Exam 2 TextBook

Question 1

What are the Three Dimensions of Persuasion?

Answer 1

• Attitude Change
• Behavior Change
• Persistent Change

Question 2

What is the Drench Hypothesis

Answer 2

the power of “critical images” to overwhelm the stereotypical ones that appear regularly. These images are the ones that stand out, are deviant, intense, and thus more important viewing experiences.

Question 3

what is the drip drip hypothesis

Answer 3

media cultivation/effects emerge after steady, long-term exposure

Question 4

what is the 6 principles of the weapons of influence

Answer 4

o	reciprocity
o	commitment and consistency
o	social proof
o	liking
o	authority
o	scarcity

Question 5

What are the characteristics of the source that can contribute to persuasiveness?

Answer 5

• Credibility
• Expertise
• Trustworthiness

Question 6

What are the effects of simplicity and repetition on persuasion?

Answer 6

• Simplicity and repetition
o Ppl can become bored, persuasive impact decrease
o Need regular new life

Question 7

What are the effects of humor on persuasion?

Answer 7

o If ppl are laughing, not thinking of msg.

o Distraction

Question 8

what are the effects of fear on persuasion

Answer 8

o Protection motivation theory: fear convince audience of threat and their vulnerability to it → tell how to respond effectively to threat
o If audience sees that yielding to msg will be costly in some way, might not be effective

Question 9

what are the effects of guilt on persuasion

Answer 9

o Works but also ppl tend to devalue ppl who make them feel guilty
o Can backfire

Question 10

is subliminal persuasion effect

Answer 10

yes

Question 11

What does it mean when the results are due to a “placebo effect”?

Answer 11

• It is an illusory effect because no effects actually occurred.
• I.e. tape says “memory” on cover, subjects thought it increased their memory. Not true.

Question 12

Know Cantor’s research findings about the fear responses of children in different age groups.

Answer 12

• 2-7yrs think perceptually
o respond to fear by characters that look grotesque and menacing
• 7+ years more conceptual/abstract thought
o more fear from events that could actually occur in real world

Question 13

What is the difference between cognitive and non cognitive strategies to reduce fear in children?

Answer 13

• Cognitive: encourage children to think bout things they already know and relate them to the aspects of the movie that are scary
• Non-Cognitive: refrain from trying to encourage child to think about source of fear → use distractions, avoid.

Question 14

What might account for the fact that certain fear reactions to media have long-term effects.

Answer 14

• The theory of excitation transfer: entire arousal system kicks into gear.
• Heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, etc, arousal doesn’t return to baseline quickly

Question 15

Why do certain individuals actually enjoy frightening media?

Answer 15

• Excitation Transfer: this arousal intensifies any emotion that a person feels, this positive emotion at the end of film can be intense.
• Might have minor relief film s over, kind of euphoria

Question 16

What is the theory of mood management?

Answer 16

• excitatory potential
• absorption potential
• semantic affinity
• hedonic valence

Question 17

what is excitatory potential in mood management

Answer 17

can influence lvls of arousal

Question 18

what is absorption potential in mood management

Answer 18

some media presentations totally absorb us in the content, others don’t.
o Good mood, less absorption. Bad mood, more absorption.

Question 19

what is semantic affinity in mood management

Answer 19

association with positive/negative moods

Question 20

what is hedonic valence in mood management

Answer 20

pleasant depictions, happier. Unpleasant, not happier.

Question 21

What are Schemas. How do they impact our perceptions of others?

Answer 21

• Schemas help to organize thoughts
• General set of expectations that you might have for ppl who hold same role as the specific person you’re thinking about.

Question 22

How have women been portrayed in the media?

Answer 22

• Men far outnumber women
• Men shown w/ more power, women powerless
• Women in full range of stereotypical depictions

Question 23

What are the texts concerns about the relationship between depicted stereotypes in the media and actual effects?

Answer 23

• Stereotypical depictions do influence attitudes and behavior in a direction consistent w/ the stereotype.

Question 24

How do images of “thinness” impact behavior in females?

Answer 24

• Internalize idea to be “thin”, media plays role in Body dissatisfaction/Body-image disturbance
• Natural tendency to engage in social comparison, compare bodies w/ those depicted in media

Question 25

How have African Americans been portrayed in the news and what are the implications

Answer 25

• Not shown on TV as much as whites and when they are, they are overrepresented as criminals

Question 26

Why is content analysis more prominent in the area of media stereotypes than studies on effects?

Answer 26

• Solid conclusions about the content of the media much easier to generate than solid conclusions bout the impact of media.

Question 27

What exactly is Face-ism and what does the research reveal about males and females?

Answer 27

* Face-ism refers to tendency to represent ppl w/ their face /head as opposed to their body. * Males more likely to be represented in terms of heads/face, females more likely to be represented w/ their bodies.

Question 28

What does the AAP article say about advertising to children in other countries

Answer 28

• Other countries are making bans on ads against children, US still has trouble w/ these regulations

Question 29

What are the issues of concern w/ ads in schools?

Answer 29

* Ads appearing more and more in schools. * Has become a prominent issue * Schools ads are even appearing under educational TV

Question 30

Is there any evidence for the effectiveness of media education?

Answer 30

* Media education seems to be protective in mitigating harmful effects of media including the effects of cigs, alcohol, and foods. * Suggest informing kids on media literacy.

Question 31

According to the AAP, in what ways does the viewing of TV contribute to obesity?

Answer 31

* Increased sedentary activity and displacement of more physical pursuits * Unhealthy eating practices learned from media * Increased snacking while viewing * Interference w/ normal sleep pattern

Question 32

What role does a TV in the bedroom contribute to obesity?

Answer 32

* TV set in room exacerbates impact of TV viewing on children’s weight * Teens w/ tv spent more time watching tv, less time being physically active, ate fewer family meals, had greater consumption of sweetened bevs, and ate fewer vegetables than did teens w/out a tv in bed.

Question 33

What are the effects of media on sleep habits?

Answer 33

* Tv disturbs young ppls sleep patterns * Evidence that associates obesity * Increased snacking & consume bad foods, sleep deprivation leads to fatigue and then sedentary behavior, metabolic changes as well.

Question 34

What does the AAP recommend regarding the advertising of “junk food” during programs predominately viewed by children?

Answer 34

• Pediatricians should encourage parents to discuss food ads w/ children as they water and teach their kids bout appropriate nutrition.

Question 35

What role does the depiction of tobacco and alcohol use in movies have on adolescent’s behavior?

Answer 35

• Ads make smoking and drinking seem like normative activities and may function as “superpeer” in subtly pressuring teenagers to experiment.

Question 36

On TV, what drugs are portrayed, and which one seems to be the most prevalent.

Answer 36

* Illicit drugs rarely seen on tv * Marijuana is the most frequent drug seen in movies * Media undermines drug use and legitimizes their use

Question 37

What recommendations does the AAP make for movie depictions and advertising w/ regard to tobacco and alcohol?

Answer 37

* Pediatricians should encourage the entertainment industry to have greater sensitivity bout effects of tv/movies and accept that the industry does have public health responsibility. * Cig smoke in movies shud be avoided at all cost and not glamourized * Alcohol use shud not be seen as normal behavior and the idea of “funny drunk” should be retired.

Question 38

What has been the effects of graphic warning labels in countries like Canada?

Answer 38

* Found that real world warning labels work – more effective * Makes them think about health risks

Question 39

Why might graphic warning labels not be effective?

Answer 39

* Could have unintended consequences * Ideas that smokers subconscious defensive reactions may mean that they ignore the scary warning, making the warning less effective than policymakers believe they are.