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FSU - Biology 442 - Ecology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Ecology

A

scientific study of the interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms

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2
Q

Define Distribution

A

Where organisms are found

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3
Q

Define Abundance

A

How many organisms in a given area

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4
Q

Theme of Ecology

A

Patterns and processess

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5
Q

Theme of Conservation Biology

A

Preserve biodiversity

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6
Q

Focus of Ecology

A

Interrelations of all plants and animals

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7
Q

Focus of Conservation Biology

A

Analysis of human impact

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8
Q

T or F Conservation Biology contributes to Ecology

A

False - Ecology contributes to Conservation Biology

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9
Q

What are the 3 Ecological points of view (list)

A

Descriptive, Functional, and Evolutionary

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10
Q

What is Descriptive Ecology

A

an ecological point of view that describes natural history and vegetation - the foundation

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11
Q

What is Functional Ecology

A

an ecological point of view of: dynamics and relationships, populations and communities, proximate causes (the how questions)

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12
Q

An example of Evolutionary Ecology

A

ex. fish change in size and age of first reproduction in response to a predator in Trinidad

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13
Q

What does Ecology do through its 3 points of view

A

it sheds light on distribution and abundance

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14
Q

What happens to our understanding as size gets larger (ie. molecules - organisms - biosphere)

A

It decreases

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15
Q

List the three approaches to Ecology

A

Theoretical, Laboratory, and Field

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16
Q

Define theoretical ecology

A

creative thinking and modeling to arrive at interesting ideas - use problems to investigate further ideas

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17
Q

Define laboratory ecology

A

take theoretical ideas to controlled conditions of the lab

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18
Q

Example of laboratory ecology

A

Fish aquaculture

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19
Q

Define field ecology

A

investigate in natural habitats where complexities are opening

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20
Q

example of field ecology

A

vole population changes over time

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21
Q

Define evolution

A

Change in allele frequencies through time in a population

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22
Q

What does evolution lead to

A

adaptation

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23
Q

Example of natural selection

A

Industrial melanism in Peppered Moths - initially majority white with black sprinkling but black form became common during revolution 1850s - black form on decline since 1950s since no longer industrial soot

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24
Q

List three types of natural selection

A

Directional, Stabilizing, and Disruptive selection

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25
Q

Define directional selection

A

Phenotype at one extreme is selected against

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26
Q

Ex directional selection

A

Galapagos Ground Finch Bill size - smaller billed birds only eat small seeds but larger can eat both so can survive better - bill depth distribution goes larger

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27
Q

Define stabilizing selection

A

Phenotype towards the mean is selected for

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28
Q

Ex stabilizing selection

A

Lesser Snow Goose in hatching synchrony - too early will be preyed upon, too late preyed upon - in the middle the dilution effect causes safety in #s

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29
Q

Define disruptive selection

A

phenotype at extremes are favored over the mean

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30
Q

ex disruptive selection

A

Three-spine stickleback in the lakes of BC - smaller morph evolved for surface living and larger morph evolved for benethic feeding

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31
Q

What is an optimality model

A

a model that assumes natural selection will achieve adaptations that are the best possible for each trait in terms of survival and reproduction

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32
Q

Determinate vs indeterminate layers (regarding clutch seize)

A

Some birds lay a given number of eggs whether or not some are removed whereas other birds will keep laying eggs to fill the nest after removals (mallard duck)

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33
Q

Lack’s Hypotheseis

A

Eggs determined by # of young the parents can provide with food

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34
Q

Blue Tit experiment & results - what is this an example of

A

Lay 9-11 eggs, changing this number caused a lower rate of success. This shows optimal clutch size/ Lack’s Hypothesis

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35
Q

Coevolutionary Arms Race

A

Selection will favor improvements on one side, then the other (predator-prey and host-parasite interactions)

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36
Q

Ex of coevolutionary arms race (bird)

A

Brown-headed cowbirds lay eggs in other birds nest so other female birds may fight the female cowbirds, or will kick out eggs in the nest that look different. Cowbirds are quickly laid and when hatched, have the instinct to roll all other eggs out of the nest so that they are the surviving offspring

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37
Q

ex of coevolutionary arms race (amphibian)

A

The garter snake has built up a resistance to the very toxic rough-skinned newt by slowly getting more used to the poison and then going back and forth

