158
The physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates
159
The physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates
160
The physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates
161
The physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates
Set point
162
The restricted set of values that is optimally healthful and stable
Normal range
163
The component in a feedback mechanism system that causes a change to reverse the situation and return the value to the normal range
Effector
164
Homeostatic mechanism that tends to stabilize an upset in the body's physiological condition by preventing an excessive response to a stimulus
Negative feedback system
165
Mechanism that intensifies a change in the body's physiological condition in response to a stimulus
Positive feedback mechanism
166
___________ must be maintained in order to survive.
Homeostasis
167
Malfunction of organ systems occurs when ___________ responses are overwhelmed, resulting in disease.
Homeostatic
168
Homeostasis is maintained by interdependent _________ systems functioning together.
Organ
169
What are the most common negative feedbacks?
Thermoregulation
Blood sugar regulation
Osmoregulation
Blood pressure regulation
Erythropoiesis
170
A component of a feedback system that monitors a physiological value
Sensor/receptor
171
The component in a feedback system that compares the value to the normal range
Control center
172
The component in a feedback system that causes a change to reverse the situation and return the value to the normal range.
Effector
173
Mechanism that intensifies a change in the body's physiological condition in response to a stimulus
Positive feedback
174
A
_________
is the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates.
Set point
175
__________ feedback intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition rather than reversing it.
Positive
176
Is blood glucose regulation positive or negative feedback mechanism?
Negative
177
Is erythropoiesis a positive or negative feedback mechanism?
Negative
178
Is thermoregulation a positive or negative feedback mechanism?
Negative
179
Is blood pressure regulation a positive or negative feedback mechanism?
Negative
180
Is lactation a positive or negative feedback mechanism?
Positive
181
Is blood clotting a positive or negative feedback mechanism?
Positive
182
Is childbirth a positive or negative feedback mechanism?
Positive
183
______ anatomy considers large structures such as the brain.
Gross
184
The organization of the body often is
discussed in terms of ____ distinct levels of
increasing complexity, from the smallest
chemical building blocks to a unique
human organism.
6
185
____________ reactions are building reactions, and they consume energy.
Anabolic
186
Anabolic reactions are building reactions, and they _________ energy.
Consume
187
__________
reactions break materials down and release energy.
Catabolic
188
Catabolic
reactions ____________ materials and release energy.
Break down
189
Metabolism includes both __________ and _________ reactinos
Anabolic; catabolic
190
Runners demonstrate two characteristics of living humans—___________ and __________
Responsiveness; movement
191
In a negative feedback loop, a _______—a deviation from a set point—is resisted through a physiological process that returns the body to homeostasis.
Stimulus
192
In a negative feedback loop, a stimulus—a deviation from a ________—is resisted through a physiological process that returns the body to homeostasis.
Set point
193
In a negative feedback loop, a stimulus—a deviation from a set point—is resisted through a physiological process that returns the body to ___________
Homeostasis
194
A positive feedback loop results
in a change in the body’s _________, rather than a return to ______________
Status; homeostasis
195
What are some examples of a positive feedback loop?
Blood clotting using platelets, oxytocin, chronic heart failure (CHF)
196
The larynx is part of which organ system?
Respiratory
197
The trachea is part of which organ system?
Respiratory
198
The lungs are part of which organ system?
Respiratory
199
The diaphragm is part of which organ system?
Respiratory
200
The descending aorta is part of which organ system?
Cardiovascular/circulatory
201
Your carotid arteries are part of which organ system?
Cardiovascular/circulatory
202
The inferior vena cava is part of which organ system?
Cardiovascular/circulatory
203
The external jugular vein is part of which organ system?
Cardiovascular/circulatory
204
The internal jugular vein is part of which organ system?
Cardiovascular/circulatory
205
The hard palate is part of which organ system?
Digestive
206
The soft palate is part of which organ system?
Digestive
207
The epiglottis is part of which organ system?
Digestive
208
The esophagus is part of which organ system?
Digestive
209
The stomach is part of which digestive system?
Digestive
210
The small intestine is part of which organ system?
Digestive
211
The large intestine is part of which organ system?
Digestive
212
The anus is part of which organ system?
Digestive
213
The liver is part of which organ system?
Digestive
214
The gallbladder is part of which organ system?
