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biology 2 > Biology exam 2 > Flashcards

Biology exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species called?

A

Phylogeny

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2
Q

Which discipline classifies organism and determines their evolutionary relationship?

A

Systematics

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3
Q

what types of data do systematic use to infer evolutionary relationship between organism?

A

Fossil, molecular, and genetic data

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4
Q

What do we call the classification and naming organism?

A

Taxonomy

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5
Q

Write to any scientific name

A

tulipa

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6
Q

What are the two words that make up that binomial?

A

Genus and specific epithet

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7
Q

Write out the taxonomic hierarchy from broad to narrow?

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species

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8
Q

This diagram to the right represent a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships and is known as a

A

Phylogentic tree

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9
Q

What are groups known as that share an immediate common ancestors?

A

Sister taxa

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10
Q

Circle the basal taxon in the diagram to the right. why is it the basal taxon?

A

Diverge early from the group and originates with the common ancestors

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11
Q

phylogenetic trees showcpatterns of descent, not phenotypic –, therefore it should never be assumed that a taxon evolved from-

A
  1. similiraty

2. the taxon right next to it

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12
Q

describe the difference between homology and analogy

A

A- similarity due to shared ancestry

H- similarity due to convergent evolution

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13
Q

how do systematist analyze comparable DNA segment from different organism?

A

Computer programs and mathematical tools

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14
Q

what is he disciplines that groups organism by common descent?

A

Cladistics

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15
Q

A clade is a group of species that includes an ancestral species an -

A

All of its descendent

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16
Q

which type of group is recognized as the only true clade?

A

Monophyletic

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17
Q

what does a paraphyletic grouping include and give an example

A

Ancestral species and some descendants reptiles and birds

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18
Q

what does a polyphyletic grouping include and give an example

A

various species with different ancestors

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19
Q

what is a character called that originates in an ancestor of the taxon

A

Shared ancestral character

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20
Q

what is a character called that is an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade?

A

Shared derived

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21
Q

construct a cladogram using these organism and derived traits

A

LOOK AT NOTES! Q.21

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22
Q

What is the rule that assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events(appearances of shared derived characteristics) is the most likely?

A

Maximum Parsimony

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23
Q

when are phylogenetic hypotheses modified?

A

When new evidence arises

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24
Q

What do four chambered-heart, song, nest building and brooding have in common?

A

Shared characters in modern birds and crocodiles p.p.40

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25
Q

DNA that codes for rRNA changes relatively slowly and is useful for investigating branching points hundreds of millions of years ago

A

True

26
Q

mtDNA evolves rapidly and can be used to explore more recent evolutionary events

A

True

27
Q

What type of genes are found in a single copy in the gnome and a are homologous between species?

A

Orthologous

28
Q

What type of genes results from gene duplication, so are found in more than one copy of the gnome?

A

Paralogous

29
Q

Humans and mice diverged about 65 million years ago, and 99% of

A

Our genes are orthologous

30
Q

Gene number and the complexity of an organism are very strongly linked

A

False

31
Q

how did we figure out that a specific strain of HIV likely spread to humans sometime in the 1930’s?

A

Molecular clock

32
Q

Describe the evolution of our understanding of classification and the tree of life

A
  • Everything on this planet is plant and animals
  • we had five kingdoms
    -bacteria, archea, and eukarya
    adapted with RNA
    P.P. 58
33
Q

There are more prokaryotic organism in a handful of fertile soil than

A

of people we have ever lived

34
Q

What is the difference between the cells walls of Bacteria and Archaea?

A

Bacteria cells contain peptidoglycan

35
Q

What are longer than timbre and allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA?

A

Pili

36
Q

There are some difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication, transcription, and translation, why is this a good thing?

A

These allow people to use antibiotics to inhibit bacterial growth without harming

37
Q

what do rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination contribute to in a prokaryotes?

A

Genetic diversity

38
Q

Transformation, transduction, and conjugation, in prokaryotes, are all forms of what?

A

Genetics recombination

39
Q

What allows for antibiotics-resitant strains of bacteria to become more common?

A

Natural selection

40
Q

What is dental plague?

A

Biofilm

41
Q

Name as many archaea/Bacterial groups. example and important/ interesting point that you can think

A

LOOK AT NOTES!

42
Q

Write down as many example of bacteria being helpful to humans as you can think of

A
  • Antibiotics
  • yogurt
  • healing concrete with limestone
43
Q

What is a protist?

A

A eukaryotes that is not a plant, animal, and fungi

44
Q

most protist are —-, although there are some colonial and multicellular one

A

Unicellular

45
Q

Protist are the most —– diverse organism

A

structurally

46
Q

Some are the most — diverse eukaryotes

A

Nutritionally

47
Q

some protist are exclusively asexual, while most have sexual life cycles including –and —-

A
  1. meiosis

2. fertilization

48
Q

Name as many protist phyla, or common name, or both, and something important or interesting about each of them, as you can think of.

A

PP.69-95

49
Q

in regard to photosynthetic protist and prokaryotes in aquatic environment, we have noticed a trend that as sea surface temperature increase, —-

A

Biomass

50
Q

What is the compound found in charophytes that prevents the zygotes from drying out and is also found in plant spore walls?

A

Sporopollenin

51
Q

NV,SV,G,A

A

LOOK AT NOTES!!

52
Q

What is your favorites gymnosperm?

A

cedar

53
Q

Why is water no longer required for fertilization in the seed-producing vascular plants?

A

pollen grains are light enough to be carry by air or insects

54
Q

what are the most recent, successful, diverse, economically/ecologically important group of plants on the planet today?

A

Angiosperm

55
Q

Label this complete flower with all collective terminology

A

LOOK AT NOTES!!

56
Q

Describe double fertilization

A

1st sperm cell + egg cell=zygote

2nd sperm cell +2polar nuclei + triploid endosperm nucleus

57
Q

describe 5 post fertilization details

A

zygote > embryo
T.E.N> endosperm
integument> seed coat
Ovule >seed

58
Q

what do these three groups of flowering plants have in common?

A
59
Q

label each of the four section either eudicot and monocot

A

LOOK AT NOTES!!!

60
Q

Name as many monocots as you can and name as many eudicot as you can

A

biology 2 (6 decks)

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