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Psychology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

UCS

A

Unconditioned Stimulus

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2
Q

NS

A

Neutral Stimulus

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3
Q

UCR

A

Unconditioned Response

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4
Q

CS

A

Conditioned Stimulus

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5
Q

CR

A

Conditioned Response

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6
Q

classical vs operant conditioning

A

Classical conditioning- associating an involuntary response and a stimulus
Operant conditioning- associating a voluntary behavior and a consequence

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7
Q

What positive and negative reinforcement and positive and negative punishment is and what they do to behavior

A 
Positive = adding something (ex. giving a toy)
Negative = Taking something (ex. taking a toy)
Reinforcement = increasing behavior
Punishment = decreasing behavior
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8
Q

What is second-order conditioning?

A

Making a stimulus meaningful then using it to learn about a new stimulus

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9
Q

What is extinction?

A

Gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing

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10
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

Conditioned response returning after a period of time

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11
Q

Shaping is?

A

modifies behavior by reinforcing behaviors that progressive approximate the target behavior

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12
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Consists of observing and modeling another persons behavior, attitudes, or emotional expressions

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13
Q

vicarious punishment

A

a decrease in the frequency of certain behaviors

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14
Q

nature and nurture debate

A

Do genetics or environment effect development more

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15
Q

Erikson’s stages

A 
Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust.
Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt.
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt.
Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority.
Stage 5: Identity vs. Confusion.
Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation.
Stage 7: Generatively vs. Stagnation.
Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair.
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16
Q

Piaget’s stages

A
  1. Sensorimotor 18–24 months old Object permanence
  2. Preoperational 2 to 7 years old Symbolic thought
  3. Concrete operational 7 to 11 years old Operational
    thought
  4. Formal operational Adolescence to adulthood
    Abstract concepts
17
Q

teratogen?

A

Something that messes with the embryo

18
Q

critical/sensitive period is

A

Time when organism is more environmental influences or stimulation

19
Q

Skinner’s and Chomsky’s view on language development

A

Chomsky- language is inherited

Skinner’s- Language is learned

20
Q

Attachment styles

A

secure- good
anxious- bad
avoidant-bad

21
Q

Parenting style

A

Permissive- few rules and expectations
Authoritative- high care and high standards
Neglectful- lack of responsiveness to a child’s needs
Authoritarian- extremely strict parenting

22
Q

Accommodation is

A

alter their existing schemas as a result of new learning

23
Q

primary/secondary sexual characteristics are

A

Primary- present at birth (genitalia)

Secondary- Show up at puberty (boobs)

24
Q

crystallized/fluid intelligence

A

Fluid- ability to reason and solve problems in unique and novel situations

Crystalline- Using past knowledge

25
Q

Prenatal stages

A

Germinal stage- sperm and egg cell unite
Embryonic period- 3rd-8th week
Fetal period- week 9 till birth

26
Q

Encoding

A

learning information

27
Q

Storage

A

memorizing information

28
Q

Retrieval

A

using information

29
Q

The encoding strategies

A

Visual
Acoustic
Elaborative
Semantic

30
Q

automatic and effortful processing

A

Automatic- Learning without trying

Effortful- Sustained effort to learn

31
Q

procedural conditioning

A

Response becomes standardized do to reinforcement

32
Q

priming conditioning

A

one stimulus makes you react to second

33
Q

emotional conditioning

A

link new info to emotion

34
Q

Parts of long-term memory

A

Explicit memory- episodic and semantic memory

Implicit memory- procedural memory and things learned through conditioning

35
Q

The difference between recognition, recall, and relearning

A

Recognition- recognizing event or info
Recall- designates the retrieval of related details from memory
Relearning- occurs once the mind is exposed to the information again

36
Q

Parts of brain involved in memory

A

hippocampus- process and retrieve memory
neo-cortex- semantic memories
amygdala- facilitate encoding memories at a deeper level

37
Q

2 types of amnesia

A

Retrograde- Loss of memory for prior to trauma

Anterograde- Can’t remember new info

38
Q

Strategies for improving memory

A

Focus Your Attention
Avoid Cramming
Structure and Organize

39
Q

Proactive and Retroactive interference

A

Proactive Can’t learn new info bc of old info

Retroactive Forget old info bc of new info

Psychology (5 decks)

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