Digestive
215
The pancreas is part of which organ system?
Digestive
216
The thyroid is part of which organ system?
Endocrine
217
The spleen is part of which organ system?
Lymphatic
218
The thymus is part of which organ system?
Lymphatic
219
The kidneys are part of which organ system?
Urinary
220
The ureter is part of which organ system?
Urinary
221
The bladder is part of which organ system?
Urinary
222
The urethra is part of which organ system?
Urinary
223
The ovaries are part of which organ system?
Female reproductive
224
The uterine horns are part of which organ system?
Female reproductive
225
The genital papilla are part of which organ system?
Female reproductive
226
The testes are part of which organ system?
Male reproductive
227
The vas deferens/ductus deferens are part of which organ system?
Male reproductive
228
The penis is part of which organ system?
Male reproductive
229
The scrotal sac is part of which organ system?
Male reproductive
230
A system that regulates it's internal environment in order to maintain a stable,constant condition
Homeostasis
231
The body senses an internal change and activates mechanisms that reverse that change. Negative feedback is the usual process of maintaining homeostasis.
Negative feedback
232
Occurs when the output of a system acts to enhance the changes to the input of the system (contractions during childbirth continue to increase until baby is born).
Positive feedback
233
3 interdependent components: receptor, control center and effector
Homeostatic control
234
Blood sugar level is too high. The body cannot make enough insulin.
A signal to which an organism responds
Stimulus
235
Sense change and send signals to control center (such as thermal or pain receptors in skin)
Receptor
236
Receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor and sends out commands
Control center
237
Provides the means for the control center's response to the stimulus
Effector
238
The portion of the brain that maintains the body's internal balance (homeostasis).
Hypothalamus
239
A chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. The negative feedback loop does not work and blood-sugar levels cannot be controlled by the body.
Type 1 Diabetes
240
Which subatomic particles make up the nucleus of an atom?
Protons and Neutrons
241
Elements are _____ substances that cannot be broken down through chemical reactions
Pure
242
An element is determined by the ________ number (or number of protons) in the nucleus
Atomi
243
The atomic number is the number of _____ in the nucleus
Protons
244
Protons are _____, neutrons are ______, and electrons are _______
Positive; neutral; negative
245
The nucleus of an atom contains ______ and ______, and _____ orbit the outside.
Protons; neutrons; electrons
246
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Atomic number
247
Where can an element's atomic number be found on the periodic table?
Top left hand corner of the element
248
What is the number in the top left hand corner of an element on the periodic table?
Atomic number
249
The weight of both protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is the?
Atomic mass
250
What is the number in the top right hand corner of an element on the periodic table?
Atomic mass
251
Atomic mass= _______ number (number of ____________) + number of _________
Atomic; protons; neutrons
252
Carbon 12 is a _______ carbon
Normal
253
Carbon 13 is a slightly ______ carbon than carbon 12
Heavier
254
Carbon 14 is a _________ carbon (compared to carbon 12 and carbon 13)
Radioactive
255
Carbon 12, a normal carbon, has __ protons and __ neutrons
6; 6
256
Carbon 13, a slightly heavier carbon than carbon 12, has __ protons and __ neutrons
6; 7
257
Carbon 14, a radioactive carbon (as compared to carbon 12 and 13), has __ protons and __ neutrons
6; 8
258
_________ carbon gives off subatomic particles and electromagnetic energy or radiation.
Radioactive
259
Atomic _____ varies between isotopes, but atomic _______ does not
weight; number
260
Atomic weight varies between ________, but atomic number does not
Isotopes
261
Electron shells, or ___________, contain a set number of electrons
valence rings
262
Electron shells are also known as
Valence rings
263
Valence rings are also known as electron _______
Shells
264
Electron shells, or valance rings, contain a set number of _________
Electrons
265
The first valence/electron shell can contain up to __ electrons
2
266
The second valence/electron shell can contain up to __ electrons
8
267
What is the octet rule?
The first shell must be filled before electrons can reside in the second, which must be filled before electrons can reside in the third
268
Hydrogen has __ electron
1
269
Helium has __ electrons
2
270
Lithium has ___ electrons
3
271
Neon has ___ electrons
10
272
Argon has __ electrons
18
273
Sodium has __ electrons
11
274
What is the valance of sodium, which has 11 electrons?
