Exam 2

Question 1

How sleep changes as people age

Answer 1

Harder time falling asleep. Waking up more during the. night and earlier in the morning.

Question 2

The results of the study conducted by William Dement about REM sleep (discussed in class)

Answer 2

Discovered it was when we dream

Question 3

The stage of sleep important for memory consolidation

Answer 3

REM

Question 4

The difference between drug misuse and abuse

Answer 4

Misuse is to treat yourself

Abuse is to elicit a certain feeling

Question 5

Sleep disorders and how they are defined

Answer 5

Problems with the quality, timing, and amount of sleep, which result in daytime distress and impairment in functioning

Question 6

The neurotransmitters implicated with each class of drug

Answer 6

dopamine, glutamate, serotonin, acetylcholine

Question 7

The symptoms associated with sleep deprivation

Answer 7

Slowed thinking
Reduced attention span
Worsened memory
Poor or risky decision-making
Lack of energy
High Stress, anxiety

Question 8

What a circadian rhythm is

Answer 8

Physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour cycle

Question 9

What the Central nervous system (CNS) is and its branches

Answer 9

1. Brain

2. Spinal cord

Question 10

What the peripheral nervous system is and its branches. What are the functions of the branches?

Answer 10

Connects the CNS to the rest of the body. The primary function of the peripheral nervous system is to connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body and the external environment.

Question 11

Different parts of the neuron

Answer 11

dendrites, an axon, and a cell body or soma

Question 12

Difference between homozygous and heterozygous alleles

Answer 12

Homozygous- inherit 2 of same gene

Heterozygous- Inherit 2 different genes

Question 13

What an action potential is/ how it is transmitted

Answer 13

Positive to negative (or reverse shifts) in the neurons membrane potential

Question 14

Agonist vs. Antagonist

Answer 14

Agonist- a substance which initiates a physiological response when combined with a receptor

Antagonist- a substance that interferes with or inhibits the physiological action of another

Question 15

What re-uptake is

Answer 15

The absorption by a presynaptic nerve ending of a neurotransmitter that it has secreted

Question 16

The four lobes of the brain- what is the function of each lobe?

Answer 16

frontal - Cognitive functions

parietal - processes senses (touch taste)

temporal - processes memories

occipital - vision

Question 17

Difference between Wernicke’s/Broca’s area

Answer 17

production and comprehension, respectively of human language

Question 18

Functions of the midbrain and hindbrain

Answer 18

midbrain- motor movement and audio/visual processing

hindbrain- autonomic functions like respiratory rhythms and sleep

Question 19

What happened with H.M. and what was impaired

Answer 19

medial temporal lobes removed in surgery

Lost memory before and after surgery

Question 20

How to describe the path that an action potential takes

Answer 20

influx of positive potassium ions then a return to normal levels

Question 21

Functions of subcortical brain structures

Answer 21

Communication in the brain

Question 22

What the absolute threshold is

Answer 22

lowest level of a stimulus – light, sound, touch, etc. – that an organism could detected

Question 23

What the just noticeable difference is

Answer 23

Minimum amount of stimulus detectable 50% of the time

Question 24

What Weber’s law is

Answer 24

Stimulus change that is noticeable is a ratio of original stimulus

Question 25

What sensory adaptation is

Answer 25

reduction in sensitivity to a stimulus after constant exposure to it

Question 26

The difference between cones and rods

Answer 26

rods- low light | cones- color vision

Question 27

The different Gestalt principles

Answer 27

``` similarity continuation closure proximity figure/ground symmetry & order ```

Question 28

The different parts of the eye and their function

Answer 28

he sclera, or white part of the eye, protects the eyeball. The pupil, or black dot at the centre of the eye, is an opening through which light can enter the eye. The iris, or colored part of the eye, surrounds the pupil. It controls how much light enters the eye by changing the size of the pupil.

Question 29

The difference between top-down and bottom-up processing

Answer 29

Top down- perceptions begin with the most general and move toward the more specific Bottom up- an explanation for perceptions that start with an incoming stimulus and working upwards until a representation of the object is formed in our minds

Question 30

The definitions of sensation/perception

Answer 30

Sensation- Physical feeling resulting from contact Perception- How the sensation is selects and interprets the sensation

Question 31

The relationship between pitch and wavelength

Answer 31

The pitch is inversely proportional to the wavelength of the sound

Question 32

The results of the Loftus & Palmer (1974) study regarding the picture of the car crash

Answer 32

Memory is easily distorted, by questioning technique and new info

Question 33

What in-attentional blindness is

Answer 33

When a stimulus is unperceived do to lack of attention

Question 34

Sleep Stage 1

Answer 34

(NREM): Light Sleep- Drifting off to sleep Bodily Changes Waves are less frequent and larger

Question 35

Sleep Stage 2

Answer 35

Entering sleep Sleep Spindles K- Complex= responsive to outside stimuli

Question 36

Sleep Stage 3

Answer 36

NREM: Deep Sleep Large waves

Question 37

REM

Answer 37

Rapid Eye Movement When we dream Brain normally stops movement