Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FSU - Biology 442 - Ecology > Exam 2 - Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Lecture Notes Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define life table

A

age-specific mortality schedule of a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define cohort life table

A

an age-specific mortality schedule based on following a cohort throughout life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define the variables in the life table (x nx lx dx qx)

A 
x = age 
nx = # alive at age x
lx = proportion surviving from start to age x
dx = # dying during age interval x to x+1
qx = per capita rate of mortality during age interval x to x+1
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define a Type I survivorship curve

A

Low mortality for most of life (higher mortality of older organisms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Example of Type I survivorship pop

A

Humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define a survivorship curve

A

Per capita rate plotted on a logarithmic scale to make a curve - uses Nx column of life table

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define a Type II survivorship curve

A

Constant rate of mortality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Example of a Type II survivorship curve

A

Small mamals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define Type III survivorship curve

A

High mortality rates early in life, followed by a lower/constant mortality rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Examples of Type III survivorship curve

A

Invertebrates, Song sparrow of BC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define static life table

A

calculated from cross section of a population at a specific time, like a snapshot. Easy for humans (census) harder for plants and animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Example of a static life table

A

Human females in Canada, 2006 - data taken from a census

Find the age intervals, fill in data, calculate qx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the three types of data used for non-human life tables (list)

A

Survivorship directly observed
Age at death observed
Age structure directly observed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is surviroship directly observed

A

Following a single cohort until death to create a cohort life table

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Example of surviroship directly observed

A

Connell’s classic competition experiment following two species of barnacles Chthalamus and Semibalanus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the assumptions of age at death observed and what is it

A

1 - that the pop size is constant through t
2 - birth and death rates for each group are constant
This is a method for creating a non-human life table

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Examples of age at death observed (3)

A

1 - Baboons in Kenya National Park - 274 females ID and aged at death
2 - Murie examined Dall Sheep in National Park Alaska - direct observations and collecting skulls (608) analyzed to create static life table
3 - Human demography data collected from cemetery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define age structure directly observed and state an assumption

A

Forming static life tables by determining how many individuals exist at each age. Assume constant age distribution (rare)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Examples of age structure directly observed

A

1 - fish through otolith and body scales

2 - tree rings through core samples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define Malthusian parameter

A

The intrinsic capacity for increase (r) determined by combined effects of both the environment and certain innate qualities of the organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the variables of the malthusian parameter and what do they mean

A

lx - capacity for increase (proportion surviving to age x)
bx - births (# of female offspring produced per female aged x to x+1, often only females counted)
R0 - net reproductive rate - rate per generation obtained by lx * bx and summing across all groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define net reproductive rate (R0)

A

The rate per generation obtained by multiplying lx and bx and then summing across all groups, which weighs natality against number of survivors per interval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define R0 values vs 1

A

R0 = 1, pop replaces itself exactly = stable
R0 < 1, pop decreasing
R0 >1, pop increasing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What did Lotka show that would eventually create a stable age distribution? What is the equation?

A

That when a pop has constant natality and mortality rates, it would approach a stable age distribution
dN/dt = rN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the mean length of generation in terms of r?

A

r = ( ln R0) / G where G = 1 , r = ln R0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

For mean length of generation in terms of r, define significance of r in relation to 0

A

r = 0, pop stable
r > 0, pop up
r < 0, pop down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Define finite rate of increase (lambda)

A

net reproductive rate over a certain t interval - long t interval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is lambda equal to and what does it mean in comparison to 1

A

lambda = R 0
lambda = 1, stable
lambda > 1, up
lambda <1, down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define population dispersion

A

pattern of spacing among individuals within a certain area (NOT DISPERSAL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

List the three main types of dispersion

A

Clumped Distribution
Random Distribution
Uniform Distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Define clumped distribution

A

A model of dispersion where individuals have a higher probability of being found in some area than in others = pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Animal example of clumped distribution

A

school of fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Plant example of clumped distribution

A

Plants, but water in a desert

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the process of clumped distribution