1, because there is one electron in the valence (outer) shell
275
Is sodium a stable atom with a full valence shell? It has 11 electrons.
No! An atom without a full valence shell will create chemical bonds. Because sodium has a valence shell that is not full, it needs to form chemical bonds to become stable
276
Carbon has 6 electrons. What is its valence?
4
277
Where are protons located?
Nucleus
278
Where are neutrons located?
Nucleus
279
Where are electrons located?
Electron cloud, valence shells
280
Atoms are stable when their outermost electron shell (valence shell) is full. To make this happen, atoms can ______, _______ or _______ electrons
Donate; accept; share
281
Atoms are stable when their outermost electron shell (valence shell) is full. To make this happen, atoms can donate, accept, or share electrons. This process is called
Chemical bonding
282
Everything that has mass and takes up space
Matter
283
The atomic nucleus is more than ____% of the mass, but less than 1% of the _______ of an atom
99; volume
284
The third electron shell has a maximum of ___ electrons
18
285
If an atom has 2 protons and 2 electrons, its overall charge is ___
0
286
Carbon has 6 protons and 6 neutrons. What is its mass number?
12
287
Atoms of the same element always have the same number of ________
Protons
288
Same element with different number of neutrons
Isotope
289
An atom with atomic number 6 has how many protons?
6
290
An atom with atomic number 80 has how many protons?
80
291
The numbers of ______ in the nucleus affects the mass
Particles
292
The numbers of particles in the nucleus affects the atom's _______
Mass
293
A proton is equal to how many mass units?
1
294
A neutron is equal to how many mass units?
1
295
The total of what two numbers equals the mass number?
Proton and neutron mass units
296
The _______ number is the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom.
Atomic
297
The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom. This determines the element's _________.
Chemical identity
298
An isotope is determined by _______ or ________ neutrons
Adding; subtracting
299
Neutrons are _______ charged
Neutrally
300
Protons are _______ charged
Positively
301
Electrons are ________ charged
Negatively
302
The _____ number is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus
Mass
303
The mass number is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This determines whether the atom is a/an __________.
Isotope
304
Electrons form ________ between atoms, forming new compounds.
Chemical bonds
305
What type of reaction is this?
A + B-->AB
Synthesis reaction
306
AB-->A+B
Decomposition reaction
307
A+BC-->AB+C
Exchange reaction
308
A/n __________ is a catalyst composed of protein or ribonucleic acid (RNA), which work by lowering the level of energy that needs to be invested in a chemical reaction.
Enzyme
309
The one or more substances that enter into a reaction
Reactant
310
Chemical reactions that absorb more energy than they release
Endergonic
311
The one or more substances produced by a chemical reaction
Product
312
Chemical reactions that release more energy than they absorb
Exergonic
313
_______ energy is the form of energy powering any type of matter in motion
Kinetic
314
_____ energy is the energy of position; or the energy matter possesses because of the positioning or structure of its components
Potential
315
A hydrolysis reaction is a _________ reaction that involves water
decomposition
316
Water is an essential _______
Reactant
317
Dehydration synthesis reactions build _________ up while losing _________
Molecules; water
318
In a dehydration synthesis, monomers are joined by removal of ___ from one side and removal of ____ from the other at the side of bond formation.
OH; H
319
During dehydration synthesis, monomers are joined by ________of OH from one side and __________ of H from the other at the site of bond formation
Removal; Removal
320
Hydrolysis reactions _____ water (H2O) to break chemical bonds
Add
321
During hydrolysis, monomers are released by the addition of a ______ molecule, adding OH to one monomer and H to the other.
Water
322
During hydrolysis, monomers are released by the addition of a water molecule, adding ___ to one monomer and __ to the other.
OH; H
323
During hydrolysis, monomers are released by the addition of a water molecule, ______ OH to one monomer and H to the other.
Adding
324
Water has a _____ heat capacity
High
325
Water is a heat _____
Sink
326
Water is an excellent ______
Solvent
327
Water's polar nature causes the ___________ of salts and creates __________
Dissolution; electrolytes
328
When salt is added to water, salt crystals are formed by ______ bonds between sodium and chloride ions
Ionic
329
When salt is added to water, salt crystals are formed by ionic bonds between _______ and _______ ions
Sodium; chloride
330
Water is a good solvent because it is a ______ molecule
Polar
331
Water mixes with a solute, a dissolved salt or other substance, resulting in a _________
Solution
332
When adding salt to water, polar water molecules break the ______bonds between Na and Cl, allowing water to dissolve salt (NaCl) into Na+ and Cl- ions.
