Exam 2 - Textbook Vocab Flashcards
Character displacement
The divergence in morphology between similar species in the region where the species both occur, but this divergence is reduced or lost in regions where species distributions do not overlap
Fundamental niche
The ecological space occupied by a species in the absence of competition and other biotic interactions from other species
Gause’s hypothesis
Complete competitors cannot coexist; also called competitive exclusion principle
Lorna-voltera equations
The set of equations that describe competition between organisms for food or space; another set of equations describes predator-prey interactions
Niche
The ecological space occupied by a species, and the occupation of a species in a community
Realized niche
The observed resource use of species in the presence of competition and other biotic interactions; contrast with fundamental niche
R-selection
The type of natural selection experienced by populations that are undergoing rapid population increase in a relatively empty environment
Aposematic
Warning coloration, indicating to a predator that this prey is poisonous or highly defended against attack
Environmental heterogeneity
Variation in space in any environmental parameter such as soil pH or tree cover
Functional response
The change in the intake rate of a predator in relation to the density of its prey species
Generalist predators
Predators that eat a great variety of prey species
Handling time
The time utilized by a predator to consume an individual prey item
Numerical response
The change in the numbers or density if a predator in relation to the changes of density in its prey species
Optimal foraging theory
A detailed model of how animals should forage to maximize their fitness ???
Prey isocline
The -_- Linwood densities of predator and prey at which the prey are in equilibrium; the impact of a predator exactly balanced the preys rate of population growth so the prey population growth rate is zero
Safe sites
For animals, sites where prey individuals are able to avoid predation, for plants, sites where seeds can germinate and plants can grow
Grazing facilitation
The process of one herbivore creating attractive feeding conditions for another herbivore so there is a benefit to the second herbivore
Inducirle defenses
Plant defense methods that are called into action once herbivore attack occurs and are nearly absent during periods of no herbivory
Mutualism
A relationship between two organisms of different species that benefits both and harms neither
Mycorrhizae
A mutually beneficial association of a fungus and the roots of a plant in which the plants mineral absorption is enhanced and the fungus obtains nutrients from the plants
Optimal defense hypothesis
The idea that plants allocate defense against herbivores in a manner that maximizes individual plant fitness, and that defenses are costly to produce
Overcompensation hypothesis
The idea that a small amount of grazing will increase plant growth and fitness rather than cause harm to the plant
Plant stress hypothesis
The idea that herbivores prefer to attack stressed plants, which produces leaves that are higher in nitrogen
Plant vigor hypothesis
The idea that herbivores prefer to attack fast-growing, vigorous plants rather than slow-growing, stressed plants
Resource availability hypothesis
A theory of plant defense that predicts higher plant growth rates will result in less investment in defensive chemicals and structures
Secondary plant substances
Chemicals produced by plants that are not directly involved in the primary metabolic pathways and whose main function is to repel herbivores
Compartment model
A type of box-and-arrow model of disease in which each compartment contains a part of the system that can be measured and the compartments are linked by flows b/t them; each compartment typically has input from some compartments and output to other compartments
Disease
An int in which a disease organism lives on or w/in a host plant or animal, to the benefit of the disease agent and detriment of the host
Micro parasites
Small pathogenic organisms, typically Protozoa, fungi, bacteria, or viruses that can cause disease
Macro parasites
Large multicellular organisms, typically Arthropoda or helminths, which do not multiply within their definitive hosts but instead produce transmission stages (eggs and larvae) that pass into the external environment
Parasite
An organism that grows, feeds, or is sheltered on or in a different organism while having a negative impact on them
Red Queen hypothesis
The convolution of parasites and their hosts, or predators and their prey in which improvements in one of the species is counted by evolutionary improvements in the particular species so that an evolutionary arms race occurs but neither species gains an advantage in the long term
Sublethal effects
Any pathogenic effects that reduce the well being of an individual without causing death
Virulence
The degree or ability of a pathogenic organism to cause disease; often measured by the host death rate
Allele effects
Pop growth rates that decrease below replacement level at low pop density, potentially leading to extinction
Balance of nature
The belief that natural pop and communities exist in a stable equilibrium and maintain that equilibrium in the absence of human interference
Density-dependent
As pop density rises, birth rates or immigration decrease or deaths and emigration increase and consequently a graph of pop density vs the rate will have a positive or negative slope
Density-independent este
As pop density rises, the rate does not change in any systematic manner so that a graph of pop density vs the rate will have a slope of 0
Limiting factor
A factor is defined as limiting if a change in the factor produces a change in average or equilibrium density
Metapopulation
Local pop in patches that are linked together by dispersal amount the patches divided by colonization and extinction dynamics
Regulating factor
A factor is defined as potentially regulating if the percentage of mortality caused by the factor increases with pop density or if per capita reproductive rate decreases with pop density
Self-thinning rule
The prediction that the regression or organism size vs pop density had a slope of -1.5 for plants and animals that have plastic growth rates and variable adult size
Sink pop
Local pop in which the rate of production is below replacement level so that extinction is inevitable without a source of immigration
Source pop
Local pop in which the rate of production exceeds replacement so that individuals emigrate to surrounding pop
Key factor analysis
Method of analyzing pop thru pero of life tables and a retrospective analysis of year to year changes in mortality and reproduction
Experimental analysis
Analyzing pop changes that approach Qs of limitation and regulation directly
Dynamic pool model
Models to predict maximum sustained yield based on detailed pop info on growth rates, natural mortality, and fishing mortality
Logistics models
Models to predict maximum sustained yield by the size of sigmoid curves of pop increases modified in fishing removals
Marine protected area
National park in the ocean where fishing is restricted or eliminated for the purpose of protecting the pop from over harvesting
Match/mismatch hypothesis
The idea that pop regulation in many fish is determined in the early juvenile stages by food supplies, so that if eggs hatch at the same time that food is abundant many will survive, but if eggs hatch when food is scarce, many will die
Maximum economic rent
The designed economics goal of any exploited resource, measured by the total revenues - total cost
Maximum sustained yield (msy)
The predicted yield that can be taken from a population without the resource collapsing in the short or long term
Stock
The harvestable part of the population being exploited
Stock-recruit relationship
A key graph relating how many recruits come into the exploited pop from a given pop of adults
Tragedy of the commons
The inherent tendency for Over exploitation of resources that have free access and unlimited demand so that it pays the individual to continue harvesting beyond the limits deducted from the common good of sustainability
Yield
Amount of usable material taken from a harvest red pop, measured in numbers or biomass
Immunocontraception
The use of genetic engineering to insert genes that stimulate the immune system of a vertebrate to reject sperm or eggs, this causing infertility
Integrated pest management (ipm)
The use of all techniques of control in an optimal mix to minimize pesticide use and maximize natural controls of peat numbers
Parasitoid
An insect that completes larval development in another insect host
Push-pull strategies
Management strategies that manipulates the behavior of insect pests to make the crop resource unattractive (push) and lure the pests towards and attractive source (pull) where the pests are destroyed
Pesticide
Any chemical that kills a plant or animal pest
Resource concentration hypothesis
The idea that agricultural pests are able to cause serious damage because crops are planted as monocultures at high densities
Sterile-insect technique
The release of large numbers of sterilized makes to mate with wild females and prevent the fertilization if eggs and production of viable young