A

Attraction b/t individuals or attraction of individuals to a common resource - perhaps more common in areas with spotty resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Define Uniform Distribution

A

A model of dispersion where the individuals are regularly spaced = pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Example of uniform distribution

A

Birds on a wire (distance to peck)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the process of uniform distribution

A

Result of antagonistic interactions b/t individuals or local depletion of resources - where individuals repel each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Define Random distribution

A

A model of dispersion where the individuals have an equal chance of living anywhere within the area, cannot predict one with knowledge of another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the process of random distribution

A

A result of neutral interactions between individuals and even between them and the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the types of population growth

A

Exponential Pop. growth

Logistic Pop. growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Define exponential pop growth & state what kind of pop appropriate for

A

Continuous pop growth in an unlimited environment appropriate for a pop w/ overlapping generations - the rate of growth keeps increasing over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the equation for exponential pop growth and define the variables and state if constant

A

dN/ dt = r(m)N
r(m) = max per capita rate of increase - constant
N = pop size - increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Example of exponential pop growth

A

Scots Pine colonizing after a glacial recession - used pollen from lake sediments and grew at exponential rates for 500 yr about 9500 years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Define logistic pop growth & state curve shape

A

As pop size increase, growth rate eventually slows and then ceases as pop size levels off, resulting in a s-shaped curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Define carrying capacity (K)

A

The number of individuals of a particular pop that the environment can support
When growth stops, b=d, growth = 0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Equation for logistic pop growth and explain variables

A

dN/dt = r(m) *N *(1 - N/K)
r(m) = max per capita rate of increase (usually larger than r - realized per capita rate of increase)
(1- N/K) gets smaller until N=K where growth is then 0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

In the logistic model, what does realized per capita rate of increase depend on

A

r= r(m) *(1-N/K) is dependent on the population size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

In logistic growth, what is the relationship between r, r(m) and N?

A

When in is very small, r approx equals r(m)
As N increase, r will decrease until N=K and then r=0
It is a straight line with r decreasing as N increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

For the logistic model, compare N and K

A

N < K, r is positive as pop grows
N = K, r = 0 and growth stops
N > K, r is negative and pop declines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is an example of logistic pop growth lab

A

Paramecium (Gause) put 20 in a tube and added constant quantity of bacteria each day as food and every 2nd day he washed away waste.
Growth was slow 5 days, rapid 5 days, then leveled off after 10 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Example of logistic pop growth in the field

A

Ibex pop following successful reintroduction to switzerland; slow to increase early, mid-30s increase, level off in the 60s and then oscillations around K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are the assumptions of the logistic model

A

1 - the rln b/t density and rate of increase is linear
2 - the pop has a stable age distribution initially
3 - the density has been measured in appropriate units
4 - the depressive influence of density on the rate of increase operates instantaneously without any time lags

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is an example of the density being measured in appropriate units for the logistic model?

A

Flies - model may be adding larger individuals at the start of growth and smaller individuals near the end - maybe it would be more accurate to measure biomass instead of flies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

List the types of models of Logistic growth

A

Deterministic models

Stochastic models

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Define deterministic models

A

A model of logistic growth that, given certain initial conditions, predicts one exact outcome (red line) with a clean, smooth line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Define stochastic models

A

A model of logistic growth that recognizes that population trends represent outcomes of many individual probabilities, with some observations higher than normal and others lower.
Use given data to create prob masses that represent a range of possible values the pop could follow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Example of stochastic model factors

A

1 - # of young born per female or # taken by predators

2 - flip a coin to determine # of offspring, h = 1 t = 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Define competition

A

two species seek or use the same limited resource to the detriment of both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Ex competition b/t 2

A

Owl vs red-tailed hawk - both eat same types of things, and the owl even uses the red hawk nest

60
Q

What kinds of things do plants compete for

A

Light, water, nutrients, space, or even pollinators

61
Q

What kinds of things do animals compete for

A

Water, food, mates (access to mates), or space for safe nesting/roosting

62
Q

Ex competition in the wild

A

More than just 2 species - Red-tailed Hawk, Broad-winged Hawk and Great Horned Owl
broad and red are in the same genus, but the broad is smaller