Ionic
333
When adding salt to water, polar water molecules break the ionic bonds between ___ and ___, allowing water to dissolve salt (NaCl) into Na+ and Cl- ions.
Na; Cl
334
When adding salt to water, polar water molecules break the ionic bonds between Na and Cl, allowing water to dissolve salt (_____) into Na+ and Cl- ions.
NaCl
335
When adding salt to water, polar water molecules break the ionic bonds between Na and Cl, allowing water to dissolve salt (NaCl) into ___ and ___ ions.
Na+; Cl-
336
When dissolving salt in water, the more-_______ ends of the water molecules interact with the Na+, and the more-________ ends of water molecules interact with the Cl-.
Positive; Negative
337
_______ substances and ______ molecules can dissolve in water.
Charged; polar
338
Charged substances and polar molecules can dissolve in water. They are ________ substances
Hydrophilic
339
________ ions and _______ molecules both can be attracted to the opposite charges on water molecules.
Charged; polar
340
Charged ions and polar molecules dissolve or mix with water _______
Easily
341
What are some examples of charged ions and polar molecules, which dissolve easily in water?
Sugar - Glucose
Some dietary molecules
All salts (substances with charged ions)
342
________ refers to how much of a solute can dissolve in water
Solubility
343
Chemicals that are not-__________ and non-_________ do not have any charges for water to interact with.
Charged; polar
344
Chemicals that are not charged and non-polar _______ water, or push it away, so they do not dissolve or mix with water easily
Repel
345
What are some examples of chemicals that are not charged and non-polar, that don't mix with water easily?
Oils and fats - lipids
non-polar molecules
346
A substance, usually a salt, that dissolves
Solute
347
A fluid in which another substance dissolves
Solvent
348
A uniform mixture of solute and solvent
Solution
349
Ions dissolved in water conduct electricity, necessary for all body systems?
Electrolyte
350
Solution of salt and water. Normal _______ has an equal concentration to the blood
Saline
351
Which two types of chemical reactions involve the creation or consumption of water?
Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
352
The formation of larger molecules from smaller reactants, accompanied by the loss of a water molecule.
Dehydration synthesis
353
The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.
Hydrolysis
354
When adding salt to water to get salt-water, which ingredient is the solvent?
Water
355
Hydrophobic molecules tend to be _______ by water
Repelled
356
A _________ is a substance that is dissolved in a fluid to form a solution. The fluid is referred to as a ________ and is usually water. The entire liquid mixture is called the __________.
Solute; solvent; solution
357
Water is a solvent that dissolves ______ compounds
Ionic
358
How does water dissolve ionic compounds?
By separating them into negatively and positively charged ions
359
An ______ is an example of an ionic compound that can be dissolved by water.
Acid
360
What happens when an acid is mixed with water?
Hydrogen ions are released from the compound when dissolved in water.
361
A ______ is ALSO an ionic compound that can be dissolved in water.
Base
362
A base dissolved in water will release an abundance of negatively-charged ___________ ions
Hydroxide (OH-)
363
An acid always has a greater concentration of ____ ions than _____ ions
H+ (Hydrogen); OH- (Hydroxide)
364
A base always has a greater concentration of ______ ions than _____ ions
OH- (Hydroxide); H+ (Hydrogen)
365
If a substance has equal number of hydrogen and hydroxide ions, the solution is ______ (like pure water)
Neutral
366
An acid is an ionic compound that releases many ____ ions when dissolved in water
H+ (Hydrogen)
367
A base is an ionic compound that releases many _____ ions when dissolved in water
OH- (Hydroxide)
368
The H in pH stands for
Hydrogen
369
pH is the measure of _____________ in a solution
Free hydrogen ions
370
The pH of a solution tells us whether the solution is an _____ or a ______
Acid; base
371
Each whole number decrease in pH represents a _____ increase in H+
10x
372
If coffee has a pH of 5, what is the increase in h+? Is it acidic or alkaline?
100x (10x*10x), down 2 from 7; acidic
373
If baking soda has a pH of 9, what is the change in h+ concentration?
