Exam 3 Flashcards
What Perecentage of all known species of animals are invertebrates?
95%
Discuss the evidence of the evolution of multicellularity
Choanoflagellates are protist, some are unicellular and some form multicellular colonies, in which cells specialized to perform dif. functions. also choanoflagellate cells are similar to the collar cells of sponges, some of the collar cells have been found in flatworms and other animals.
Describe how sponge feeds
Suspension feeders, capturing food particles suspended in the water that passes through their body. Water is drawn through the pores into spongocoel and out through a osculum
why are sponges being researched for various medicines?
Many have antibacterial and cancer fighting properties
what is one of the oldest groups of eumetazoans and give at least two examples
cnidearians. Jelly fish and corals
What are the two basic body plans that these organism can have?
Polyp and medusa
How do these organism catch prey?
The tentacles are armed with cnidocytes, unique cells that functions in defense and capture the prey
these animals were among the first -
motile
all of the more recently evolved animals are n the clade—- because the primary develop—-
Bilateral and bilaterian
which clade exhibits the most diverse body plan and give six examples of animals found within it.
Lophotrochozoans. Flatworms, rotifiers, ectoproctors, brachiopods, molluscs, and annelids
why are we worried about molluscs?
The largest number of extinction
what is the most species-rich animal group and what do all members of this group do?
Ecdysozoans, they would mold through the process ecdysis
what is trichinosis?
A parasite that you get from eating undercook pork
Arthropods represent— out of —– every known animals species
2 and 3
what are the three characteristics of an arthropod body plan?
segmented body, exoskeleton, and jointed appendages
how long does this body plan date back to?
534 Million years
Arthropod evolution is characterized by the decrease in—– and an increase in —–
of segments , appendage specialization
An arthropod exoskeleton is made of —-
Chitin
What is one well-known marine cheliceriform that is still alive today?
Horse shoe crabs
Name four other chelicerates
sea spiders, ticks, scorpions, and spiders
What subphylum has more species than all other forms of life combined?
Hexapoda
What influenced the evolution of flight in many insect orders?
Feeding on gymnosperms and the expansion of angiosperms
Give two examples of the positive effects of insects and two negative effect of insects
Pollination and providing food. Carrier of disease, pest
List the six most important insect orders and examples within them
Coleoptra-beetles Diptera-flies Hymenoptera- bees Lepidoptera- Moth Hemiptera- Bed bugs Orthoptera- Grass hoppers
list five crustaceans
Crabs, lobsters, Shrimp, Barnicles and krill
list three echinoderms
Star fish, sea cucumber, and Sand dollar
echinoderms and chordates constitute the clade —
debuterostomia
T/F the chordate group consists only of the vertebrates animals
False, its two instead of one
list and describe the four key characters of all chordates.
Notochord- a tube between the digestive tube and nerve cord
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord- the nerve cord of a chordate embryo development from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube
Muscular, post-anal tail: chordates have a tail posterior to the anus
Pharyngeal cleft: Develop into slits that opens to the outside of the body
Why doesn’t this tunicate (sea squirt) exhibit any of these features?
those feature get lost in the embryotic development.
Ancestral chordates may have resembled—-
lancelets
The same— that organize the—— are expressed in the lancelet’s simple nerve cord tip.
Hox. Vertebrae
what enabled chordates to coordinate more complex movement and feeding behaviors ?
Origin of the head
What is the collection of cells near the dorsal margins in the closing neural tube in an embryo and what do these cells do?
neural crest
what is the most basal living groups of craniates?
Hag fish
What is the most basal living group of vertebrates?
Lampreys
where in the vertebrate organism does the mineralization of bone appear to have occurred first?
Mouth
what are vertebrates called that have jaws and list the seven main groups
Gnathostones. Sharks, ray-finned, lobe-finned, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
what is a character of these organism that enhances smell and vision?
Enlarged forebrain
What group are the oldest living vertebrates with jaws and why are we worried about them?
