Exam 2 Class Notes Flashcards
What is persuasion?
attempt to influence other person belief, attitude, or actions thru comm
what types of changes take place during persuasion
- create new attitude
- reinforcement of existing attitude
- “changing” an attitude
What is consistency
- basic human need
- seek consistency
- inconsistent=stress
- motivation to reduce
what is the cognitive dissonance theory
- occur when attitude/behavior inconsistent = dissonance
- try to resolve
what do we use to examine persuasion
- the source
- the message
- the audience
Explain the Central Route in Persuasion
- difficult
- lots of cognitive functions
- questions/arguments
- leads to long-term attitude changes
- if persuaded, strong change
Explain the Peripheral Route in Persuasion
- not strong
- just hearing something
- not involve much cognitive effort
- may occur in many ways
- short term attitude changes
What is the Elaboration Liklihood Model
- explains the process of persuasion by identifying the liklihood of person to elaborate cognitively
- 2 distinct routes: peripheral, central
What makes a source more credible
- competent (experts?)
- trustworthy
what is the sleeper effect
-remember message, but forget who said it
Why are communicators we like more effective?
- similarity
- attractiveness
- wont have strong effect on controversial topics
what are fear appeals
can change behavior by scare tactics and then giving ways to deal w/ issues
what factors determine if a fear appeal works
- liklihood of being exposed to threat
- seriousness of threat
- effectiveness or recommendation
- personal efficacy: perceived ability to perform action
what is selective exposure
ppl tend to watch, listen, and remember media messages that are consistent w/ their attitudes
what is cradle to grave marketing
children develop loyalties to particular brands at early age and it stays with them for life
what makes an ad deceptive
if it contains statement or omits that:
- misleading consumers
- is “material”, important to consumer’s decision to buy
what are some regulations placed for children on tv
- regulate on “broadcast” tv
- internet bypasses all regs
- restriction on time for ads
- regulate separation between programs & commercial
- self-regulatory policies (disclaimers)
what are childrens comprehension on ads
- do not comprehend selling intent of ads
- no recognition of bias, believe truth & trust
- do not understand disclaimers
what does research say about heavy exposure to tv food ads, what are they associated with?
- nutritional misperceptions: unhealthy items seen as nutritious
- eating habits are formed during childhood and go until adult
what are the 2 components of emotion
- physiological - increased heart rate, breathing
- cognitive - we think bout feelins & make attributions
what are vicarious emotional experiences
-we exp. emotion thru someone elses experience
how can the context of fear determine our emotions
- watch horror alone = fear
- watch horror w/ group = humor
what is stimulus generalization
stimuli that evoke fear reactions spread to other related events
what is direct simulation
fear that centers in the brain
what is fear an emotional response to?
avoidance/escape
when does anxiety reduce the horror effect
- only w/ mild fear
- danger can be effectively counteracted
what are the two mechanisms that produce an indirect response of fear
- empathy: identification w/ character
- vicarious involvement: fear of audience in situations where characters are unafraid cuz they are unaware of impending danger
what are some developmental differences of fear for different age groups
- 3-8yrs- monsters, ghost, supernatural, etc.
- 9-12yrs- threats of injury/danger to self/loved ones
- 12+- personal injury, social/peer pressures and accompanying fears & global fears
what are the reasons for perceptual differences in children and fear
- perceptual dependence
- reality vs. fantasy
- abstract threats
what are some strategies for coping with fear
- noncognitive
- cognitive
what is the noncognitive strategy for coping with fear
- not require viewer to process verbal info.
- visual desensitization
- physical activity
what is the cognitive stategy for coping with fear
- require activation of cognitive process
- children told to remember prog. not real
- offer reassuring info bout min danger of any threats in media
what is visual desensitization when coping with fear
gradual exposure to threatening images in nonthreatening context
what is perception
how we select, organize, and interpret the info
how do we perceive the physical world
- we do not perceive the world as random collection of sensory info.
- active process that imposes order and meaning
- attention
- organization
- interpretation
what is the active process that imposes order and meaning in our lives
- attention
- organization
- interpretation
how do we understand humans and their behavior
- we try to simplify complex info we perceive
- our biases lead to errors in our conclusions
what are stereotypes
- beliefs that all members of a grp share the same set of characteristics, attitudes, or life conditions.
- relatively stable and hard to change
- learn from media
when is social learning the strongest
when:
- we watch lots of media
- believe the content is real
- few other alt sources of info
what is the cultivation theory in media
conception of world reflected what is seen on tv
what are 4 stages of minority portrayals
- non-recognition - do not exist
- ridicule - minority member is stereotypes
- regulation - appear as protectors of existing order
- respect - same roles as majority
what are self schemas
mental representations of one’s “own personality attributes, social roles, past exp, future goals, and the like.
-our “self-concept”
what does research suggest about media exposure to adolescent girls and their self schemas
lead to negative self-schemas in regard to body image and future aspirations
what are some effects of exposure to stereotypes in media
- estimations
- stereotypes judgments
- reinforcement of pre-existing stereotypes
- effects on self-esteem
- influences on professional, career, and life choices
what is the relationship between obesity and media
- displacement of more active pursuits
- increased energy intake - more snacking, soft drinks, eating more fast food
explain how body image is related to media
- today young girls try to attain body shapes dictated by media norms
- extreme vulnerability
What does the AAP say about media on sleep habits
-tv and other media known to displace/disturb young sleep patterns
what are some determinants of drug and alcohol use
- peers (peer pressure)
- family
- personality (risk takers)
- media (super peers)
what does exposure to smoking do for teens
increase teens positive views of smoking and perception that most adults smoke
what does exposure to alcohol do for teens
- adolescents exposed to alcohol ads are more likely to:
- believe drinkers possess qualities displayed
- more positive beliefs on drinking
- drunk = acceptable
what are some solutions from strausburger to aid in fighting against media and alcohol and drug use
- development of literacy programs
- ban on cig ads and restrict alcohol ads
- more aggressive counter ads
- increased sensitivity on part of entertainment industry to the health issue
- reassessment of the DD campain
- revision of rating system for both tv/movies