100x decrease, up 2 from 7 (alkaline)
374
To function normally, body fluids have to maintain a pH of ____-______
6.5-7.5
375
What is the normal pH of blood?
7.4
376
The body controls pH by the use of different ________
Buffers
377
Substances that neutralize other acids and bases in solutions to prevent pH swings
Buffers
378
What is the safe blood pH range?
7.35-7.45
379
pH balance is important because pH affects the functioning of _______ (enzymes, transport proteins, and motor proteins.
Proteins
380
pH classification of gastric juices
Strongly acidic
381
pH classification of tomato juice?
Strongly acidic
382
pH classification of human urine
Weakly acidic
383
pH classification of pure water
Neutral
384
pH classification of human blood
Weakly alkaline
385
pH classification of hand soap
Strongly alkaline
386
pH classification of household bleach
Strongly alkaline
387
What would we call a human blood pH of 7.2?
Acidosis
388
What would we call a human blood pH of 7.5?
Alkalosis
389
Catalyze (enable) chemical reactions by decreasing the activation energy they need to get started
Enzymes
390
Proper _____ function is required for life
Protein
391
What happens to proteins when the pH in the body changes too much?
They denature (change shape)
392
A denatured protein cannot ________
Function
393
Acids are molecules that can ______ a hydrogen ion
Donate
394
Bases are molecules that can ______ a hydrogen ion
Hydrogen
395
Any molecule that can donate a hydrogen ion to the solution is an ______
Acid
396
______ (also called ______) are molecules which can accept a H+ ion out of the solution
Bases; alkalines
397
Extracellular _______ proteins maintain blood pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen ions
Buffer
398
Extracellular buffer proteins maintain blood pH by absorbing or releasing ________ ions
Hydrogen
399
Extracellular buffer proteins maintain stable pH by acting as both a ____ and an _____
Base; acid
400
Where are extracellular buffer proteins located?
Free floating in blood and plasma
401
Excessive acidity of the blood and other body fluids is known as _______
Acidosis
402
A/an _______ is a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution. A/an ________ is a substance that releases hydroxyl ions (OH-) in solution or that accepts H+ already present in a solution.
Acid; base/alkali
403
Organic molecules containing carbon-carbon (C-C) and carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds.
Organic molecules
404
Organic molecules contain _______-_______ and ________-_________ bonds.
Carbon-carbon; carbon-hydrogen
405
Inorganic molecules do not contain C-C or C-H bonds. They contain any other atoms.
Inorganic molecules
406
Inorganic molecules do not contain ________-________ or ________-_______ bonds. They contain any other atoms.
Inorganic molecules
407
What are a few examples of organic molecules?
Ethanol and table sugar. They contain C-C and C-H bonds
408
What are a few examples of inorganic molecules?
Ammonia and Oxygen gas - they do NOT contain C-C or C-H bonds.
409
What percentage of our body is made up of oxygen?
65%
410
What percentage of our body is made of carbon?
18%
411
What percentage of our body is made up of hydrogen?
10%
412
What percentage of our body is made up of nitrogen?
3%
413
The most abundant elements in the human body are?
1. Oxygen
2. Carbon
3. Hydrogen
4. Nitrogen
414
The most abundant elements in the human body (oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen) all come together to make what 4 major types of organic molecules?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
415
______ compounds are found in ALL living things
Organic
416
ALL organic compounds contain _____
Carbon
417
Why is carbon so special?
No other element matches Carbon's bonding versatility
418
Atomic number of carbon
6
419
Every atom of carbon has ___ protons in the nucleus
6
420
Carbon is an electrically ______ atom
Neutral
421
Where are all of the electrons located in carbon?
2 in core
4 in valence
422
Accompanying the four outer electrons of carbon are four _______
Bonding sites
423
Carbon's four bonding sites help it to form _____ bonds with many other elements
Covalent
424
Carbon atoms often form covalent bonds with other _____ atoms
Carbon
425
Small organic molecules
Monomers
426
Organic monomers are chemically bonded atoms that always include?
Carbon
427
Along with carbon, organic monomers usually include what other elements as well?
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
428
T/F: Organic monomers often bond to each other
True
429
A string of monomers is called a?
