Biology exam 2 Flashcards
what is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species called?
Phylogeny
Which discipline classifies organism and determines their evolutionary relationship?
Systematics
what types of data do systematic use to infer evolutionary relationship between organism?
Fossil, molecular, and genetic data
What do we call the classification and naming organism?
Taxonomy
Write to any scientific name
tulipa
What are the two words that make up that binomial?
Genus and specific epithet
Write out the taxonomic hierarchy from broad to narrow?
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species
This diagram to the right represent a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships and is known as a
Phylogentic tree
What are groups known as that share an immediate common ancestors?
Sister taxa
Circle the basal taxon in the diagram to the right. why is it the basal taxon?
Diverge early from the group and originates with the common ancestors
phylogenetic trees showcpatterns of descent, not phenotypic –, therefore it should never be assumed that a taxon evolved from-
- similiraty
2. the taxon right next to it
describe the difference between homology and analogy
A- similarity due to shared ancestry
H- similarity due to convergent evolution
how do systematist analyze comparable DNA segment from different organism?
Computer programs and mathematical tools
what is he disciplines that groups organism by common descent?
Cladistics
A clade is a group of species that includes an ancestral species an -
All of its descendent
which type of group is recognized as the only true clade?
Monophyletic
what does a paraphyletic grouping include and give an example
Ancestral species and some descendants reptiles and birds
what does a polyphyletic grouping include and give an example
various species with different ancestors
what is a character called that originates in an ancestor of the taxon
Shared ancestral character
what is a character called that is an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade?
Shared derived
construct a cladogram using these organism and derived traits
LOOK AT NOTES! Q.21
What is the rule that assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events(appearances of shared derived characteristics) is the most likely?
Maximum Parsimony
when are phylogenetic hypotheses modified?
When new evidence arises
What do four chambered-heart, song, nest building and brooding have in common?
Shared characters in modern birds and crocodiles p.p.40
DNA that codes for rRNA changes relatively slowly and is useful for investigating branching points hundreds of millions of years ago
True
mtDNA evolves rapidly and can be used to explore more recent evolutionary events
True
What type of genes are found in a single copy in the gnome and a are homologous between species?
Orthologous
What type of genes results from gene duplication, so are found in more than one copy of the gnome?
Paralogous
Humans and mice diverged about 65 million years ago, and 99% of
Our genes are orthologous
Gene number and the complexity of an organism are very strongly linked
False
how did we figure out that a specific strain of HIV likely spread to humans sometime in the 1930’s?
Molecular clock
Describe the evolution of our understanding of classification and the tree of life
- Everything on this planet is plant and animals
- we had five kingdoms
-bacteria, archea, and eukarya
adapted with RNA
P.P. 58
There are more prokaryotic organism in a handful of fertile soil than
of people we have ever lived
What is the difference between the cells walls of Bacteria and Archaea?
Bacteria cells contain peptidoglycan
What are longer than timbre and allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA?
Pili
There are some difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication, transcription, and translation, why is this a good thing?
These allow people to use antibiotics to inhibit bacterial growth without harming
what do rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination contribute to in a prokaryotes?
Genetic diversity
Transformation, transduction, and conjugation, in prokaryotes, are all forms of what?
Genetics recombination
What allows for antibiotics-resitant strains of bacteria to become more common?
Natural selection
What is dental plague?
Biofilm
Name as many archaea/Bacterial groups. example and important/ interesting point that you can think
LOOK AT NOTES!
Write down as many example of bacteria being helpful to humans as you can think of
- Antibiotics
- yogurt
- healing concrete with limestone
What is a protist?
A eukaryotes that is not a plant, animal, and fungi
most protist are —-, although there are some colonial and multicellular one
Unicellular
Protist are the most —– diverse organism
structurally
Some are the most — diverse eukaryotes
Nutritionally
some protist are exclusively asexual, while most have sexual life cycles including –and —-
- meiosis
2. fertilization
Name as many protist phyla, or common name, or both, and something important or interesting about each of them, as you can think of.
PP.69-95
in regard to photosynthetic protist and prokaryotes in aquatic environment, we have noticed a trend that as sea surface temperature increase, —-
Biomass
What is the compound found in charophytes that prevents the zygotes from drying out and is also found in plant spore walls?
Sporopollenin
NV,SV,G,A
LOOK AT NOTES!!
What is your favorites gymnosperm?
cedar
Why is water no longer required for fertilization in the seed-producing vascular plants?
pollen grains are light enough to be carry by air or insects
what are the most recent, successful, diverse, economically/ecologically important group of plants on the planet today?
Angiosperm
Label this complete flower with all collective terminology
LOOK AT NOTES!!
Describe double fertilization
1st sperm cell + egg cell=zygote
2nd sperm cell +2polar nuclei + triploid endosperm nucleus
describe 5 post fertilization details
zygote > embryo
T.E.N> endosperm
integument> seed coat
Ovule >seed
what do these three groups of flowering plants have in common?
label each of the four section either eudicot and monocot
LOOK AT NOTES!!!
Name as many monocots as you can and name as many eudicot as you can