Chondrychthyans. shark population has decrease.
The vast majority of vertebrates with jaws (including you) belong to the clade called ——
osteichthyans
What do nearly all members of this clade have?
Bony endoskeleton
what class are all of these organisms in?
Actinopterygii
what clade are these organisms in?
Sarcopterygii
around 365 million years ago, one of the most significant events in vertebrate history was when——
evolved into limbs and feet of tetrapods
Name at least one derived characters of tetrapods
Neck
What are four fish//tetrapod characteristics that Tiktaalik had?
Flat skull, eyes on top of the skull, neck, ribs to breath
What does “amphibians” mean and what is that word referring to?
both ways of like
Most amphibians have moist skin that complements the lungs in ——
Gas exchange
Discuss the two main adaptations in the group called the amniotes
The two adaptation they had was that they have a amniotic egg which contains membranes that protect and feed the embryo, and relatively impermeable skin.
Fill in the blanks in the reptile phylogenetic tree. Q.51
LOOK AT NOTES!!!!
What is the other living lineage/class of amniotes and how many species are there approximately \?
Mammals. 6,400 species
List at least 3 derived characters of this class
Mammary Glands, Hair, and larger brain
What did this skull belong to and what is the purple opening called?
Biarmosuchus, Temporal Fenestra
Describe the lifestyle if early mammals ancestors
They were small and hairy, they would eat insects at night because they would lived underground.
when did significant adaptive radiation in mammals occur?
once they had the chance. which is the cenozoic.
What are the three living lineages of mammals and give on example of each
Monotremes-platypus
Marsupials- kangaroo
Eutherians- squirrel
What does Australia have a lot of and why?
Australia hasn’t been in contact with another country since early in the Cenozoic era
List at least 4 placental mammals groups and examples within them
Rodentia - squirrels
primates- lemurs
carnivora - dogs
Sirena - manatees
List at least two derived characters of primates
hands and feet
What are the three main living groups of primates
Lemurs, lorises, and pottas
According to this phylogenetic tree, when did monkeys and apes diverge from the primates?
55 million years
When did apes diverge from old world monkeys?
25 million years
How much of the human genome and the chimpanzee genome are identical?
99%
How Many species of extinct hominid have been discovered?
25 species
Correct these two misconception regarding human evolution:
1.) Early homies were chimpanzees 2.) Human evolution is like a ladder leading directly to Homo sapiens
- ) Homininand chimpanzee shared a common ancestor
2. ) Hominin evolution included many branches or coexisting species, through only humans survive today
Biological diversity us the product of —— not ——–
Branching phylogeny. Ladder like “Progress”
How do animals regulate their internal state even in changes or harsh environments?
Form,Function, and behavior
Label the four (A,B,C,D) internal exchange surface in complex animals
LOOK AT NOTES!!!
List the hierarchical organization of body plans starting with cells
Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism
what do organisms use to maintain an internal balance regardless of external environment?
Homeostasis
Discuss the two types of thermoregulations and which is more energetically expansive?
the two types of thermoregulations are ectothermic that makes heat by a external source and endothermic makes heat by metabolism which makes this the energetically expansive.
List at least two adaptations that help animals thermoregulate
Insulation and Behavioral Responses
Define ecology
The study of the Interaction between organism and the environment
What has the strongest effect on where terrestrial organisms live?
Climate
What has the strongest effect on where aquatic organisms live?
Light and Nutrient availability
What do seasonality, large bodies of ware, mountains, and vegetation all have in common?
Climate
As documented in region around the world, the climate becomes —– in areas where humans have cut down large forests and becomes —— where humans restored large forest
Hotter and drier. Cooler and wetter
Label the terrestrial biomes. Q.79
LOOK AT NOTES!!
T/F Aquatic Biomes show less latitudinal variation than terrestrial biomes
True
What are the abiotic factors that affect the distribution of organism?
Temperature, water, sunlight, wind, rock and soil
What is the number of individuals per unit area or volume?
Density
What is the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of a population?