Polymer
430
The process of joining organic monomers together to form a polymer
Polymerization
431
Polymers may be made of ______ monomers, or the same repeating monomer.
Different
432
Many organic polymers in the cells of living organisms are so long, they are called
Macromolecules
433
DNA is an example of what type of polymer?
Macromolecule
434
Macromolecules can contain hundreds or thousands of _____
Atoms
435
What are the four types of organic macromolecules?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
436
A small subunit molecule
Monomer
437
A chain of monomer subunits that repeat in a pattern. A large molecule made up of repeating monomer subunits.
Polymer
438
Large molecules that can be monomers or polymers.
Macromolecules
439
What monomer subunit forms nucleic acid?
Nucleotide
440
What polymer macromolecule does nucleotide form?
Nucleic acid
441
What monomer subunit forms proteins?
Amino acids
442
What polymer macromolecule does amino acid form?
Proteins
443
What monomer subunit forms carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
444
What polymer macromolecule do monosaccharides form?
Carbohydrates
445
Lipids are considered a monomer subunit, but they are not a _____ and therefore do not form macromolecules.
Polymer
446
A carbohydrate is an organic ________
Macromolecule
447
Carbohydrates are large macromolecules containing the element _______
Carbon
448
The "hydrate" part of carbohydrates is due to them containing a __________ atom
Hydrogen
449
What is the chemical formula for carbohydrates (the proportion)?
CH2O
450
Molecules of carbon will always have equal numbers of _______ and _____ atoms, and twice as many _______ atoms
Carbon; Oxygen; Hydrogen
451
__________ are the main fuel source from which all living things get their energy
Carbohydrates
452
Carbohydrates don't always have the same overall _______
Structure
453
Carbohydrates are classified as either _______ or ________ based on their chemical structure
Simple; complex
454
Simple carbohydrates are sugars, referred to as ___________
Saccharides
455
_______ carbohydrates are sugars, referred to as saccharides
Simple
456
Simple carbohydrates are _______, referred to as saccharides
Sugars
457
A saccharide can be made of one sugar molecule, called a ___________, or two sugar molecules, called a ___________
Monosaccharide; disaccharide
458
What is an example of a monosaccharide?
Glucose
459
Glucose is a monosaccharide because it has only ____ sugar molecule
One
460
Simple sugars like _____ are the quickest form of energy
Glucose
461
Why is glucose a quick form of energy?
Because our cells can break it down easily, it is small. A monosaccharide.
462
Words ending in -ose, are typically
Sugars
463
What are some types of monosaccharides besides glucose?
Fructose
Galactose
Dextrose
464
When glucose and fructose are chemically bonded together, we get a ______
Disaccharide
465
What is the result of bonding glucose and fructose together?
Sucrose
466
What kind of saccharide is sucrose?
Disaccharide
467
Disaccharides also end in -ose because they are ______ molecules
Sugar
468
Complex carbohydrates are also known as _________
Polysaccharides
469
____________ are very long chains of monosaccharides chemically bonded together
Polysaccharides
470
An entire polysaccharide is referred to as a _____
Polymer
471
an individual molecule within a polysaccharide chain is referred to as a ________
Monomer
472
Examples of polysaccharides
Cellulose
Starches
Glycogen
473
Cellulose is found in all _______
Plants
474
Structural carbohydrate that is found in the cell wall of every plant cell
Cellulose
475
______ are found in many of the foods we eat, such as potatoes and corn
Starches
476
Starch is also found in grains, such as ______ and ______
Wheat; Rice
477
The body's digestive system breaks down starch molecules into ________ molecules to fuel the activities of all of our cells
Glucose
478
Extra glucose molecules that the body doesn't immediately need for energy, are stored as polysaccharides called ________ in the liver or skeletal muscles
Glycogen
479
Extra glucose molecules that the body doesn't immediately need for energy, are stored as polysaccharides called glycogen in the _____or ______ muscles
Liver; skeletal
480
Energy molecules, main source of dietary energy
Monosaccharides
481
Carbohydrates that function in cell-to-cell recognition are called
Disaccharides
482
Carbohydrates that function in structure support are called ___________
Polysaccharides
483
Protein is responsible for building the majority of body tissues, including:
Hair
Bone
Muscle
Cartilage
484
Cells that aren't tissue cells generally have a cell ______ with protein ________ to allow proteins to travel into or out of the cell.
