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bio 2 exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe Sars-cov-II pathophysiology

A

Spiked protein bonds with Ace 2 receptor in our aveoli. This allows for the virus to enter the cell, which is called a type 2 monocite, and translate/ replicate itself using that cell’s ribosomes.

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2
Q

describe how Covid-19 mRNA vaccines work

A

small pieces of the virus’s mRNA are encased within phospho lipids and are injected into our cells. there, the mRNA uses our cell’s ribosomes to translate only the spiked protein our immunes system discover these foreign protein and produce spike protein that will bond to both them and to real Ace 2 that connected to an actual Sars-CoV-11 vision, inhibiting it form entering our cells and replicating.

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3
Q

how many total mutation has the Omicron variant acquitted since its divergence from the B.1.1. lineage?

A

Around 50

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4
Q

What is the specific are called on the spike protein that both binds the virus to our ACE-2 receptors, allowing entry into the cells, and is recognized by out immune system so the antibodies will bind to it, inhibiting entry into the cell?

A

RBD receptor binding domain

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5
Q

how many mutation are found in this specific area in delta?

A

RBD- 2

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6
Q

How many mutations are found in this specific area in omicron?

A

RBD 10

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7
Q

What is the one of the only viruses that might transmissibility similar to omicron?

A

measles

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8
Q

what is the main reason omicron symptoms appear less severe than delta?

A

because it is in the upper respiratory rather than deep within lung tissue

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9
Q

What are the three key observations about life illustrated by organism such as this self-decorating caterpillar?

A
  • the striking ways in which organisms are suited for their life in their environment
  • the many characteristic of life
  • the rich diversity of life
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10
Q

Describe evolution in only three words

A

descent with modification

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11
Q

Evolution can be viewed as both a —- and a ——

A

pattern/ process

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12
Q

Aristotle viewed species as –

A

fixed and unchanged

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13
Q

what did paleontologist George Cuvier notice about fossils from older strata?

A

The older the strata the more unlike the fossils are

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14
Q

Name the two geologist that proposed that earth’s geologic features could be explained by gradual mechanisms that are operating today as they were in the past

A

James Hulton and Charles Lyell

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15
Q

Darwin agreed that if geologic change results from slow, continuous action rather than from sudden events, then the earth must be—

A

Much older than the widely accepted age of a few thousand years

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16
Q

who was the first person to propose a mechanism for how life changes over tike through evolution?

A

La Marck

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17
Q

What were the two widely accepted principles, ar the time, housed to explain his findings?

A

Use and disuse and the inheritance of characteristics

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18
Q

Describe the now debunked hypothesis he had about giraffes

A

By reaching toward the the food source, it made pass the source through his offspring

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19
Q

Define natural selection

A

A process in which individuals that have certain inheritance traits tend to survive and pass those traits to their offspring

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20
Q

Define artificial selection

A

The process which humans have been using to modify

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21
Q

observation#1: members of population often — in their —

A

vary / inherited traits

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22
Q

Observation #2: all species can produce more - than their - can support, and many of those offspring fail to - and –

A

Offspring/ environment/ survive ./ reproduce

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23
Q

Inference #1 individuals whose inherited traits Gove them a — surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave behind — offsprings than other individuals

A

Higher probability / more

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24
Q

Inference #2 this – ability of individuals to –and – will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations

A

Unequal/ Survive / Reproduce

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25
Q

Who was the economist that helped Darwin see that the capacity to “overproduce” was characteristic of all species?

A

Thomas Malthus

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26
Q

Finish this thought. Darwin reasoned that did artificial selection can bring about dramatic change in relatively short period of time, then natural selections -

A

substantial modification of species over many hundreds of generations

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27
Q

Correct the mist common misunderstanding about evolution

A

Individuals do not evolve is the population in years of generations

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28
Q

Name and discuss the four pieces of evidence we have that support the theory of evolution by natural selection

A
  • Direct observation- Biologist have documented a lot of evolutionary change for years
  • Homology- similarities from common ancestors
  • the fossil record- the fossil record shows that past organisms differed from present day organisms
  • Biogeography-the scientific study of the geographic distribution of species
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29
Q

Describe the difference in the word “theory” from its meaning in everyday use to its scientific meaning.

A

Its a model that correlates data and its testable

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30
Q

what do we know about the theory of evolution by natural selection that we didn’t know during Darwin’s time?

A

Natural selection us not the only source to evolution

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31
Q

What makes evolution possible?

A

Genetic variation makes evolution possible

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32
Q

punnet square

A
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33
Q

How many gene loci does it require to influence the phonetype characters presented in an organism?

A

1 or many

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34
Q

why are many of the genetics variations exhibited in the mRNA not going to result in phenotype variation?

A

Many differ occur within introns

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35
Q

what do the formation of new allele, the altering of gene number or position, rapid reproductions, and sexual reproduction all have in common?

A

They are all sources of genetic generations.

36
Q

what is a group od individuals od the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offsprings?

A

Population

37
Q

What consists of all the copies of every type of allele of every locks in all members of a population?