Dispersion
What is one method used to estimate the size of population that can’t be easily counted?
Mark and recorpture
Look at notes Q. 85
Discuss the three types of survivorship curves and give examples.
Type I curve is flat of the start which it means that they have low death rates during early and middle life
Type III Curve drops sharply at the start. High death rates for the young
Type of curve is usually associate with organism that produce very large # of offspring but provide no care.
What are ecologist increasingly turning to foe measuring reproductive rates in animal?
Molecular Tools
What is the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain referred to as?
Carrying capacity
which model provides a useful starting point for thinking about how population grow and for constructing more complex models?
Logistic Growth Curve
Label the type of reproduction in these two plants iteroparity or semelparity and describe what they each mean.
LOOK AT NOTES1!!
In community ecology, name and discuss the three types of interactions that occur between species.
Competition negative affect both of the organisms involved, Explotation affects only one of the organism involved and Positive organism benefits one or both organism without harming either.
Of the 168 plots observed, which ones did the Minnesota Cedar Creek researchers discover were the most productive and resilient to environmental changes?
The one with higher diversity
Label the levels of community trophic structure Q.93
LOOK AT NOTES
What are species called that have strongest effect on their communities as a result of their large size to high abundance and why do they generally have community wide effects?
Foundation species and they have wide effects because they are to big that they pitvot for communities roles.
In contrast, what type of species are nit usually abundant in a community, but exert strong control on community structure by their pivotal ecological roles?
Key stone species
What are species called that create or dramatically after their environment and give an example
Ecosystem engineer
What are the two ways that trophic levels can be altered?
Bottom up control- trophic levels is limited by nutrient supply or food availability
Top down control consumers is higher
Label the blanks in this chart Q.98
LOOK AT NOTES!!
Which two types of organism are the main decomposers?
Bacteria and Fungi
What is the key measurements used by ecologist and represent the storage od chemical energy that willl be available to consumers in the ecosystems?
Gross Primary Production (GPP) - Respiration (Ra) = Net Primary Productions
What two biomes are the most productive ecosystem?
ocean and Tropical Rain forest
What are the two nutrients that most commonly limit aquatic and terrestrial production?
Nitrogen and phosphate
since 2000, what has been the main factor in decreasing NPP and driving forest fires in the southwest United States?
Major droughts
What did the Hubbard Brook case study Show?
Logging increases water runoff and cause large losses of mineral
What do restoration ecologist do?
They try and return ecosystem to their previous state
Discuss bioremediation
using organisms to detoxify polluted ecosystem
Discuss biological augmentation and give two examples
Removing harmful substance from an ecosystem
planting luring and nitrogen fixing plant
What keystone species has been reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park and restored physical structures and plant communities that were devastated after it was exterminated?
Great wolf and the elk population went up
What is the discipline that integrates ecology, phhysiology, molecular biology, genetics and evolutionary biology to conserve the diversity of life on Earth?
Conservation Biology
The current rate of extinction us somewhere between —–and —– time the “background” rate
- 1000
What are three levels of biodiversity?
Genetics, species, and ecosystem
List at least two of the benefits/ecosystem services that biodiversity and which is the greatest?
Cancer Fighting plant and wildlife ecosystem
What are the four main threats to biodiversity and which is the greatest?
Habitat loss, intro species, global change
What are at least two things the humans population can do to help sustain biodiversity?
Movement, corrupting the perceiving hot spot
From dough Tallamy’s nature’s best hope, “Nature is built upon—–”
From Dougs Tallamy’s Nature’s Best Hope, What do most birds primary rear their young with?
What are four things that we as individuals can do to help native biodiversity in your immediate proximity?
What kind of trees provide the mist ecosystem services to the highest variety of animals in North America?
What is the biomass percentage of nonnative plants in a landscape that starts to show a decline in chickadee breeding and replacement?
Describe what it means and how to fix the “ fragmented Persian rug” analogy presented towards the end of the talk
What is nature best hope?