Membrane; channels
485
Antibodies are also known as?
Immunoglobulins
486
What are immunoglobulins (antibodies) made of?
Proteins
487
_________, made from proteins, are an important part of the immune system
Immunoglobulins
488
________ "label" foreign substances in the body so that the immune system can identify and destroy them
Immunoglobulins (antibodies)
489
All living organisms use regulatory proteins called ______ to speed up chemical reactions in the body
Enzymes
490
All proteins are _________ _____________
Organic macromolecules
491
In addition to carbon, proteins also contain what other three elements?
Hydrogen; oxygen; nitrogen
492
What is the protein building block, or, monomer?
Amino acids
493
All amino acids have an ________ group on one side, and a ________ group on the other
Amino; carboxyl
494
Each amino acid has a unique side chain called the?
R-group
495
The _______ group of an amino acid is made up of one or more atoms that distinguish one amino acid from another
R
496
The R group of an amino acid is made up of one or more ______ that distinguish one amino acid from another
atoms
497
How many different possible R groups are there?
20
498
There are only 20 possible R groups, how many different amino acids are there?
20
499
A protein is created when __________ chemically bond to each other
Amino acids
500
The bonds that connect amino acids to make a protein are called _______ bonds
Peptide
501
Small protein molecules are sometimes referred to as ___________ or __________
Protein polymers; peptides
502
Like building blocks, amino acids can join together to form protein polymers called ________
Polypeptides
503
Changing the ______ of an amino acid sequence, or the ________ of the polypeptide, is what creates countless different proteins
Order; length
504
A protein's final ______ is critical to the function it performs
Shape
505
Heat or chemicals can change a protein's shape, but NOT it's amino acid _________
Order
506
A change in a protein's shape can cause it to lose its ______
Functionality
507
Is denaturing reversible?
Usually no
508
Egg whites are pure _______
Protein
509
Enzymes _________ chemical reactions
speed up
510
How do protein function in our structure and protection?
Keratin and collagen in our hair, skin, nails, etc.
511
How do proteins function in our movement?
Muscles!
512
Where do humans get protein?
Meat (made of muscles), nuts, etc.
513
Change in 3D shape of protein
Denaturation
514
What are the ways that a protein can become denatured?
Temperature, pH, or salt changes render a protein useless.
515
What would happen to a human if their proteins were denatured?
Illness or death
516
______ are proteins that enable chemical reactions to take place in the body. They are necessary for life.
Enzymes
517
Enzymes only function within a narrow _______, _____, and _______ range
Temperature; pH; osmolality
518
Enzymes function by lowering the ________________ for a reaction.
Activation energy
519
_________ catalyze (speed up or enable) chemical reactions but they are NOT used up in the process.
Enzymes
520
__________decrease the activation energy of a reaction, so it needs less of a kick-start.
Enzymes
521
Enzymes are specific to one chemical reaction. The enzyme is like a lock and the _________ are like a key.
Reactants
522
Substrates bind to the _______ of an enzyme
Active site
523
______ bind to the active site of an enzyme
Substrates
524
Lipids are an integral part of every cell _________
Membrane
525
Lipids are part of the _______ membrane that is the boundary of every cell
Phospholipid
526
____ provide long-term energy storage, and insulation in living organisms
Fats
527
What are some types of lipids besides fat?
Oils, waxes, steroids
528
What are some examples of steroid molecules?
Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen
529
Lipids do not dissolve in _______
Water
530
All lipids are _______ ___________
Organic macromolecules
531
What elements do lipids contain other than Carbon?
Hydrogen, oxygen
532
In lipids, the typical monomer is called a ____ _____
Fatty acid
533
A fatty acid is a chain of ______ atoms attached to each other (also with hydrogen atoms)
Carbon
534
Carbon can form up to ___ covalent bonds with other atoms
4
535
When each carbon atom forms two single bonds with adjacent carbon atoms, and another two bonds with adjacent hydrogen atoms, we call this a __________________
Saturated fatty acid
536
What are saturated fatty acids made up of?
Carbon atoms forming adjacent bonds with other carbon atoms and hydrogen, making a long chain
537
Saturated fatty acids are ______ molecules that can pack tightly together
Straight
538
_________ are straight molecules that can pack tightly together
Saturated fatty acids
539
Saturated fats are usually ____ at room temperature
Solid
540
What are some examples of saturated fats?