A

Gene pool

38
Q

A population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is said to be -

A

Not evolving at that locus

39
Q

Name the five conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A
  • no mutation
  • random mating
  • extremely large populations
  • no natural selection
  • no gene flow
40
Q

If only one of these above conditions does not hold, then the population -

A

evolving

41
Q

Name and discuss the three mechanism that alter allele frequencies directly and cause the most evolutionary change

A
  • natural selection
  • genetic drift - founder effect - bottle neck effect
  • gene flow
42
Q

what is the form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates?

A

Sexual selections

43
Q

This can lead to sexual dimorphism. what does that mean?

A

A different in secondary sexual

44
Q

what is the form of natural selection where individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting their mates from the others, also called mate choice?

A

Intersexual selection

45
Q

What is the form of natural selection where individuals of ones compete directly for mates if the opposite sex?

A

Intrasexual selection

46
Q

What is it called when indic=viduals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have a greater fitness than do both kinds of homozygotes?

A

Heterozygotes Advantage

47
Q

Describe ab example of this using this image

A

AA- Subsceptible to material but no sickle cell disease
Aa- Resistant to Malaria and only mild sickle cell disease
aa-resistant to malaria but has fatal sickle cell disease

48
Q

What is microevolution?

A

a change in allele frequencies in a population over time

49
Q

What is macroevolution?

A

the evolution in taxonomic groups over long period of times

50
Q

what states that a species is a group of population whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring?

A

Biological species concept

51
Q

Reproductive isolation can be classified by whether barriers act –or — fertilization. what are these two classification?

A

Before/ After Prezygotic and postzygotic

52
Q

two species encounter each other rarely, or not all, because they occupy different habitats, even though not isolated by physical barriers=

A

Habitat Isolation

53
Q

species that breed at different times of day, different season or different years=

A

Temporal Isolation

54
Q

Courtship rituals and other behaviors unique to a species are effective Barriers=

A

Behavioral isolation

55
Q

Morphological differences prevent successful mating=

A

Mechanical Isolation

56
Q

Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize eggs of another species

A

Gametic isolation

57
Q

What are the last three post-zygotic barriers?

A

Reduce hybrid viability
Reduce hybrid fertility
Hybrid breakdown

58
Q

During allopatric speciation, a population forms a new species while-

A

Geographic seperation

59
Q

During sympatric speciation, a subset of a population forms a new species without

A

Reduced between groups that remain in contact

60
Q

describe an example allopatric speciation

A

Pistol shrimp

61
Q

During sympatric speciation, what are the three factors that reduce gene flows between groups that remain in contact?

A

Polyploidy, Habitat different, and sexual selection

62
Q

Many important crops are-

A

polyploidy

63
Q

The fossil record includes many examples of species that appear suddenly, persist unchanged for sometime, and then apparently disappear. these periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change are called

A

Punctuated equilibrium

64
Q

When closely related species meet in a hybrid zone, what are the three possible outcomes?

A

Reinforcement stability fusion

65
Q

label the sequence of stage

A

Packaging of molecules into protocells 3
abiotic synthesis if small organic molecules 1
origin of self replication molecules 4
joining of the small organic molecules 2

66
Q

how long ago was the earth formed?

A

4.6 billions years ago

67
Q

What are four credible situations in which the first organic molecules might have been synthesized?

A

Miller and uvey reducing atmosphere, animo acid in meteorites

68
Q

What was likely the firs genetic material?

A

RNA

69
Q

What is a ribozyme?

A

RNA that behaves like an enzyme

70
Q

Describe an instance where RNA can make DNA through reverse transcription

A
71
Q

How can we determine the absolute age if fossils?

A

Radiometric dating

72
Q

What is the time required for half of a parent isotope to decay to a daughter isotope called ?

A

Half life

73
Q

What element can be used to date fossils up to 60,000 years old?

A

Carbon

74
Q

What are some of the elements used to date older material?

A

Potassium, rubidium, uranium

75
Q

The first three eons (precambrian)-the hadean, the Achaean, and the Proterozoic- together lasted about

A

4 billion years

76
Q

What is the last eon called, roughly the last half billion years that encompasses eukaryotic, multicellular life?

A

Phaherozoic

77
Q

What are the oldest known fossils and how old are they?

A

Stromatolites , 3.5 billion years

78
Q

how long ago do the oldest eukaryotic cell fossils date back to?

A

1.8 millions

79
Q

what does the endosymbiotic theory propose?

A

Mitochondria and plastids were former small prokaryotes living within larger host cells

80
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A
81
Q

The earth’s crust is made up of tectonic plates that move slowly through what process?

A

Contental drift

82
Q

What likely caused the Permian extinction that wiped out about 96% of marine animal species?

A

Intense volcanism in what is how Siberia

83
Q

What caused the cretaceous mass extinction about 65 million years ago?

A

meteorite

84
Q

What is the evolution of diversely adapted species from a common ancestor called?

A

Adaptive radiation

85
Q

Describe two example of this type of evolution

A

Darwin finders

Adaptive radiation of mammels

biology 2 (6 decks)

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