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Psychopharmacology > Exam 2: Tolerance & Dependence > Flashcards

Exam 2: Tolerance & Dependence Flashcards

1
Q

Effects of drug decrease with use

A

tolerance

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2
Q

Effects of drug increase with use

A

sensitization

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3
Q

tolerance

A

larger dose for same effect

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4
Q

Cross tolerance

A

tolerance to 1 drug decreases effects of another

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5
Q

Is tolerance reversible?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Dose tolerance depend on administration?

A

Yes

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7
Q

acute tolerance

A

after 1 administration

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8
Q

drug DISPOSITION TOLERANCE/metabolic tolerance

A

repeated use , decrease drug available for target

potency reduced after repeated exposure via change in kinetics. Most common cause is bio transformation.
ex: cytoP450 enzymes

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9
Q

Pharmacodynamic tolerance

A

changes in nerve cell function compensation for repeated use

Explains withdrawal/physical dependence

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10
Q

Behavioral tolerance

A

tolerance in same environment

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11
Q

State dependent tolerance

A

tasks learned in drug state better in drug state than non drug state

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12
Q

Sensitization

A

reverse tolerance

increase drug effect after repeat administration of same dose

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13
Q

How are drug tolerance, physical dependence, and withdrawal related?

A

Tolerance is you need more for same effect, because body is compensating and if you take away, compensation still there

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14
Q

Substance USE disorders

A

New DSM-5 designations for psychiatric disorders with features typically associated with addiction.

Pathological patterns of BEHAVIORS

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15
Q

Quicker drugs

A

more addictive (IV/intranasal)

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16
Q

Positive reinforcement theory

A

drugs strengthen seeking behavior

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17
Q

Negative reinforcement theory

A

Want to take drug so withdrawal goes away

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18
Q

incentive sensitization theory

A

repeated drug use leads to increase in wanting but not liking

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19
Q

Dopamine circuitry theories (KOOB)

A

anti reward system is increase while reward system decreased.

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20
Q

Koob: allostasis

A

baseline level changes due to drug

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21
Q

PFC: dorsolateral

A

Executive function

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22
Q

PFC: ventromedial

A

motivation

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23
Q

PFC: orbitofrontal

A

inhibition

24
Q

Insula

A

craving/overuse

25
Q

Dorsal striatum

A

habit learning

26
Q

Dual processing theory

A

drugs increase go system, decrease PFC stop system

27
Q

How does environment alter gene expression (epigenetics)

A

childhood trauma, transgenerational, methyl ate C residues, delta FOSB = increased sensitivity, acetylation

Modify genes to increase susceptibility to addiction (cycle)

28
Q

What is the difference between moral and disease model?

A

Moral = choice, character building

Disease = out of control

29
Q

Harrison 1914

A

regulating dispensing and use of opioid drugs and cocaine. Opioids due to immigrants.

First drug law

30
Q

Controlled substances act 1970

A

Created DEA and scheduale laws we live under today

31
Q

Scheduale 1

A

no medical use

LSD, MDMA, heroin, weed

32
Q

Scheduale 2

A

High abuse potential

ex: amphetamine, morphine, opium, codeine, cocaine, ritalin, PCP

33
Q

Scheduale 3

A

moderate abuse

ketamin, paregoric, barbituates

34
Q

Scheduale 4

A

mild abuse: phenobarbital, , Xanax, valium

35
Q

Scheduale 5

A

low abuse potential

36
Q

Substance INDUCED disorders

A

intoxication/withdrawal

37
Q

Disposition (kinetic) tolerance*

A

on the way to the target site

BIOTRANSFORMATION
ex: cytoP450

38
Q

Cellular (dynamic) tolerance*

A

at the target site
repeated activation of receptors by agonist drugs induces DOWN REGULATION (internalize receptors).

blockade by antagonists = UP REGULATION (externalize receptors)

Alters signal transduction pathways, cAMP/phosphorylation, etc.

39
Q

Contextual (situtational) tolerance

A

15 injections
Test: same room 30% die
Diff. room 65% die
Never had it: 95% die

40
Q

Behavioral tolerance

A

Treadmill. Both get drug, but some before/after task. Those before improve

41
Q

Cross tolerance

A

tolerance to type of one drug = tolerance to others

42
Q

Acute (Tachyphylaxis) tolerance

A

tolerance can develop after a single exposure to certain drug

43
Q

Reverse (sensitization) tolerance

A

repeated exposures to drug can increase effects of later exposures (ex: stimulants)

44
Q

What has most withdrawal effects?

A

Alcohol

45
Q

What drug has most REINFORCEMENT (psychological dependence)?

A

Cocaine

46
Q

Conditioned place perference

A

Determine which compartment rats don’t like and put the drug there to see if they like where the drug is.

47
Q

Mesolimbic Pathways

A

VTA cell bodies
NA axon terminals
Drugs of abuse increase DA release in NA

48
Q

VTA

A

dopamine production

49
Q

NA

A

motivation/goal directed behavior

50
Q

PET Scans reveal…

A

Gamma ray emission
11C-raclopride, 20 min 1/2 life

Increase dopamine competes with 11C-R.
Competition: displace radioligand by drug. Not downregulation like the other version. Why? it happens immediately.

Decease 11-C binding means increase in DA AND DECREASE IN D2/D3 RECEPTORS!!!!!

51
Q

Enzymes that make NT are made in…

A

Cell body. Why? Where DNA and protein stuff is. Enzymes then come down to axon terminal.

52
Q

Common variant hypothesis

A

Multiple risk alleles

53
Q

Rare variant hypothesis

A

unique gene variants

54
Q

Polymorphism

A

different form of same change

55
Q

Point mutation

A

different gene

56
Q

Ways to alter protein synthesis

A

receptor, enzymes, structure

57
Q

Epigenetics (name the 3)

A

Acetylation (activate), Phosphorylation (either), methylation (repress)

Psychopharmacology (16 decks)

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