63
Q

Define resource competition

A

Utilize common resources that are in short supply. Doesn’t need to be directly, just thru gain and use where all individuals affected equally

64
Q

Define interference competition

A

Harm one another in the process even if the resource is not in short supply

65
Q

Example of interference competition

A

Wolf and coyote - both nocturnal and both eat small animals

66
Q

What are the two models of interspecific resource competition

A
  1. Lotka - Volterra competition model

2. Tilman’s Competition model

67
Q

What is the Lotka- Volterra Competition Model

A

It is an interspecific resource competition model that predicts coexistence of 2 species when, for both species, interspecific competition is weaker than intraspecific competition
Otherwise, one species is predicted to exclude the other

68
Q

Define species 1 and species 2 of Lotka Volterra and give an example

A

Species 1 - high utilization rate, 16 individuals supported (wolf)
Species 2 - much less utilization per individual, so 64 supported (coyote)

69
Q

Give the logistic equations for species 1 and 2 in the Lotka - Volterra model

A 
dN1/dt = r1N1 [( K1 - N1 - alphaN2 )/K1]
dN2/dt = r2N2 [K2 - N2 - betaN1)/K2]
70
Q

What are the competition coefficients of the Lotka volterra model and what does that mean

A

alphaN2 and betaN1 show the effect on an individual of the species stated in the above, on the pop growth of the opposite species

71
Q

Competition coefficients compared to 1

A

alpha > 1, competitive effect of an individual of speccies 2 on the pop growth of species one is GREATER THAN that of an individual of species 1

alpha < 1, the copetitive effect of an individual of species 2 on the pop growth of species 1 is LESS THAN that of an individual of species 1

72
Q

When will Lotka-Volterra pop growth stop?

A

When N1=K1-alphaN2 and N2= K2 - betaN1

73
Q

L.V. growth model graph - equilibrium stable vs unstable

A

Equilibrium: when the lines cross in a graph
Stable: when vectors are directed towards the point (K1 and K2 are on the INSIDE)
Unstable: when vectors are directed away from the point (K1 and K2 are on the OUTSIDE)

74
Q

growth model L.V. - how do you know which species “wins”

A

N1 wins when the N2 isocline is contained within the N1 space (look at axis)

75
Q

Define Tilman’s growth model

A

Similar to Lotka-Volterra but with a mechanism - considers a response to 2 essential resources, and the rate of consumption of each

76
Q

Response to 2 essential resources - what it means to increase or decrease

A

when either resource is low, pop declines
both are high, pop increases
Zero growth isocline is in the middle

77
Q

Plant and animal examples of 2 essential resources

A

plant - H20 and N

animal - calories and Na+

78
Q

What is the rate of consumption for the tilman model determined by?

A

It is determined by the slope of consumption vectors

79
Q

Evidence in the lab of the tilman model - gause

A

2 species of yeast : the limiting factor was narrowed to [ethyl alcohol] as waste built up

80
Q

Evidence in the lab of tilman model - bug

A

two species of grain beetle with limiting factor determined to be environmental T

81
Q

Define niche

A

sum of environmental factors that influence the growth, survival, and reproduction of a species (when, where, and how a species makes its living)

82
Q

Define competitive exclusion

A

Gause stated that 2 species with identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely

83
Q

What 2 things does the competitive exclusion principle state about when 2 species compete

A

1- one species will be a more effective competitor for limited resources
2 - eventually exclude all individuals of the second species

84
Q

What is a fundamental niche

A

The physical conditions under which a species might live in the absence of interactions with other species

85
Q

What is a realized niche

A

The portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually exploits in the presence of competitors

86
Q

Example of realized niche

A

2 species of Barnacles -Chthamalus is smaller and better able to resist desiccation so they live on the higher rocks whereas Balanus is on the lower. But, when Balanus removed, Chthamalus lives everywhere

87
Q

Define competitive release

A

Shift in a species niche as a result of competition - converse of competitive exclusion

