Exam 3

Question 1

UCS

Answer 1

Unconditioned Stimulus

Question 2

NS

Answer 2

Neutral Stimulus

Question 3

UCR

Answer 3

Unconditioned Response

Question 4

CS

Answer 4

Conditioned Stimulus

Question 5

CR

Answer 5

Conditioned Response

Question 6

classical vs operant conditioning

Answer 6

Classical conditioning- associating an involuntary response and a stimulus
Operant conditioning- associating a voluntary behavior and a consequence

Question 7

What positive and negative reinforcement and positive and negative punishment is and what they do to behavior

Answer 7

Positive = adding something (ex. giving a toy)
Negative = Taking something (ex. taking a toy)
Reinforcement = increasing behavior
Punishment = decreasing behavior

Question 8

What is second-order conditioning?

Answer 8

Making a stimulus meaningful then using it to learn about a new stimulus

Question 9

What is extinction?

Answer 9

Gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing

Question 10

What is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 10

Conditioned response returning after a period of time

Question 11

Shaping is?

Answer 11

modifies behavior by reinforcing behaviors that progressive approximate the target behavior

Question 12

What is observational learning?

Answer 12

Consists of observing and modeling another persons behavior, attitudes, or emotional expressions

Question 13

vicarious punishment

Answer 13

a decrease in the frequency of certain behaviors

Question 14

nature and nurture debate

Answer 14

Do genetics or environment effect development more

Question 15

Erikson’s stages

Answer 15

Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust.
Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt.
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt.
Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority.
Stage 5: Identity vs. Confusion.
Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation.
Stage 7: Generatively vs. Stagnation.
Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair.

Question 16

Piaget’s stages

Answer 16

1. Sensorimotor 18–24 months old Object permanence
2. Preoperational 2 to 7 years old Symbolic thought
3. Concrete operational 7 to 11 years old Operational
   thought
4. Formal operational Adolescence to adulthood
   Abstract concepts

Question 17

teratogen?

Answer 17

Something that messes with the embryo

Question 18

critical/sensitive period is

Answer 18

Time when organism is more environmental influences or stimulation

Question 19

Skinner’s and Chomsky’s view on language development

Answer 19

Chomsky- language is inherited

Skinner’s- Language is learned

Question 20

Attachment styles

Answer 20

secure- good
anxious- bad
avoidant-bad

Question 21

Parenting style

Answer 21

Permissive- few rules and expectations
Authoritative- high care and high standards
Neglectful- lack of responsiveness to a child’s needs
Authoritarian- extremely strict parenting

Question 22

Accommodation is

Answer 22

alter their existing schemas as a result of new learning

Question 23

primary/secondary sexual characteristics are

Answer 23

Primary- present at birth (genitalia)

Secondary- Show up at puberty (boobs)

Question 24

crystallized/fluid intelligence

Answer 24

Fluid- ability to reason and solve problems in unique and novel situations

Crystalline- Using past knowledge

Question 25

Prenatal stages

Answer 25

Germinal stage- sperm and egg cell unite Embryonic period- 3rd-8th week Fetal period- week 9 till birth

Question 26

Encoding

Answer 26

learning information

Question 27

Storage

Answer 27

memorizing information

Question 28

Retrieval

Answer 28

using information

Question 29

The encoding strategies

Answer 29

Visual Acoustic Elaborative Semantic

Question 30

automatic and effortful processing

Answer 30

Automatic- Learning without trying Effortful- Sustained effort to learn

Question 31

procedural conditioning

Answer 31

Response becomes standardized do to reinforcement

Question 32

priming conditioning

Answer 32

one stimulus makes you react to second

Question 33

emotional conditioning

Answer 33

link new info to emotion

Question 34

Parts of long-term memory

Answer 34

Explicit memory- episodic and semantic memory | Implicit memory- procedural memory and things learned through conditioning

Question 35

The difference between recognition, recall, and relearning

Answer 35

Recognition- recognizing event or info Recall- designates the retrieval of related details from memory Relearning- occurs once the mind is exposed to the information again

Question 36

Parts of brain involved in memory

Answer 36

hippocampus- process and retrieve memory neo-cortex- semantic memories amygdala- facilitate encoding memories at a deeper level

Question 37

2 types of amnesia

Answer 37

Retrograde- Loss of memory for prior to trauma Anterograde- Can't remember new info

Question 38

Strategies for improving memory

Answer 38

Focus Your Attention Avoid Cramming Structure and Organize

Question 39

Proactive and Retroactive interference

Answer 39

Proactive Can't learn new info bc of old info Retroactive Forget old info bc of new info