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38
Q

What are the four unities of natural selection

A

Individual selection, gametic selection, kin selection, and group selection

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39
Q

Define individual selection

A

most common type - the strongest wins

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40
Q

Define gametic selection + ex

A

factors w/sperm and egg - ex) pollen tube length

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41
Q

Define kin selection + ex

A

through relatives - ex) altruistic behaviour (squirrels)

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42
Q

define group selection

A

variable groups, extremely weak if at all

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43
Q

Define Behavioural Ecology

A

survival value of behaviour - how (proximate) and why (ultimate)

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44
Q

Cost-Benefit approach ex

A

Golden-winged sunbird defends a territory of 1600 flowers because 2000 too much E defending and 1000 selling self short

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45
Q

List the three stages of optimal migration

A

Time minimization, energy minimization, and cost of transport minimization

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46
Q

Define time minimization

A

early arrivals have an increased fitness - by it is countered by the high energy cost

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47
Q

Define energy minimization

A

favored when use of energy is high and food is uncommon along the way

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48
Q

Define cost of transport minimization

A

another energy minimization strategy that focuses on the entire annual life cycle

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49
Q

Describe the model that combines all three optimal migration stages

A

the two variables are the fuel deposition rate (fraction of body mass accumulated per day) and the departure load (fat and protein fraction of body mass)

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50
Q

What is the optimal migration stage for Reed Warblers

A

They cross the sahara desert and spent much more time in stop overs and used more energy there - Time minimization model is the best fit

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51
Q

Define infanticide and describe which animal is seen doing it (that we discussed in class)

A

when the male lions that are new to a pride come and kill all the non-weaned young

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52
Q

What can female lions do to avoid infanticide

A

Pseudostrus - they will take receptivity and if they are pregnant will emit the odors and do the behaviours that state that they are not

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53
Q

Example of Geographic distributions

A

The African honey bee was introduced to south america in 56 and they have spread but reached an upper and lower limit because of temperature, moisture, and pH

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54
Q

Geographic distributions are about …

A

Patterns and process

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55
Q

Describe successful and unsuccessful transplant experiments

A

If it is successful, it means that they just could not get their because of a barrier or because of habitat selection. Unsuccessful because other species or the physical or chemical environment

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56
Q

What is Liebig’s Law of the MInimum

A

It is limited by that factor in least amount relative to requirements, ex) single nutrient for crops

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57
Q

Shelford’s Law of Tolerance

A

controlled by the factor for which the organism has the narrowest range of tolerance

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58
Q

What are some (4) examples of Shelford’s Law of Tolerance

A 
T in fish - critical thermal methodology (plot a max and mix and make a polygon)
Sheepshead minnow (highest known max and repeat the tolerance measures)
Temp and moisture - may vary with life cycles and setting
Plant adaptation to serpentine soils - presents extreme conditions and in normal soils they do not do well
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59
Q

List the four biotic factors that limit distributions

A

Dispersal, Predators, Disease, and Competition

60
Q

List the two Abiotic Factors that limit distributions

A

Temperature and Moisture

61
Q

What are the three models of dispersal

A

Diffusion, Jump, and secular

62
Q

Define diffusion dispersal

A

gradual movement of a population typically through different areas over many generations

63
Q

what is an example of diffusion dispersal

A

California sea otter expanding its range north and south

64
Q

what is an example of jump dispersal

A

terrestrial species colonizing islands like spiders

65
Q

Define jump dispersal

A

movement of individual organisms across large distances like the Galapagos penguins

66
Q

define secular dispersal

A

diffusion dispersal where natural selection causes groups to evolutionarily diverge over time

67
Q

What is Reid’s Paradox

A

Discrepancy between how fast species are able to disperse versus what calculations show they should disperse

68
Q

What is an example of Reid’s Paradox

A

Oak trees spread after glacial recession - observed was 1000 but predicted was 36 - colonization rates are driven by extreme dispersal, not the average

69
Q

define predators

A

being eaten by another organism may affect their local distribution

70
Q

give a biotic example of predators

A

Rock wallabies and red foxes in Australia; the foxes were poisoned and the wallaby population was able to spread out

71
Q

Disease as a biotic factor

A

being pathogenic toward another organism may also affect their local distribution native birds in Hawaii

72
Q

Example of disease as a biotic factor

A

The avian pox and the avian malaria - both are transmitted by mosquito vectors that avoid cool temps

73
Q

competition as biotic factor

A

one species may out compete another and affect their distribution

74
Q

examples of competition

A

American mink introduced in the UK around 1900, then expanded expanded their range but declined because of competition

75
Q

What is the theme of abiotic factors

A

temperature, moisture, and pH

76
Q

What is an example of temperature at an abiotic level (twig)