88
Q

Define niche overlap

A

When 2 or more organisms use a portion of the same resource simultaneously, food or habitat

89
Q

Give an example of niche overlap

A

feeding positions of 5 warbler species in coniferous forests

90
Q

Define character displacement

A

Resulting from directional selection for reduced niche overlap

91
Q

Define character release

A

response to removal of a competitor

92
Q

Example of character release

A

Grebes, both prey on small fish, so there was a change in bill morphology. When together, red-necked only 40mm and great-crested is 50 but apart both 50

93
Q

List the two life history strategies

A

r selection

K selection

94
Q

Define r selection

A

A life history strategy that favors a higher population growth rate - strongest in the species often colonizing new or disturbed habitats

95
Q

Define k selection

A

A life history strategy that favors more efficient utilization of resources such as food and nutrients - strongest in species with pop near their carrying capacity

96
Q

Define exploitation

A

One organism makes its living at the expense of another

97
Q

Define herbivoes

A

consume plant material but rarely kill them

98
Q

define predators

A

kill and consume other organisms

99
Q

define parasites

A

live on the tissues of their hosts, but generally do not kill them

100
Q

define parasitoids

A

insect whose larvae consume its host, killing it in the process

101
Q

define pathogens

A

include disease, a debilitating condition, in their host

102
Q

Example in our lab of parasitoid, predator, and herbivore

A

Gall Fly is herbivore, wasps are the parasitoids, and birds are the predator

103
Q

Define the parameters of the Lotka-Volterra pop cycle

A

1 - that the host pop grows at an exponential rate

2 - that the host pop size is limited by its parasites, pathogens or predators

104
Q

What is the equation for the Lotka-volterra prey pop cycle with variables defined

A

rate of change = dNh/dt = r(h)N(h) -pN(h)N(p)
r(h)N(h) = exponential growth of the host pop
pN(h)N(p) = deaths due to parasitism or predation
N(h) = # hosts
N(p) = # predators

105
Q

What is the equation for the Lotka-volterra predator pop cycle with variables defined

A

rate of change = dNp/dt = cpN(h)N(p)-d(p)N(p)
N(h) = # hosts
N(p) = # of parasites or predators
cpN(h)N(p) = rate at which predators or parasites convert hosts to offspring
pN(h)N(p) = rate at which exploiters destroy host
c = conversion rate into offspring
d(p)N(p) = predator deaths

106
Q

What are the only two variables in the lotka-volterra predator and prey pop cycle equations?

A

N(h) and N(p)

107
Q

What are the two assumptions of the Lotka-Volterra pop cycle

A

1 - neither the host nor the exploiter are subject to carrying capacities
2- changes in either pop are instantaneously translated into responses in the other pop (unrealistic)

108
Q

What are the results of the Lotka-Volterra pop cycle

A

Reciprocal effects on host and exploiter pops with reciprocal oscillations when #s plotted against t

109
Q

When do you get an elliptical oscillation as the lotka-volterra pop cycle graph?

A

When you plot host #s to exploiter #s

110
Q

Example in the lab of Lotka-Volterra pop cycle

A

Gause - predator = aquatic protazoan Didinium; prey = paramecium
Grow together - both extinct
Sediment added to bottom - predators ate all available/non-hiding prey then go extinct, prey pop then increase
Only maintain oscillations if periodically added (immigration) individuals of both pops (no refuges)

111
Q

What are the two components of predation?

A

functional response

numerical response

112
Q

Define functional response

A

response of an average predator to the abundance of prey - whether an individual predator eats more prey when they are abundant

113
Q

Define numerical response

A

response of a predator pop to a change in prey density - whether the density of prey will change as prey numbers increase

114
Q

Example of functional response

A

Lynx exhibit Type II and cannot eat above certain level, fixed by handling time

115
Q

Example of numerical response

A

Lynx #s increase as hare #s increase - lag effects and prey response to form a counterclockwise spiral shape

116
Q

Where is the largest biomass of plants consumed by herbivores?