Lard and butter
541
Unsaturated fats are usually ______ at room temperature
Liquid
542
____________ have one or more DOUBLE covalent bonds between carbon atoms.
Unsaturated
543
Why can't unsaturated fatty acids pack together tightly?
They are kinked due to the one or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms
544
A lipid polymer is more commonly called a?
Triglyceride
545
A triglyceride is formed when three fatty acids bond to a _______ molecule
Glyceride
546
A triglyceride is saturated if it contains ONLY ________ fatty acids
Saturated
547
A triglyceride is unsaturated if it contains ANY_________ fatty acids
Unsaturated
548
All lipids, or fats, are _____ (water-fearing)
Hydrophobic
549
What are a few different types of lipids?
Sterols, phospholipids, triglycerides
550
What are a few types of sterols?
Cholesterol, steroid hormones
551
A nucleic acid is an _________ ____________
Organic macromolecule
552
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
RNA (Ribonucleic acid), and DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
553
In living organisms, DNA is the main component of __________
Chromatin
554
Chromatin will condense into the familiar chromosome shape prior to ______
Cell division
555
The DNA in chromosomes is organized in a specific order that makes up an organism's _______
Genes
556
_____ contain the directions for every function, trait, and activity in a living organism.
Genes
557
DNA contains instructions for:
Everything, really, but mostly growth, reproduction, and heredity
558
_____ is integrally involved in building proteins by assembling their amino acids in the correct order.
RNA
559
______ are responsible for all cellular functions in living organisms.
Proteins
560
What atoms do nucleic acids contain, besides carbon?
Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and also phosphorus
561
Both DNA and RNA are made up of monomers called ______
Nucleotides
562
All nucleotides contain ___ compounds
3
563
All nucleotides contain a P group, which contains?
Phosphorus
564
All nucleotides contain a 5 carbon sugar called?
Pentose
565
The specific pentose sugar in RNA is called?
Ribose
566
The pentose sugar in DNA contains one less _______ than the ribose in RNA, giving it the name:
Deoxyribose
567
Nucleotides have a weak base that always contains ________
Nitrogen
568
Nucleotides have a base containing nitrogen, referred to as a _______ base
Nitrogenous
569
What are the three components of nucleotides?
A P (phosphorus) group, a pentose sugar called ribose, and a nitrogenous base
570
The nucleotides in DNA contain 1 of ____ possible nitrogenous bases
4
571
What are the four possible nitrogenous bases of a DNA nucleotide?
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
572
What are the four possible nitrogenous bases of an RNA nucleotide?
Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine
573
Which nitrogenous bases differentiate RNA and DNA?
Only DNA has Thymine, and only RNA has Uracil
574
How do nucleotide monomers assemble into macromolecules?
The phosphorus group of one nucleotide bonds to the pentose sugar in another nucleotide
575
A string of nucleotides forms a _____ _______ _______
Nucleic acid polymer
576
RNA is a ______-stranded nucleic acid
Single
577
DNA is a _____-stranded nucleic acid
Double
578
The two strands in DNA are linked by _____ bonds
Hydrogen
579
How are the two strands of DNA connected?
By hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases of each strand, forming a helix
580
___, Adenosine Triphosphate, is the energy currency of the cell.
ATP
581
ATP, _______________ is the energy currency of the cell.
Adenosine triphosphate
582
The energy currency of the cell
ATP
583
ATP: Adenosine is bonded to a chain of 3 _________ groups.
Phosphate
584
The bond between the ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and the final phosphate group is incredibly ______ energy, and this is the bond that is broken.
High
585
Where does the body get the energy it needs to recharge ADP?
From breaking down foods consumed in our diet. From breaking down stores of fat, polysaccharides, and other energy molecules.
586
In DNA, nucleotide bonding forms a compound with a characteristic shape known as a(n) ________.
Double helix
587
A
__________
is an organic molecule composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
Protein/polypeptide
588
Monomer subunit of nucleic acid
Nucleotides
589
Monomer subunit of polypeptides/proteins
Amino acids
590
Monomer subunit of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
591
Monomer subunit of lipids
Not a polymer
592
A _________ is a form of lipid that provides most of our dietary lipids.
Triglyceride