A

Willow twigs collected in winter can survive lower than - -150 C

77
Q

What is an example of temperature at an abiotic level (bird)

A

North american passerine birds, black-capped chickadee with the strong selective pressure on energetic demands operating at low Ts

78
Q

define moisture as an abiotic factor

A

The ability to maintain water use and their distributions

79
Q

What are three things plants due to limit moisture less conditions

A

Improve water uptake at the roots (ex - rapid root growth into deeper areas)
Reduce water loss (close stomata and reduce leaf SA)
Store water efficiently

80
Q

What is the Common Garden

A

experiments that can tease out genetic affinities as evidence for adaptation to varying conditions

81
Q

Example of a common garden

A

The western yarrow of the mountain
Western - smaller plants that undergo dormancy
Eastern - late to flower due to weather
Results - major attributes maintained so it reveals a genetic component

82
Q

What is the general pattern of distribution and abundance

A

most species within a group have a small geographic range and only a few have very large ranges

83
Q

What are two examples of organisms with a small range size

A

North American Birds and the vascular plants in Britain

84
Q

What is an example of how patterns may not be consistent at smaller scales

A

Tetraphis moss clumps on individual trees and Great blue herons that follow weather

85
Q

Define Rapaport’s Rule

A

geographic range sizes listed for mammals decreased as one moved from polar to equitorial regions

86
Q

Example of Rapaport’s Rule (support)

A

for 523 species large range sizes are rare - shows that range size will decrease as latitude decreases (Canadian mammal larger ranges than Mexican mammals)

87
Q

Example of non-support of Rapaport’s Rule (bird)

A

North and South American woodpeckers have the smallest ranges at 20 latitude

88
Q

Rapaport’s Rule plus ELEVATION

A

Trees in Nepal the range size peaked at 1500 m - maybe it is O2 related

89
Q

List 3 ecological explanations for Rapoport’s Rule

A

Climactic variability, product of glaciation, and less competition near the poles

90
Q

What are the two predictions of climatic variability

A

1 - for terrestrial animals and plants tolerance should increase from tropical to polar
2- for marine organizms, T variation is greatest in temperate areas, with polar and tropical areas more stable

91
Q

What is climactic variability

A

One of the ecological explanations for rapaport’s rule that is the idea that it is greater at high altitudes and that temperature tolerances should be lower in tropical and polar areas

92
Q

What is product of glaciation

A

one of the ecological explanations of rapaport’s rule that says that following retreat only a few species could repopulate the northern regions which is why they ahve large geographic ranges

93
Q

What is less competition near the poles

A

one of the ecological explanations of rapaport’s rule that states that there is lower diversity and fewer species so they are able to take on larger geographic ranges

94
Q

Q: if a species is widespread is it always abundant? Or do rare species have small ranges?

A

More widespread species tend to be more abundant

95
Q

Hanskis Rule

A

distribution and abundance show a positive relationship

96
Q

Give two examples of Hanskis Rule

A

263 species of British moths show support (6-14 years of data)
World-wide data for ducks and geese shows very large support

97
Q

List 3 ecological explanations for Hanski’s Rule

A

Sampling model, ecological specialization model, and the local populations model

98
Q

what is the sampling model

A

one ecological explanation for Hanski’s Rule that argues that the observation is simply an artifact of sampling because rare species will artificially show such a pattern

99
Q

What is the ecological specialization model

A

one ecological explanation for Hanski’s Rule that states generalists will become abundant and wide-spread whereas specialists will only be able to exploit limited area

100
Q

What is are examples of generalists

A

White-tailed deer and blue jays

101
Q

what is the local population model

A

one ecological explanation for Hanski’s rule that take us to the idea of patchy distributions like that of the Great blue heron and moss - some organisms are just better at dispersing than others and will therefore be more widespread and abundant

102
Q

Q: if a species is declining in abundance, does it reduce it’s geographic range?

A

Complex -
Eastern Medowlark shows a positive rln - range shrinks as number declines
Common Grackles shows reverse pattern, range size increases as numbers decline

103
Q

Define a population

A

a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time

104
Q

Define deme

A

a genetic population, may be a breeding subdivision of a population

105
Q

Define density

A

number of individuals per unit area or volume

106
Q

List the four parameters that change density

A

Natality (births)
Mortality (deaths)
Immigration (mvmt in)
Emigration (mvmt out)

107
Q

Define unitary organisms

A

each individual is easily recognized as a separate genetic individual - ex is praying mantis and most other higher animals

108
Q

define modular organisms

A

zygote or spore forms a module that produces similar modules, common in plants and some invertebrates - ex Aspen tree grove and blades of grass

109
Q

what are the two levels of population structure modular organisms give way to?

A

Ramets and ganets

110
Q

Define ramets

A

modular unit - ex) a blade of grass, an aspen tree trunk

111
Q

Define ganet

A

genetic individuals composed of one or more modular unites - ex) tuft of grass, grove of aspen trees

112
Q

list the two broad approaches to estimate population density

A

Absolute density and relative density

113
Q

define absolute density

A

the number per unit area or volume - difficult to obtain

114
Q

define relative density

A

Represent some relatively constant but unknown relation to the total population size (deer) - quick and easy

115
Q

Define total counts

A

count all of the individuals in a given area and divide by the area or volume

116
Q

give two examples for total counts

A

trees in a desert and deer in a fenced in park

117
Q

what is the problem with total counts

A

they are very difficult to obtain

118
Q

Define sampling methods

A

collecting data on a sample in order to estimate the total population density

119
Q

what is a quadrat

A

count all individuals in a known subarea and extrapolate to the total area

120
Q

what are the three assumptions to be a reliable estimate for a quadrat

A

the numbers within the q must be accurate
area of q must be known
area of q must be representative of the total A

121
Q

how do we get a reliable estimate from a quadrat

A

random sampling

122
Q

what is an example of a reliable estimate for a quadrat being achieved (plant)

A

19, 21, 17, 19 individual dandelions of 10cm x 10cm to extrapolate to 1900 dan / m2

123
Q

what is an example of a reliable estimate for a quadrat being achieved (non plant)

A

Wireworms near cambridge, england - 240 random core samples contained 3,742 larvae which gives an estimate of 19.3 mil per ha

124
Q

define capture recapture

A

if you can capture animals, mark them, release them, and then the proportion marked in subsequent samples should be representative of the proportion marked in the entire population

125
Q

What is the Peterson Method

A

a capture recapture method for two samples at different times.
marked 2nd n = marked 1st n
total caught 2nd N (total pop size)

126
Q

Give an example of capture recapture

A

Trout - marked and released 109 and a few days later caught 177 of which 57 were marked - what is N?

338

127
Q

What are the assumptions of capture-recapture

A

All equal probability of being caught - Trap happy (underestimates number) vs Trap shy (overestimates number)
No incoming individuals between captures - flood mixing lake pop
Mark and Unmarked die / leave at same rate (marking snails bright red will make them die sooner)
No marks are lost (bands fall off birds (overestimates) or clipped fins grow back)

128
Q

what are some examples of how you can get relative density

A 
fecal pellets/ other articats
roadside counts
percent cover
vocalization frequency
pelt records
129
Q

Define natality

A

production of new individuals by births, hatching, germination, or fission

130
Q

Define fecundity

A

an organisms physiological potential reproductive capacity

131
Q

EX of potential fecundity

A

one female salamander may lay several hundred eggs per year

132
Q

Define fertility

A

Ecological potential, number of viable young produced during a period of time

133
Q

EX realized fertility

A

Same female salamander may have 30 young during a 2 year period

134
Q

Relationship between fecundity and potential care

A

They are inversely related

135
Q

Define mortality

A

deaths, why organisms die and how others avoid it

136
Q

Define longevity

A

age of death of individuals within a population

137
Q

define potential longevity

A

maximum lifespan as set by physiology (old age - usually observed in lab)

138
Q

define realized longevity

A

following disease, predation, or other natural hazards - usually observed in the field

139
Q

Example of longevity (bird)

A

Great Horned owls have 30-40 in captivity but only 7-10 in the wild

140
Q

Example of longevity (not bird)

A

Humans - in Rome 21 yo, England 1780s 39, 2007 US 81

141
Q

Immigration and Emigration define

A

movement in and out of the population (dispersal)

142
Q

What 3 things do immigration and emigration do

A

it prevents inbreeding, limits geographic distribution, affects community composition

143
Q

give a negative example of immigration and emigration

A

small songbirds do not live very long because of how challenging it is

144
Q

How do you collect data for immigration and emigration

A

Data collected with radio transmitters

145
Q

Define Evolutionary ecology

A

An ecological point of view that examines ultimate causes - the why

146
Q

An example of functional ecology

A

The plant communities in Florida Wetlands

FSU - Biology 442 - Ecology (4 decks)

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