A

In the grasslands at 30-50% of all consumption

117
Q

List the four hypothesis of plant defense

A

1 - Optimal Defense Hypothesis
2 - Resource Availability Hypothesis
3 - Plant Stress Hypothesis
4 - Plant Vigor Hypothesis

118
Q

Define the optimal defense hypothesis

A

Defenses maximize individual fitness but there is a high cost - supported by the apparent plant theory

119
Q

What is the plant apparency theory

A

States that the type and amount of defense varies with the vulnerability of the tissue and that some plants have quantitative defenses (tannins and resins) whereas others have qualitative defenses

120
Q

What is an apparent plant

A

An apparent plant is easily found and usually contains quantitative defense compounds - tannins and resins

121
Q

What is an unapparent plant

A

An unapparent plant is not easily found and usually contains qualitative defenses - general poisons

122
Q

What is the problem with the plant apparency theory

A

Telling if a plant is apparent or not

123
Q

What is the resource availability hypothesis

A

Plants with more resources available will be able to grow faster

124
Q

Define slow growing plant

A

A plant that stands to lose more to herbivores (difficult to replace) and thus invest more in defense compounds

125
Q

Example slow growing plant

A

tree

126
Q

define fast-growing plant

A

stand to lose less to herbivores (tissues easily replaced) invest less in defense compounds

127
Q

example fast-growing plant

A

Grasses

128
Q

What is the prediction of the resource availability hypothesis

A

the higher the growth rate, the lower the investment in defenses

129
Q

Define inducible defenses

A

When plants activate chemical defenses only when attacked (induced by herbivore) - most valuble tissues well defended

130
Q

Example of inducible defenses

A

Ascophyllum snails induced tannins in basil shoots in two weeks

131
Q

What are two things herbivores do to be not helpless

A

evolve enzymes to detoxify plant chemicals and alter their life cycle to avoid plant chemicals

132
Q

What is the plant stress hypothesis

A

Abiotically stressed plants become optimal for herbivory, increased nitrogen yet reduced water

133
Q

what is the plant vigor hypothesis

A

Herbivores attack vigorously growing plants rather than stressed plants

134
Q

what is an example of the plant vigor hypothesis

A

Moose browse young growing green shoots of birch trees and seems to be immune to plant defense chemicals

135
Q

Is herbivory detrimental?

A

Not all herbivory is detrimental - grazing on grasses can be positive

136
Q

Define mutualism

A

interactions between individuals of different species that benefit both

137
Q

define facultative mutualism

A

species that can live without their mutualistic partner

138
Q

define obligate mutualism

A

species that cannot live without their mutualistic partner

139
Q

Plants and mychorrhizal fungi example

A

fungi provides plants with greater access to phosphorus, copper, zinc and N
Plants provide fungi with carbohydrates

140
Q

What are the two types of mycorrihizal fungi

A

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)

Ectomycorrhizae (ECM)

141
Q

What three things arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) produces

A

1- arbuscules - sites of exchange b/t plant and fungi
2- hyphae - special fungal filaments efficient water uptake
3- vesicles - fungal E storage organs in root cortex cells

142
Q

What is ectomycorrhizae

A

the fungus forms a mantle around the roots and a net-like structure around root cells

143
Q

What is the relationship between ants and the swollan-thorn acacia

A

The acacia provides the ants with: shelter, food, beltian bodies (leaflet tips with concentrated oils and protein), and foliar nectaries (sugar and liquie)
Acacia benefits by having its shoots growing faster when they are present and having less predators

144
Q

What is diffuse mutualism

A

Involving more than one species, as in some pollinators and others

145
Q

What is an example of diffuse mutualis

A

Coniferous trees, mycorrhizae, and voles in the pacific northwest
Tree depends on fungi for nutrient uptake (obligate)
Fungi depends on coniferous for E in carbo form (obligate)
Fungi has facultative rln with voles bc they eat the fruiting bodies
Coniferous has facultative with voles bc they will spread spores in fecal pellets to new trees

FSU - Biology 442 - Ecology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions