Exam 2 Class Notes

Question 1

What is persuasion?

Answer 1

attempt to influence other person belief, attitude, or actions thru comm

Question 2

what types of changes take place during persuasion

Answer 2

• create new attitude
• reinforcement of existing attitude
• “changing” an attitude

Question 3

What is consistency

Answer 3

• basic human need
• seek consistency
• inconsistent=stress
• motivation to reduce

Question 4

what is the cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 4

• occur when attitude/behavior inconsistent = dissonance

- try to resolve

Question 5

what do we use to examine persuasion

Answer 5

• the source
• the message
• the audience

Question 6

Explain the Central Route in Persuasion

Answer 6

• difficult
• lots of cognitive functions
• questions/arguments
• leads to long-term attitude changes
• if persuaded, strong change

Question 7

Explain the Peripheral Route in Persuasion

Answer 7

• not strong
• just hearing something
• not involve much cognitive effort
• may occur in many ways
• short term attitude changes

Question 8

What is the Elaboration Liklihood Model

Answer 8

• explains the process of persuasion by identifying the liklihood of person to elaborate cognitively
• 2 distinct routes: peripheral, central

Question 9

What makes a source more credible

Answer 9

• competent (experts?)

- trustworthy

Question 10

what is the sleeper effect

Answer 10

-remember message, but forget who said it

Question 11

Why are communicators we like more effective?

Answer 11

• similarity
• attractiveness
• wont have strong effect on controversial topics

Question 12

what are fear appeals

Answer 12

can change behavior by scare tactics and then giving ways to deal w/ issues

Question 13

what factors determine if a fear appeal works

Answer 13

• liklihood of being exposed to threat
• seriousness of threat
• effectiveness or recommendation
• personal efficacy: perceived ability to perform action

Question 14

what is selective exposure

Answer 14

ppl tend to watch, listen, and remember media messages that are consistent w/ their attitudes

Question 15

what is cradle to grave marketing

Answer 15

children develop loyalties to particular brands at early age and it stays with them for life

Question 16

what makes an ad deceptive

Answer 16

if it contains statement or omits that:

• misleading consumers
• is “material”, important to consumer’s decision to buy

Question 17

what are some regulations placed for children on tv

Answer 17

• regulate on “broadcast” tv
• internet bypasses all regs
• restriction on time for ads
• regulate separation between programs & commercial
• self-regulatory policies (disclaimers)

Question 18

what are childrens comprehension on ads

Answer 18

• do not comprehend selling intent of ads
• no recognition of bias, believe truth & trust
• do not understand disclaimers

Question 19

what does research say about heavy exposure to tv food ads, what are they associated with?

Answer 19

• nutritional misperceptions: unhealthy items seen as nutritious
• eating habits are formed during childhood and go until adult

Question 20

what are the 2 components of emotion

Answer 20

• physiological - increased heart rate, breathing

- cognitive - we think bout feelins & make attributions

Question 21

what are vicarious emotional experiences

Answer 21

-we exp. emotion thru someone elses experience

Question 22

how can the context of fear determine our emotions

Answer 22

• watch horror alone = fear

- watch horror w/ group = humor

Question 23

what is stimulus generalization

Answer 23

stimuli that evoke fear reactions spread to other related events

Question 24

what is direct simulation

Answer 24

fear that centers in the brain

Question 25

what is fear an emotional response to?

Answer 25

avoidance/escape

Question 26

when does anxiety reduce the horror effect

Answer 26

- only w/ mild fear | - danger can be effectively counteracted

Question 27

what are the two mechanisms that produce an indirect response of fear

Answer 27

- empathy: identification w/ character - vicarious involvement: fear of audience in situations where characters are unafraid cuz they are unaware of impending danger

Question 28

what are some developmental differences of fear for different age groups

Answer 28

- 3-8yrs- monsters, ghost, supernatural, etc. - 9-12yrs- threats of injury/danger to self/loved ones - 12+- personal injury, social/peer pressures and accompanying fears & global fears

Question 29

what are the reasons for perceptual differences in children and fear

Answer 29

- perceptual dependence - reality vs. fantasy - abstract threats

Question 30

what are some strategies for coping with fear

Answer 30

- noncognitive | - cognitive

Question 31

what is the noncognitive strategy for coping with fear

Answer 31

- not require viewer to process verbal info. - visual desensitization - physical activity

Question 32

what is the cognitive stategy for coping with fear

Answer 32

- require activation of cognitive process - children told to remember prog. not real - offer reassuring info bout min danger of any threats in media

Question 33

what is visual desensitization when coping with fear

Answer 33

gradual exposure to threatening images in nonthreatening context

Question 34

what is perception

Answer 34

how we select, organize, and interpret the info

Question 35

how do we perceive the physical world

Answer 35

- we do not perceive the world as random collection of sensory info. - active process that imposes order and meaning - attention - organization - interpretation

Question 36

what is the active process that imposes order and meaning in our lives

Answer 36

- attention - organization - interpretation

Question 37

how do we understand humans and their behavior

Answer 37

- we try to simplify complex info we perceive | - our biases lead to errors in our conclusions

Question 38

what are stereotypes

Answer 38

- beliefs that all members of a grp share the same set of characteristics, attitudes, or life conditions. - relatively stable and hard to change - learn from media

Question 39

when is social learning the strongest

Answer 39

when: - we watch lots of media - believe the content is real - few other alt sources of info

Question 40

what is the cultivation theory in media

Answer 40

conception of world reflected what is seen on tv

Question 41

what are 4 stages of minority portrayals

Answer 41

- non-recognition - do not exist - ridicule - minority member is stereotypes - regulation - appear as protectors of existing order - respect - same roles as majority

Question 42

what are self schemas

Answer 42

mental representations of one's "own personality attributes, social roles, past exp, future goals, and the like. -our "self-concept"

Question 43

what does research suggest about media exposure to adolescent girls and their self schemas

Answer 43

lead to negative self-schemas in regard to body image and future aspirations

Question 44

what are some effects of exposure to stereotypes in media

Answer 44

- estimations - stereotypes judgments - reinforcement of pre-existing stereotypes - effects on self-esteem - influences on professional, career, and life choices

Question 45

what is the relationship between obesity and media

Answer 45

- displacement of more active pursuits | - increased energy intake - more snacking, soft drinks, eating more fast food

Question 46

explain how body image is related to media

Answer 46

- today young girls try to attain body shapes dictated by media norms - extreme vulnerability

Question 47

What does the AAP say about media on sleep habits

Answer 47

-tv and other media known to displace/disturb young sleep patterns

Question 48

what are some determinants of drug and alcohol use

Answer 48

- peers (peer pressure) - family - personality (risk takers) - media (super peers)

Question 49

what does exposure to smoking do for teens

Answer 49

increase teens positive views of smoking and perception that most adults smoke

Question 50

what does exposure to alcohol do for teens

Answer 50

- adolescents exposed to alcohol ads are more likely to: - believe drinkers possess qualities displayed - more positive beliefs on drinking - drunk = acceptable

Question 51

what are some solutions from strausburger to aid in fighting against media and alcohol and drug use

Answer 51

- development of literacy programs - ban on cig ads and restrict alcohol ads - more aggressive counter ads - increased sensitivity on part of entertainment industry to the health issue - reassessment of the DD campain - revision of rating system for both tv/movies